1
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Li SJ, Holland CM, Lu Y, Cheuk LW. Blue-Detuned Magneto-optical Trap of CaF Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:233402. [PMID: 38905654 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.233402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
A key method to produce trapped and laser-cooled molecules is the magneto-optical trap (MOT), which is conventionally created using light red detuned from an optical transition. In this work, we report a MOT for CaF molecules created using blue-detuned light. The blue-detuned MOT (BDM) achieves temperatures well below the Doppler limit and provides the highest densities and phase-space densities reported to date in CaF MOTs. Our results suggest that BDMs are likely achievable in many relatively light molecules including polyatomic ones, but our measurements suggest that BDMs will be challenging to realize in substantially heavier molecules due to sub-mK trap depths. In addition to record temperatures and densities, we find that the BDM substantially simplifies and enhances the loading of molecules into optical tweezer arrays, which are a promising platform for quantum simulation and quantum information processing. Notably, the BDM reduces molecular number requirements ninefold compared to a conventional red-detuned MOT, while not requiring additional hardware. Our work therefore substantially simplifies preparing large-scale molecular tweezer arrays, which are a novel platform for simulation of quantum many-body dynamics and quantum information processing with molecular qubits.
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2
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Liu YX, Zhu L, Luke J, Houwman JJA, Babin MC, Hu MG, Ni KK. Quantum interference in atom-exchange reactions. Science 2024:eadl6570. [PMID: 38753767 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl6570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Chemical reactions, where bonds break and form, are highly dynamic quantum processes. A fundamental question is whether coherence can be preserved in chemical reactions and then harnessed to generate entangled products. Here we investigated this question by studying the 2KRb → K2 + Rb2 reaction at 500 nK, focusing on the nuclear spin degrees of freedom. We prepared the initial nuclear spins in KRb in an entangled state by lowering the magnetic field to where the spin-spin interaction dominates and characterized the preserved coherence in nuclear spin wavefunction after the reaction. We observed an interference pattern that is consistent with full coherence at the end of the reaction, suggesting that entanglement prepared within the reactants could be redistributed through the atom-exchange process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Lingbang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeshurun Luke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - J J Arfor Houwman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mark C Babin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ming-Guang Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kang-Kuen Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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3
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Jorapur V, Langin TK, Wang Q, Zheng G, DeMille D. High Density Loading and Collisional Loss of Laser-Cooled Molecules in an Optical Trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:163403. [PMID: 38701453 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.163403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
We report optical trapping of laser-cooled molecules at sufficient density to observe molecule-molecule collisions for the first time in a bulk gas. SrF molecules from a red-detuned magneto-optical trap (MOT) are compressed and cooled in a blue-detuned MOT. Roughly 30% of these molecules are loaded into an optical dipole trap with peak number density n_{0}≈3×10^{10} cm^{-3} and temperature T≈40 μK. We observe two-body loss with rate coefficient β=2.7_{-0.8}^{+1.2}×10^{-10} cm^{3} s^{-1}. Achieving this density and temperature opens a path to evaporative cooling towards quantum degeneracy of laser-cooled molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Jorapur
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Thomas K Langin
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Geoffrey Zheng
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - David DeMille
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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4
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Zhang C, Rittenhouse ST, Tscherbul TV, Sadeghpour HR, Hutzler NR. Sympathetic Cooling and Slowing of Molecules with Rydberg Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:033001. [PMID: 38307061 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.033001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
We propose to sympathetically slow and cool polar molecules in a cold, low-density beam using laser-cooled Rydberg atoms. The elastic collision cross sections between molecules and Rydberg atoms are large enough to efficiently thermalize the molecules even in a low-density environment. Molecules traveling at 100 m/s can be stopped in under 30 collisions with little inelastic loss. Our method does not require photon scattering from the molecules and can be generically applied to complex species for applications in precision measurement, quantum information science, and controlled chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Seth T Rittenhouse
- Department of Physics, the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, USA
- ITAMP, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Timur V Tscherbul
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - H R Sadeghpour
- ITAMP, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Nicholas R Hutzler
