1
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Duan W, Mu Y, Mo X, Wang Z, Zhang T, Ho YYL, Lyu D, Zhang D, Zhao R, Tse ECM, Gao Y, Wu H, Wang Y. Chemical Auxiliary for Photocatalytic Active Colloids. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:26505-26515. [PMID: 39254864 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c10100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Active colloids with the ability to self-propel and collectively organize are emerging as indispensable elements in microrobotics and soft matter physics. For chemically powered colloids, their activity is often induced by gradients of chemical species in the particle's vicinity. The direct manipulation of these gradients, however, presents a considerable challenge, thereby limiting the extent to which active colloids can be controlled. Here, we introduce a series of rationally designed molecules, denoted as chemical auxiliary (CA), that intervene with specific chemical gradients and thus unveil new capabilities for regulating the behaviors of photocatalytic active colloids. We show that CA can alter the diffusiophoretic and osmotic interactions between active colloids and their subsequent self-organization. Also, CA can tune the self-propulsion of active particles, enabling a record high propulsion speed of over 100 μm/s and endowing high salt tolerance. Furthermore, CA is instrumental in establishing dynamic, competing gradients around active particles, which signifies an in situ, noninvasive, and reversible strategy for reconfiguring between modes of colloidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Duan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yijiang Mu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiaoyong Mo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Tianran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yannis Yan Lum Ho
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Dengping Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Runkai Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Edmund Chun Ming Tse
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
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2
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McDonald MN, Tree DR, Peterson CK. Chemical herding as a multiplicative factor for top-down manipulation of colloids. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:064609. [PMID: 39020876 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.064609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal particles can create reconfigurable nanomaterials, with applications such as color-changing, self-repairing, and self-regulating materials and reconfigurable drug delivery systems. However, top-down methods for manipulating colloids are limited in the scale they can control. We consider here a new method for using chemical reactions to multiply the effects of existing top-down colloidal manipulation methods to arrange large numbers of colloids with single-particle precision, which we refer to as chemical herding. Using simulation-based methods, we show that if a set of chemically active colloids (herders) can be steered using external forces (i.e., electrophoretic, dielectrophoretic, magnetic, or optical forces), then a larger set of colloids (followers) that move in response to the chemical gradients produced by the herders can be steered using the control algorithms given in this paper. We also derive bounds that predict the maximum number of particles that can be steered in this way, and we illustrate the effectiveness of this approach using Brownian dynamics simulations. Based on the theoretical results and simulations, we conclude that chemical herding is a viable method for multiplying the effects of existing colloidal manipulation methods to create useful structures and materials.
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3
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Cao D, Yan Z, Cui D, Khan MY, Duan S, Xie G, He Z, Xing DY, Wang W. A Conceptual Framework to Understand the Self-Assembly of Chemically Active Colloids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10884-10894. [PMID: 38756056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Colloids that generate chemicals, or "chemically active colloids", can interact with their neighbors and generate patterns via forces arising from such chemical gradients. Examples of such assemblies of chemically active colloids are abundant in the literature, but a unified theoretical framework is needed to rationalize the scattered results. Combining experiments, theory, Brownian dynamics, and finite element simulations, we present here a conceptual framework for understanding how immotile, yet chemically active, colloids assemble. This framework is based on the principle of ionic diffusiophoresis and diffusioosmosis and predicts that a chemically active colloid interacts with its neighbors through short- and long-range interactions that can be either repulsive or attractive, depending on the relative diffusivity of the released cations and anions, and the relative zeta potential of a colloidal particle and the planar surface on which it resides. As a result, 4 types of pairwise interactions arise, leading to 4 different types of colloidal assemblies with distinct patterns. Using short-range attraction and long-range attraction (SALR) systems as an example, we show quantitative agreement between the framework and experiments. The framework is then applied to rationalize a wide range of patterns assembled from chemically active colloids in the literature exhibiting other types of pairwise interactions. In addition, the framework can predict what the assembly looks like with minimal experimental information and help infer ionic diffusivity and zeta potential values in systems where these values are inaccessible. Our results represent a solid step toward building a complete theory for understanding and controlling chemically active colloids, from the molecular level to their mesoscopic superstructures and ultimately to the macroscopic properties of the assembled materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhou Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zuyao Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Donghao Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Mohd Yasir Khan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Shifang Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Guoqiang Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zikai He
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ding Yu Xing
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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4
