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Zielińska JA, van der Laan F, Norrman A, Reimann R, Frimmer M, Novotny L. Long-Axis Spinning of an Optically Levitated Particle: A Levitated Spinning Top. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:253601. [PMID: 38996235 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.253601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
An elongated object can be rotated around one of its short axes, like a propeller, or around its long axis, like a spinning top. Using optically levitated nanoparticles, short-axis rotation and libration have been systematically investigated in several recent studies. Notably, short-axis rotational degrees of freedom have been cooled to millikelvin temperatures and driven into gigahertz rotational speeds. However, controlled long-axis spinning has so far remained an unrealized goal. Here, we demonstrate controlled long-axis spinning of an optically levitated nanodumbbell with spinning rates exceeding 1 GHz. We show that the damping rate in high vacuum can be as low as a few millihertz. Our results open up applications in inertial torque sensing and studies of rotational quantum interference.
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2
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Kamba M, Shimizu R, Aikawa K. Nanoscale feedback control of six degrees of freedom of a near-sphere. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7943. [PMID: 38040746 PMCID: PMC10692201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulating the rotational as well as the translational degrees of freedom of rigid bodies has been a crucial ingredient in diverse areas, from optically controlled micro-robots, navigation, and precision measurements at macroscale to artificial and biological Brownian motors at nanoscale. Here, we demonstrate feedback cooling of all the angular motions of a near-spherical neutral nanoparticle with all the translational motions feedback-cooled to near the ground state. The occupation numbers of the three translational motions are 6 ± 1, 6 ± 1, and 0.69 ± 0.18. A tight, anisotropic optical confinement allows us to clearly observe three angular oscillations and to identify the ratio of two radii to the longest radius with a precision of 0.08 %. We develop a thermometry for three angular oscillations and realize feedback cooling of them to temperatures of lower than 0.03 K by electrically controlling the electric dipole moment of the nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Kamba
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, 152-8550, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoga Shimizu
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, 152-8550, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Aikawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, 152-8550, Tokyo, Japan.
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3
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Ju P, Jin Y, Shen K, Duan Y, Xu Z, Gao X, Ni X, Li T. Near-Field GHz Rotation and Sensing with an Optically Levitated Nanodumbbell. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10157-10163. [PMID: 37909774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
A levitated nonspherical nanoparticle in a vacuum is ideal for studying quantum rotations and is an ultrasensitive torque detector for probing fundamental particle-surface interactions. Here, we optically levitate a silica nanodumbbell in a vacuum at 430 nm away from a sapphire surface and drive it to rotate at GHz frequencies. The relative linear speed between the tip of the nanodumbbell and the surface reaches 1.4 km s-1 at a submicrometer separation. The rotating nanodumbbell near the surface demonstrates a torque sensitivity of (5.0 ± 1.1) × 10-26 N m Hz-1/2 at room temperature. Moreover, we probed the near-field laser intensity distribution beyond the optical diffraction limit with a nanodumbbell levitated near a nanograting. Our numerical simulations show that the system can measure the Casimir torque and will improve the detection limit of non-Newtonian gravity by several orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ju
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yuanbin Jin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kunhong Shen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yao Duan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zhujing Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xingyu Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xingjie Ni
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tongcang Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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4
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Zielińska JA, van der Laan F, Norrman A, Rimlinger M, Reimann R, Novotny L, Frimmer M. Controlling Optomechanical Libration with the Degree of Polarization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:203603. [PMID: 37267539 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.203603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Control of the potential energy and free evolution lie at the heart of levitodynamics as key requirements for sensing, wave function expansion, and mechanical squeezing protocols. Here, we experimentally demonstrate versatile control over the optical potential governing the libration motion of a levitated anisotropic nanoparticle. This control is achieved by introducing the degree of polarization as a new tool for rotational levitodynamics. We demonstrate thermally driven free rotation of a levitated anisotropic scatterer around its short axis and we use the rotational degrees of freedom to probe the local spin of a strongly focused laser beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Zielińska
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - F van der Laan
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Norrman
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Center for Photonics Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - M Rimlinger
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R Reimann
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - L Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Frimmer
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Hu Y, Kingsley-Smith JJ, Nikkhou M, Sabin JA, Rodríguez-Fortuño FJ, Xu X, Millen J. Structured transverse orbital angular momentum probed by a levitated optomechanical sensor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2638. [PMID: 37149678 PMCID: PMC10164142 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The momentum carried by structured light fields exhibits a rich array of surprising features. In this work, we generate transverse orbital angular momentum (TOAM) in the interference field of two parallel and counter-propagating linearly-polarised focused beams, synthesising an array of identical handedness vortices carrying intrinsic TOAM. We explore this structured light field using an optomechanical sensor, consisting of an optically levitated silicon nanorod, whose rotation is a probe of the optical angular momentum, which generates an exceptionally large torque. This simple creation and direct observation of TOAM will have applications in studies of fundamental physics, the optical manipulation of matter and quantum optomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Hu
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Jack J Kingsley-Smith
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Nikkhou
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - James A Sabin
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Rodríguez-Fortuño
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710119, China.
| | - James Millen
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom.