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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5
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Holland CM, Lu Y, Cheuk LW. Bichromatic Imaging of Single Molecules in an Optical Tweezer Array. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:053202. [PMID: 37595242 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.053202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
We report on a novel bichromatic fluorescent imaging scheme for background-free detection of single CaF molecules trapped in an optical tweezer array. By collecting fluorescence on one optical transition while using another for laser cooling, we achieve an imaging fidelity of 97.7(2)% and a nondestructive detection fidelity of 95.5(6)%. Notably, these fidelities are achieved with a modest photon budget, suggesting that the method could be extended to more complex laser-coolable molecules with less favorable optical cycling properties. We also report on a framework and new methods to characterize various loss mechanisms that occur generally during fluorescent detection of trapped molecules, including two-photon decay and admixtures of higher excited states that are induced by the trapping light. In particular, we develop a novel method to dispersively measure transition matrix elements between electronically excited states. The method could also be used to measure arbitrarily small Franck-Condon factors between electronically excited states, which could significantly aid in ongoing efforts to laser cool complex polyatomic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor M Holland
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Yukai Lu
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Lawrence W Cheuk
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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6
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Zhang C, Hutzler NR, Cheng L. Intensity-Borrowing Mechanisms Pertinent to Laser Cooling of Linear Polyatomic Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 37384588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
A study of the intensity-borrowing mechanisms important to optical cycling transitions in laser-coolable polyatomic molecules arising from non-adiabatic coupling, contributions beyond the Franck-Condon approximation, and Fermi resonances is reported. It has been shown to be necessary to include non-adiabatic coupling to obtain computational accuracy that is sufficient to be useful for laser cooling of molecules. The predicted vibronic branching ratios using perturbation theory based on the non-adiabatic mechanisms have been demonstrated to agree well with those obtained from variational discrete variable representation calculations for representative molecules including CaOH, SrOH, and YbOH. The electron-correlation and basis-set effects on the calculated transition properties, including the vibronic coupling constants, the spin-orbit coupling matrix elements, and the transition dipole moments, and on the calculated branching ratios have been thoroughly studied. The vibronic branching ratios predicted using the present methodologies demonstrate that RaOH is a promising radioactive molecule candidate for laser cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Nicholas R Hutzler
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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7
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Pang R, Yin J, Wang Y, Lin Q, Wang Z, Xu L, Hou S, Wang H, Yin J, Yang T. Theoretical Investigation of Spectroscopic Properties of the Alkaline-Earth-Metal Monohydrides toward Laser Cooling and Magneto-Optical Trapping. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19391-19401. [PMID: 37305276 PMCID: PMC10249082 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline-earth-metal monohydrides MH (M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) have long been regarded as promising candidates toward laser cooling and trapping; however, their rich internal level structures that are amenable to magneto-optical trapping have not been completely explored. Here, we first systematically evaluated Franck-Condon factors of these alkaline-earth-metal monohydrides in the A2Π1/2 ← X2Σ+ transition, exploiting three respective methods (the Morse potential, the closed-form approximation, and the Rydberg-Klein-Rees method). The effective Hamiltonian matrix was introduced for MgH, CaH, SrH, and BaH individually in order to figure out their molecular hyperfine structures of X2Σ+, the transition wavelengths in the vacuum, and hyperfine branching ratios of A2Π1/2(J' = 1/2,+) ← X2Σ+(N = 1,-), followed by possible sideband modulation proposals to address all hyperfine manifolds. Lastly, the Zeeman energy level structures and associated magnetic g factors of the ground state X2Σ+(N = 1,-) were also presented. Our theoretical results here not only shed more light on the molecular spectroscopy of alkaline-earth-metal monohydrides toward laser cooling and magneto-optical trapping but also can contribute to research in molecular collisions involving few-atom molecular systems, spectral analysis in astrophysics and astrochemistry, and even precision measurement of fundamental constants such as the quest for nonzero detection of electron's electric dipole moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjun Pang
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Junhao Yin
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Yueyang Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Qinning Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Zesen Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Liang Xu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Shunyong Hou
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hailing Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Yin
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi
University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P.