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Singh K, Raman H, Tripathi S, Sharma H, Choudhary A, Mangal R. Pair Interactions of Self-Propelled SiO 2-Pt Janus Colloids: Chemically Mediated Encounters. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:7328-7343. [PMID: 38526954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Driven by the necessity to achieve a thorough comprehension of the bottom-up fabrication process of functional materials, this experimental study investigates the pairwise interactions or collisions between chemically active SiO2-Pt Janus colloids. These collisions are categorized based on the Janus colloids' orientations before and after they make physical contact. In addition to the hydrodynamic interactions, the Janus colloids are also known to affect each other's chemical field, resulting in chemophoretic interactions, which depend on the degree of surface anisotropy in reactivity of Janus colloid and the solute-surface interaction at play. Our study reveals that these interactions lead to a noticeable decrease in particle speed and changes in orientation that correlate with the contact duration and yield different collision types. Distinct configurations of contact during collisions were found, whose mechanisms and likelihood are found to be dependent primarily on the chemical interactions. Such estimates of collision and their characterization in dilute suspensions shall have a key impact in determining the arrangement and time scales of dynamical structures and assemblies of denser suspensions and potentially the functional materials of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karnika Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Harishwar Raman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Shwetabh Tripathi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Hrithik Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Akash Choudhary
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Rahul Mangal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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5
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Yu N, Shah ZH, Yang M, Gao Y. Morphology-Tailored Dynamic State Transition in Active-Passive Colloidal Assemblies. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0304. [PMID: 38269028 PMCID: PMC10807723 DOI: 10.34133/research.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Mixtures of active self-propelled and passive colloidal particles promise rich assembly and dynamic states that are beyond reach via equilibrium routes. Yet, controllable transition between different dynamic states remains rare. Here, we reveal a plethora of dynamic behaviors emerging in assemblies of chemically propelled snowman-like active colloids and passive spherical particles as the particle shape, size, and composition are tuned. For example, assembles of one or more active colloids with one passive particle exhibit distinct translating or orbiting states while those composed of one active colloid with 2 passive particles display persistent "8"-like cyclic motion or hopping between circling states around one passive particle in the plane and around the waist of 2 passive ones out of the plane, controlled by the shape of the active colloid and the size of the passive particles, respectively. These morphology-tailored dynamic transitions are in excellent agreement with state diagrams predicted by mesoscale dynamics simulations. Our work discloses new dynamic states and corresponding transition strategies, which promise new applications of active systems such as micromachines with functions that are otherwise impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yu
- Institute for Advanced Study,
Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Device and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering,
Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zameer H. Shah
- Institute for Advanced Study,
Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Device and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering,
Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Institute for Advanced Study,
Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
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6
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Shrestha A, Olvera de la Cruz M. Enhanced phoretic self-propulsion of active colloids through surface charge asymmetry. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:014613. [PMID: 38366412 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.014613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Charged colloidal particles propel themselves through asymmetric fluxes of chemically generated ions on their surface. We show that asymmetry in the surface charge distribution provides an additional mode of self-propulsion at the nanoscale for chemically active particles that produce ionic species. Particles of sizes smaller than or comparable to the Debye length achieve directed self-propulsion through surface charge asymmetry even when ionic flux is uniform over its surface. Janus nanoparticles endowed with both surface charge and ionic flux asymmetries result in enhanced propulsion speeds of the order of μm/s or higher. Our work suggests an alternative avenue for specifying surface properties that optimize self-propulsion in ionic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahis Shrestha
- Center for Computation and Theory of Soft Materials, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Center for Computation and Theory of Soft Materials, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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7
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Yu N, Shah ZH, Basharat M, Wang S, Zhou X, Lin G, Edwards SA, Yang M, Gao Y. Active self-assembly of colloidal machines with passive rotational parts via coordination of phoresis and osmosis. SOFT MATTER 2023. [PMID: 38044703 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01451g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The organization of microscopic objects into specific structures with movable parts is a prerequisite for building sophisticated micromachines with complex functions, as exemplified by their macroscopic counterparts. Here we report the self-assembly of active and passive colloids into micromachinery with passive rotational parts. Depending on the attachment of the active colloid to a substrate, which varies the degrees of free freedom of the assembly, colloidal machines with rich internal rotational dynamics are realized. Energetic analysis reveals that the energy efficiency increases with the degrees of freedom of the machine. The experimental results can be rationalized by the cooperation of phoretic interaction and osmotic flow encoded in the shape of the active colloid, which site-specifically binds and exerts a torque to passive colloids, supported by finite element calculations and mesoscale simulations. Our work offers a new design principle that utilizes nonequilibrium interfacial phenomena for spontaneous construction of multiple-component reconfigurable micromachinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Device and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provice, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zameer Hussain Shah
