1
|
Wang B, Nori F, Xiang ZL. Quantum Phase Transitions in Optomechanical Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:053601. [PMID: 38364134 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.053601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
In this Letter, we investigate the ground state properties of an optomechanical system consisting of a coupled cavity and mechanical modes. An exact solution is given when the ratio η between the cavity and mechanical frequencies tends to infinity. This solution reveals a coherent photon occupation in the ground state by breaking continuous or discrete symmetries, exhibiting an equilibrium quantum phase transition (QPT). In the U(1)-broken phase, an unstable Goldstone mode can be excited. In the model featuring Z_{2} symmetry, we discover the mutually (in the finite η) or unidirectionally (in η→∞) dependent relation between the squeezed vacuum of the cavity and mechanical modes. In particular, when the cavity is driven by a squeezed field along the required squeezing parameter, it enables modifying the region of Z_{2}-broken phase and significantly reducing the coupling strength to reach QPTs. Furthermore, by coupling atoms to the cavity mode, the hybrid system can undergo a QPT at a hybrid critical point, which is cooperatively determined by the optomechanical and light-atom systems. These results suggest that this optomechanical system complements other phase transition models for exploring novel critical phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Franco Nori
- Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Center for Quantum Computing, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA
| | - Ze-Liang Xiang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nguyen DP, Arwas G, Lin Z, Yao W, Ciuti C. Electron-Photon Chern Number in Cavity-Embedded 2D Moiré Materials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:176602. [PMID: 37955506 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.176602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
We explore theoretically how the topological properties of 2D materials can be manipulated by cavity quantum electromagnetic fields for both resonant and off-resonant electron-photon coupling, with a focus on van der Waals moiré superlattices. We investigate an electron-photon topological Chern number for the cavity-dressed energy minibands that is well defined for any degree of hybridization and entanglement of the electron and photon states. While an off-resonant cavity mode can renormalize electronic topological phases that exist without cavity coupling, we show that when the cavity mode is resonant to electronic miniband transitions, new and higher electron-photon Chern numbers can emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danh-Phuong Nguyen
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Geva Arwas
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Zuzhang Lin
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-UCAS Joint Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics at Hong Kong, China
| | - Wang Yao
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- HKU-UCAS Joint Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics at Hong Kong, China
| | - Cristiano Ciuti
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, 75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Passetti G, Eckhardt CJ, Sentef MA, Kennes DM. Cavity Light-Matter Entanglement through Quantum Fluctuations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:023601. [PMID: 37505942 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.023601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The hybridization between light and matter forms the basis to achieve cavity control over quantum materials. In this Letter we investigate a cavity coupled to a quantum chain of interacting spinless fermions by numerically exact solutions and perturbative analytical expansions. We draw two important conclusions about such systems: (i) Specific quantum fluctuations of the matter system play a pivotal role in achieving entanglement between light and matter; and (ii) in turn, light-matter entanglement is a key ingredient to modify electronic properties by the cavity. We hypothesize that quantum fluctuations of those matter operators to which the cavity modes couple are a general prerequisite for light-matter entanglement in the ground state. Implications of our findings for light-matter-entangled phases, cavity-modified phase transitions in correlated systems, and measurement of light-matter entanglement through Kubo response functions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Passetti
- Institut für Theorie der Statistischen Physik, RWTH Aachen University and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian J Eckhardt
- Institut für Theorie der Statistischen Physik, RWTH Aachen University and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael A Sentef
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- H H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Dante M Kennes
- Institut für Theorie der Statistischen Physik, RWTH Aachen University and JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rao P, Piazza F. Non-Fermi-Liquid Behavior from Cavity Electromagnetic Vacuum Fluctuations at the Superradiant Transition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:083603. [PMID: 36898112 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.083603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We study two-dimensional materials where electrons are coupled to the vacuum electromagnetic field of a cavity. We show that, at the onset of the superradiant phase transition towards a macroscopic photon occupation of the cavity, the critical electromagnetic fluctuations, consisting of photons strongly overdamped by their interaction with electrons, can in turn lead to the absence of electronic quasiparticles. Since transverse photons couple to the electronic current, the appearance of non-Fermi-Liquid behavior strongly depends on the lattice. In particular, we find that in a square lattice the phase space for electron-photon scattering is reduced in such a way to preserve the quasiparticles, while in a honeycomb lattice the latter are removed due to a nonanalytical frequency dependence of the damping ∝|ω|^{2/3}. Standard cavity probes could allow us to measure the characteristic frequency spectrum of the overdamped critical electromagnetic modes responsible for the non-Fermi-liquid behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Rao
