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Carosini L, Oddi V, Giorgino F, Hansen LM, Seron B, Piacentini S, Guggemos T, Agresti I, Loredo JC, Walther P. Programmable multiphoton quantum interference in a single spatial mode. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj0993. [PMID: 38640248 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj0993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The interference of nonclassical states of light enables quantum-enhanced applications reaching from metrology to computation. Most commonly, the polarization or spatial location of single photons are used as addressable degrees of freedom for turning these applications into praxis. However, the scale-up for the processing of a large number of photons of these architectures is very resource-demanding due to the rapidly increasing number of components, such as optical elements, photon sources, and detectors. Here, we demonstrate a resource-efficient architecture for multiphoton processing based on time-bin encoding in a single spatial mode. We use an efficient quantum dot single-photon source and a fast programmable time-bin interferometer to observe the interference of up to eight photons in 16 modes, all recorded only with one detector, thus considerably reducing the physical overhead previously needed for achieving equivalent tasks. Our results can form the basis for a future universal photonics quantum processor operating in a single spatial mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Carosini
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics,Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Virginia Oddi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics,Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena M Hansen
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics,Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benoit Seron
- Quantum Information and Communication, Ecole polytechnique de Bruxelles, CP 165/59, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simone Piacentini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Tobias Guggemos
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics,Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center DLR, Münchener Straße 20, 82234 Weßling, Germany
| | - Iris Agresti
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics,Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juan C Loredo
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics,Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip Walther
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics,Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Research Network for Quantum Aspects of Space Time (TURIS), Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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2
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González-Ruiz EM, Rivera-Dean J, Cenni MFB, Sørensen AS, Acín A, Oudot E. Device-independent quantum key distribution with realistic single-photon source implementations. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:13181-13196. [PMID: 38859295 DOI: 10.1364/oe.497935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD) aims at generating secret keys between distant parties without the parties trusting their devices. We investigate a proposal for performing fully photonic DIQKD, based on single photon sources and heralding measurements at a central station placed between the two parties. We derive conditions to attain non-zero secret-key rates in terms of the photon efficiency, indistinguishability and the second order autocorrelation function of the single-photon sources. Exploiting new results on the security bound of such protocols allows us to reduce the requirements on the physical parameters of the setup. Our analysis shows that in the considered schemes, key rates of several hundreds of secret bits per second are within reach at distances of several tens of kilometers.
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3
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Cao H, Hansen LM, Giorgino F, Carosini L, Zahálka P, Zilk F, Loredo JC, Walther P. Photonic Source of Heralded Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:130604. [PMID: 38613278 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.130604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Generating large multiphoton entangled states is of main interest due to enabling universal photonic quantum computing and all-optical quantum repeater nodes. These applications exploit measurement-based quantum computation using cluster states. Remarkably, it was shown that photonic cluster states of arbitrary size can be generated by using feasible heralded linear optics fusion gates that act on heralded three-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states as the initial resource state. Thus, the capability of generating heralded GHZ states is of great importance for scaling up photonic quantum computing. Here, we experimentally demonstrate this required building block by reporting a polarisation-encoded heralded GHZ state of three photons, for which we build a high-rate six-photon source (547±2 Hz) from a solid-state quantum emitter and a stable polarization-based interferometer. The detection of three ancillary photons heralds the generation of three-photon GHZ states among the remaining particles with fidelities up to F=0.7278±0.0106. Our results initiate a path for scalable entangling operations using heralded linear-optics implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cao
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - L M Hansen
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - F Giorgino
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Carosini
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - P Zahálka
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - F Zilk
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - J C Loredo
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - P Walther
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Photonic Quantum Computer, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Duan L, Xu A, Wang L, Zhang Y. Accessing the spectrum of a single-photon by the Hong-Ou-Mandel interference. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:5418-5428. [PMID: 38439269 DOI: 10.1364/oe.510983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
We present and experimentally demonstrate a method for determining the spectral characterization of a single-photon state. This technique is based on the Hong-Ou-Mandel interference between a well-defined weak coherent state and a measured single-photon state. We estimate the spectrum of the single-photon state by fitting the measured interference dip with proposed model and least square method. Our method is particularly useful for characterising spectral property the single-photon state. It opens a way for robust and efficient on-line monitoring the single-photon emitters.