R. China
- Xinjiang
Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 150 Science
1-Street, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. China
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8
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Burau JJ, Aggarwal P, Mehling K, Ye J. Blue-Detuned Magneto-optical Trap of Molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:193401. [PMID: 37243657 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.193401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Direct laser cooling of molecules has reached a phase-space density exceeding 10^{-6} in optical traps but with rather small molecular numbers. To progress toward quantum degeneracy, a mechanism that combines sub-Doppler cooling and magneto-optical trapping would facilitate near unity transfer of ultracold molecules from the magneto-optical trap (MOT) to a conservative optical trap. Using the unique energy level structure of YO molecules, we demonstrate the first blue-detuned MOT for molecules that is optimized for both gray-molasses sub-Doppler cooling and relatively strong trapping forces. This first sub-Doppler molecular MOT provides an increase of phase-space density by 2 orders of magnitude over any previously reported molecular MOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Burau
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
| | - Parul Aggarwal
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
| | - Kameron Mehling
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
| | - Jun Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
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9
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Hallas C, Vilas NB, Anderegg L, Robichaud P, Winnicki A, Zhang C, Cheng L, Doyle JM. Optical Trapping of a Polyatomic Molecule in an ℓ-Type Parity Doublet State. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:153202. [PMID: 37115898 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.153202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We report optical trapping of a polyatomic molecule, calcium monohydroxide (CaOH). CaOH molecules from a magneto-optical trap are sub-Doppler laser cooled to 20(3) μK in free space and loaded into an optical dipole trap. We attain an in-trap molecule number density of 3(1)×10^{9} cm^{-3} at a temperature of 57(8) μK. Trapped CaOH molecules are optically pumped into an excited vibrational bending mode, whose ℓ-type parity doublet structure is a potential resource for a wide range of proposed quantum science applications with polyatomic molecules. We measure the spontaneous, radiative lifetime of this bending mode state to be ∼0.7 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hallas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Nathaniel B Vilas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Loïc Anderegg
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Paige Robichaud
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Andrew Winnicki
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Chaoqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - John M Doyle
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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10
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Vilas NB, Hallas C, Anderegg L, Robichaud P, Winnicki A, Mitra D, Doyle JM. Magneto-optical trapping and sub-Doppler cooling of a polyatomic molecule. Nature 2022; 606:70-74. [PMID: 35650357 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Laser cooling and trapping1,2, and magneto-optical trapping methods in particular2, have enabled groundbreaking advances in science, including Bose-Einstein condensation3-5, quantum computation with neutral atoms6,7 and high-precision optical clocks8. Recently, magneto-optical traps (MOTs) of diatomic molecules have been demonstrated9-12, providing access to research in quantum simulation13 and searches for physics beyond the standard model14. Compared with diatomic molecules, polyatomic molecules have distinct rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom that promise a variety of transformational possibilities. For example, ultracold polyatomic molecules would be uniquely suited to applications in quantum computation and simulation15-17, ultracold collisions18, quantum chemistry19 and beyond-the-standard-model searches20,21. However, the complexity of these molecules has so far precluded the realization of MOTs for polyatomic species. Here we demonstrate magneto-optical trapping of a polyatomic molecule, calcium monohydroxide (CaOH). After trapping, the molecules are laser cooled in a blue-detuned optical molasses to a temperature of 110 μK, which is below the Doppler cooling limit. The temperatures and densities achieved here make CaOH a viable candidate for a wide variety of quantum science applications, including quantum simulation and computation using optical tweezer arrays15,17,22,23. This work also suggests that laser cooling and magneto-optical trapping of many other polyatomic species24-27 will be both feasible and practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel B Vilas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Christian Hallas
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Loïc Anderegg
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paige Robichaud
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Winnicki
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Debayan Mitra
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John M Doyle
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, MA, USA
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11
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Lu Y, Holland CM, Cheuk LW. Molecular Laser Cooling in a Dynamically Tunable Repulsive Optical Trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:213201. [PMID: 35687464 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.213201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent work with laser-cooled molecules in attractive optical traps has shown that the differential ac Stark shifts arising from the trap light itself can become problematic, limiting collisional shielding efficiencies, rotational coherence times, and laser-cooling temperatures. In this Letter, we explore trapping and laser cooling of CaF molecules in a ring-shaped repulsive optical trap. The observed dependences of loss rates on temperature and barrier height show characteristic behavior of repulsive traps and indicate strongly suppressed average ac Stark shifts. Within the trap, we find that Λ-enhanced gray molasses cooling is effective, producing similar minimum temperatures as those obtained in free space. By combining in-trap laser cooling with dynamical reshaping of the trap, we also present a method that allows highly efficient and rapid transfer from molecular magneto-optical traps into conventional attractive optical traps, which has been an outstanding challenge for experiments to date. Notably, our method could allow nearly lossless transfer over millisecond timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukai Lu
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Connor M Holland
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Lawrence W Cheuk
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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