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Francesco Piazza
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hayashida K, Makihara T, Marquez Peraca N, Fallas Padilla D, Pu H, Kono J, Bamba M. Perfect intrinsic squeezing at the superradiant phase transition critical point. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2526. [PMID: 36781905 PMCID: PMC9925797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the most exotic properties of the quantum vacuum are predicted in ultrastrongly coupled photon-atom systems; one such property is quantum squeezing leading to suppressed quantum fluctuations of photons and atoms. This squeezing is unique because (1) it is realized in the ground state of the system and does not require external driving, and (2) the squeezing can be perfect in the sense that quantum fluctuations of certain observables are completely suppressed. Specifically, we investigate the ground state of the Dicke model, which describes atoms collectively coupled to a single photonic mode, and we found that the photon-atom fluctuation vanishes at the onset of the superradiant phase transition in the thermodynamic limit of an infinite number of atoms. Moreover, when a finite number of atoms is considered, the variance of the fluctuation around the critical point asymptotically converges to zero, as the number of atoms is increased. In contrast to the squeezed states of flying photons obtained using standard generation protocols with external driving, the squeezing obtained in the ground state of the ultrastrongly coupled photon-atom systems is resilient against unpredictable noise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hayashida
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA ,grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691Division of Applied Physics, Graduate School and Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Takuma Makihara
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - Nicolas Marquez Peraca
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - Diego Fallas Padilla
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - Han Pu
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - Junichiro Kono
- grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA ,grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA ,grid.21940.3e0000 0004 1936 8278Department of Materials Science and Nano Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA
| | - Motoaki Bamba
- Department of Physics I, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan. .,The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. .,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Coherent Plasma in a Lattice. Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a fully second-quantized calculation showing the emergence of spontaneous coherent configurations of the electromagnetic field interacting with charged bosons in a regular lattice. The bosons tend to oscillate at their plasma frequency, and in addition are subjected to electrostatic forces which keep them confined close to the lattice sites while causing a frequency shift in the oscillation. Under certain conditions upon these frequencies, we find that a suitably defined set of coherent states (coherent both in the field and matter degrees of freedom) exhibit a negative energy gap with respect to the perturbative ground state. This is true in the RWA approximation and for position-independent fields to both the first and second order in the interaction Hamiltonian. We compare this result with other recent findings from cavity QED, and note that (1) consideration of full 3D wavefunctions and a careful definition of the coherent states are essential for obtaining the energy gap, and (2) although our calculation is made in reference to bosons, it may apply to protons bound in a crystal matrix as well if their density is very low compared to the density of available states.
Collapse
|
7
|
Román-Roche J, Luis F, Zueco D. Photon Condensation and Enhanced Magnetism in Cavity QED. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:167201. [PMID: 34723605 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.167201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A system of magnetic molecules coupled to microwave cavities (LC resonators) undergoes the equilibrium superradiant phase transition. The transition is experimentally observable. The effect of the coupling is first illustrated by the vacuum-induced ferromagnetic order in a quantum Ising model and then by the modification of the magnetic phase diagram of Fe_{8} dipolar crystals, exemplifying the cooperation between intrinsic and photon-induced spin-spin interactions. Finally, a transmission experiment is shown to resolve the transition, measuring the quantum electrodynamical control of magnetism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Román-Roche
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA) and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Fernando Luis
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA) and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - David Zueco
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA) and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Garcia-Vidal FJ, Ciuti C, Ebbesen TW. Manipulating matter by strong coupling to vacuum fields. Science 2021; 373:373/6551/eabd0336. [PMID: 34244383 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a surge of interest in the ability of hybrid light-matter states to control the properties of matter and chemical reactivity. Such hybrid states can be generated by simply placing a material in the spatially confined electromagnetic field of an optical resonator, such as that provided by two parallel mirrors. This occurs even in the dark because it is electromagnetic fluctuations of the cavity (the vacuum field) that strongly couple with the material. Experimental and theoretical studies have shown that the mere presence of these hybrid states can enhance properties such as transport, magnetism, and superconductivity and modify (bio)chemical reactivity. This emerging field is highly multidisciplinary, and much of its potential has yet to be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Garcia-Vidal
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. .,Donostia International Physics Center, E-20018 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Cristiano Ciuti
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS-UMR7162, 75013 Paris, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|