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Englbrecht M, Kraft T, Dittel C, Buchleitner A, Giedke G, Kraus B. Indistinguishability of Identical Bosons from a Quantum Information Theory Perspective. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:050201. [PMID: 38364122 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.050201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Using tools from quantum information theory, we present a general theory of indistinguishability of identical bosons in experiments consisting of passive linear optics followed by particle number detection. Our results do neither rely on additional assumptions on the input state of the interferometer, such as, for instance, a fixed mode occupation, nor on any assumption on the degrees of freedom that potentially make the particles distinguishable. We identify the expectation value of the projector onto the N-particle symmetric subspace as an operationally meaningful measure of indistinguishability, and derive tight lower bounds on it that can be efficiently measured in experiments. Moreover, we present a consistent definition of perfect distinguishability and characterize the corresponding set of states. In particular, we show that these states are diagonal in the computational basis up to a permutationally invariant unitary. Moreover, we find that convex combinations of states that describe partially distinguishable and perfectly indistinguishable particles can lead to perfect distinguishability, which itself is not preserved under convex combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Englbrecht
- Department of Physics, QAA, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 21A, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tristan Kraft
- Department of Physics, QAA, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 21A, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Dittel
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- EUCOR Centre for Quantum Science and Quantum Computing, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 19, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Buchleitner
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- EUCOR Centre for Quantum Science and Quantum Computing, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geza Giedke
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Barbara Kraus
- Department of Physics, QAA, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 21A, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Maillette de Buy Wenniger I, Thomas SE, Maffei M, Wein SC, Pont M, Belabas N, Prasad S, Harouri A, Lemaître A, Sagnes I, Somaschi N, Auffèves A, Senellart P. Experimental Analysis of Energy Transfers between a Quantum Emitter and Light Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:260401. [PMID: 38215371 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.260401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Energy can be transferred between two quantum systems in two forms: unitary energy-that can be used to drive another system-and correlation energy-that reflects past correlations. We propose and implement experimental protocols to access these energy transfers in interactions between a quantum emitter and light fields. Upon spontaneous emission, we measure the unitary energy transfer from the emitter to the light field and show that it never exceeds half the total energy transfer and is reduced when introducing decoherence. We then study the interference of the emitted field and a coherent laser field at a beam splitter and show that the nature of the energy transfer quantitatively depends on the quantum purity of the emitted field.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Maillette de Buy Wenniger
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - S E Thomas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - M Maffei
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S C Wein
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Quandela SAS, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - M Pont
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - N Belabas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - S Prasad
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A Harouri
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Lemaître
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - I Sagnes
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - N Somaschi
- Quandela SAS, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Auffèves
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
- MajuLab, CNRS-UCA-SU-NUS-NTU International Joint Research Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore, Singapore
| | - P Senellart
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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Liu X, Li T, Wang J, Kamble MR, Zheltikov AM, Agarwal GS. Probing ultra-fast dephasing via entangled photon pairs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:47463-47474. [PMID: 36558674 DOI: 10.1364/oe.480300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference with polarization-entangled photons can be used to probe ultrafast dephasing. We can infer the optical properties like the real and imaginary parts of the complex susceptibility of the medium from changes in the position and the shape of the HOM dip. From the shift of the HOM dip, we are able to measure 22 fs dephasing time using a continuous-wave (CW) laser even with optical loss > 97 %, while the HOM dip visibility is maintained at 92.3 % (which can be as high as 96.7 %). The experimental observations, which are explained in terms of a rigorous theoretical model, demonstrate the utility of HOM interference in probing ultrafast dephasing.
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8
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Appel MH, Tiranov A, Pabst S, Chan ML, Starup C, Wang Y, Midolo L, Tiurev K, Scholz S, Wieck AD, Ludwig A, Sørensen AS, Lodahl P. Entangling a Hole Spin with a Time-Bin Photon: A Waveguide Approach for Quantum Dot Sources of Multiphoton Entanglement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:233602. [PMID: 35749189 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.233602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Deterministic sources of multiphoton entanglement are highly attractive for quantum information processing but are challenging to realize experimentally. In this Letter, we demonstrate a route toward a scaleable source of time-bin encoded Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger and linear cluster states from a solid-state quantum dot embedded in a nanophotonic crystal waveguide. By utilizing a self-stabilizing double-pass interferometer, we measure a spin-photon Bell state with (67.8±0.4)% fidelity and devise steps for significant further improvements. By employing strict resonant excitation, we demonstrate a photon indistinguishability of (95.7±0.8)%, which is conducive to fusion of multiple cluster states for scaling up the technology and producing more general graph states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hayhurst Appel
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Alexey Tiranov
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Simon Pabst
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ming Lai Chan
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Christian Starup
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ying Wang
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Leonardo Midolo
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Konstantin Tiurev
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Sven Scholz
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Anders Søndberg Sørensen
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter Lodahl
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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9
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Thomas SE, Billard M, Coste N, Wein SC, Ollivier H, Krebs O, Tazaïrt L, Harouri A, Lemaitre A, Sagnes I, Anton C, Lanco L, Somaschi N, Loredo JC, Senellart P. Bright Polarized Single-Photon Source Based on a Linear Dipole. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:233601. [PMID: 34170172 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.233601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots in cavities are promising single-photon sources. Here, we present a path to deterministic operation, by harnessing the intrinsic linear dipole in a neutral quantum dot via phonon-assisted excitation. This enables emission of fully polarized single photons, with a measured degree of linear polarization up to 0.994±0.007, and high population inversion-85% as high as resonant excitation. We demonstrate a single-photon source with a polarized first lens brightness of 0.50±0.01, a single-photon purity of 0.954±0.001, and single-photon indistinguishability of 0.909±0.004.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Thomas
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Universite Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - M Billard
- Quandela SAS, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - N Coste
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Universite Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- Quandela SAS, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - S C Wein
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - H Ollivier
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Universite Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - O Krebs
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Universite Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - L Tazaïrt
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Universite Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Harouri
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Universite Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Lemaitre
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Universite Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - I Sagnes
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Universite Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - C Anton
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Universite Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - L Lanco
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Universite Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- Université de Paris, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N), F-91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - N Somaschi
- Quandela SAS, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - J C Loredo
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Universite Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - P Senellart
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Universite Paris-Saclay, UMR 9001, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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