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom.
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6
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Japha Y, Folman R. Quantum Uncertainty Limit for Stern-Gerlach Interferometry with Massive Objects. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:113602. [PMID: 37001089 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.113602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the fundamental coherence limit of a nano-object with an embedded spin in a Stern-Gerlach interferometer. This limit stems from the which-path information provided by the object's rotational degrees of freedom due to the evolution of their quantum uncertainty. We show that such interferometry is straightforward in a weak magnetic field and short duration. Large wave packet separation is made possible with proper fine-tuning over long durations. This opens the door to fundamental tests of quantum theory and quantum gravity. The results and conclusions are extendable to any type of interferometry with complex objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonathan Japha
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ron Folman
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
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7
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Hüpfl J, Bachelard N, Kaczvinszki M, Horodynski M, Kühmayer M, Rotter S. Optimal Cooling of Multiple Levitated Particles through Far-Field Wavefront Shaping. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:083203. [PMID: 36898121 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.083203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Light forces can be harnessed to levitate mesoscopic objects and cool them down toward their motional quantum ground state. Roadblocks on the way to scale up levitation from a single to multiple particles in close proximity are the requirements to constantly monitor the particles' positions as well as to engineer light fields that react fast and appropriately to their movements. Here, we present an approach that solves both problems at once. By exploiting the information stored in a time-dependent scattering matrix, we introduce a formalism enabling the identification of spatially modulated wavefronts, which simultaneously cool down multiple objects of arbitrary shapes. An experimental implementation is suggested based on stroboscopic scattering-matrix measurements and time-adaptive injections of modulated light fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Hüpfl
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Bachelard
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), A-1040 Vienna, Austria
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Markus Kaczvinszki
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Horodynski
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Kühmayer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Rotter
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), A-1040 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Rudolph H, Delić U, Aspelmeyer M, Hornberger K, Stickler BA. Force-Gradient Sensing and Entanglement via Feedback Cooling of Interacting Nanoparticles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:193602. [PMID: 36399739 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.193602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We show theoretically that feedback cooling of two levitated, interacting nanoparticles enables differential sensing of forces and the observation of stationary entanglement. The feedback drives the two particles into a stationary, nonthermal state which is susceptible to inhomogeneous force fields and which exhibits entanglement for sufficiently strong interparticle couplings. We predict that force-gradient sensing at the zepto-Newton per micron range is feasible and that entanglement due to the Coulomb interaction between charged particles can be realistically observed in state-of-the-art setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Rudolph
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Uroš Delić
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Aspelmeyer
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Hornberger
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin A Stickler
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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9
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Rusconi CC, Perdriat M, Hétet G, Romero-Isart O, Stickler BA. Spin-Controlled Quantum Interference of Levitated Nanorotors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:093605. [PMID: 36083661 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.093605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We describe how to prepare an electrically levitated nanodiamond in a superposition of orientations via microwave driving of a single embedded nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center. Suitably aligning the magnetic field with the NV center can serve to reach the regime of ultrastrong coupling between the NV and the diamond rotation, enabling single-spin control of the particle's three-dimensional orientation. We derive the effective spin-oscillator Hamiltonian for small amplitude rotation about the equilibrium configuration and develop a protocol to create and observe quantum superpositions of the particle orientation. We discuss the impact of decoherence and argue that our proposal can be realistically implemented with near-future technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo C Rusconi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Schellingstrasse 4, D-80799 München, Germany
| | - Maxime Perdriat
- Laboratoire De Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Gabriel Hétet
- Laboratoire De Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Oriol Romero-Isart
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benjamin A Stickler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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10
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Squeezing Light via Levitated Cavity Optomechanics. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Squeezing light is a critical resource in both fundamental physics and precision measurement. Squeezing light has been generated through optical-parametric amplification inside an optical resonator. However, preparing the squeezing light in an optomechanical system is still a challenge for the thermal noise inevitably coupled to the system. We consider an optically levitated nano-particle in a bichromatic cavity, in which two cavity modes could be excited by the scattering photons of the dual tweezers, respectively. Based on the coherent scattering mechanism, the ultra-strong coupling between the cavity field and the torsional motion of nano-particle could be achieved for the current experimental conditions. With the back-action of the optically levitated nano-particle, the broad single-mode squeezing light can be realized in the bad cavity regime. Even at room temperature, the single-mode light can be squeezed for more than 17 dB, which is far beyond the 3 dB limit. The two-mode squeezing light can also be generated, if the optical tweezers contain two frequencies, one is on the red sideband of the cavity mode, the other is on the blue sideband. The two-mode squeezing can be maximized near the boundary of the system stable regime and is sensitive to both the cavity decay rate and the power of the optical tweezers.
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11
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Gonzalez-Ballestero C, Aspelmeyer M, Novotny L, Quidant R, Romero-Isart O. Levitodynamics: Levitation and control of microscopic objects in vacuum. Science 2021; 374:eabg3027. [PMID: 34618558 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gonzalez-Ballestero
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Aspelmeyer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R Quidant
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - O Romero-Isart
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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