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Device and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provice, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Majid Basharat
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Device and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provice, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Device and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provice, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuemao Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Device and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provice, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guanhua Lin
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Scott A Edwards
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
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8
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Sharan P, Daddi-Moussa-Ider A, Agudo-Canalejo J, Golestanian R, Simmchen J. Pair Interaction between Two Catalytically Active Colloids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300817. [PMID: 37165719 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the intrinsically complex non-equilibrium behavior of the constituents of active matter systems, a comprehensive understanding of their collective properties is a challenge that requires systematic bottom-up characterization of the individual components and their interactions. For self-propelled particles, intrinsic complexity stems from the fact that the polar nature of the colloids necessitates that the interactions depend on positions and orientations of the particles, leading to a 2d - 1 dimensional configuration space for each particle, in d dimensions. Moreover, the interactions between such non-equilibrium colloids are generically non-reciprocal, which makes the characterization even more complex. Therefore, derivation of generic rules that enable us to predict the outcomes of individual encounters as well as the ensuing collective behavior will be an important step forward. While significant advances have been made on the theoretical front, such systematic experimental characterizations using simple artificial systems with measurable parameters are scarce. Here, two different contrasting types of colloidal microswimmers are studied, which move in opposite directions and show distinctly different interactions. To facilitate the extraction of parameters, an experimental platform is introduced in which these parameters are confined on a 1D track. Furthermore, a theoretical model for interparticle interactions near a substrate is developed, including both phoretic and hydrodynamic effects, which reproduces their behavior. For subsequent validation, the degrees of freedom are increased to 2D motion and resulting trajectories are predicted, finding remarkable agreement. These results may prove useful in characterizing the overall alignment behavior of interacting self-propelling active swimmer and may find direct applications in guiding the design of active-matter systems involving phoretic and hydrodynamic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharan
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Jaime Agudo-Canalejo
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Juliane Simmchen
- Chair of Physical Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Pure and applied chemistry, University of Strathclyde, G11XL, Glasgow
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9
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Ikram M, Peng G, Hassan QU, Basharat M, Li Y, Zeb S, Gao Y. Photoactive and Intrinsically Fuel Sensing Metal-Organic Framework Motors for Tailoring Collective Behaviors of Active-Passive Colloids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301625. [PMID: 37093209 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms display nonequilibrium predator-prey behaviors, such as chasing-escaping and schooling via chemotactic interactions. Even though artificial systems have revealed such biomimetic behaviors, switching between them by control over chemotactic interactions is rare. Here, a spindle-like iron-based metal-organic framework (MOF) colloidal motor which self-propels in glucose and H2 O2 , triggered by UV light is reported. These motors display intrinsic UV light-triggered fuel-dependent chemotactic interactions, which are used to tailor the collective dynamics of active-passive colloidal mixtures. In particular, the mixtures of active MOF motors with passive colloids exhibit distinctive "chasing-escaping" or "schooling" behaviors, depending on glucose or hydrogen peroxide being used as the fuel. The transition in the collective behaviors is attributed to an alteration in the sign of ionic diffusiophoretic interactions, resulting from a change in the ionic clouds produced. This study offers a new strategy on tuning the communication between active and passive colloids, which holds substantial potentials for fundamental research in active matter and practical applications in cargo delivery, chemical sensing, and particle segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikram
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Guogan Peng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qadeer Ul Hassan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Majid Basharat
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yurou Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Shah Zeb
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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10
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Abstract
Active colloids use energy input at the particle level to propel persistent motion and direct dynamic assemblies. We consider three types of colloids animated by chemical reactions, time-varying magnetic fields, and electric currents. For each type, we review the basic propulsion mechanisms at the particle level and discuss their consequences for collective behaviors in particle ensembles. These microscopic systems provide useful experimental models of nonequilibrium many-body physics in which dissipative currents break time-reversal symmetry. Freed from the constraints of thermodynamic equilibrium, active colloids assemble to form materials that move, reconfigure, heal, and adapt. Colloidal machines based on engineered particles and their assemblies provide a basis for mobile robots with increasing levels of autonomy. This review provides a conceptual framework for understanding and applying active colloids to create material systems that mimic the functions of living matter. We highlight opportunities for chemical engineers to contribute to this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J M Bishop
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Sibani Lisa Biswal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bhuvnesh Bharti
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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11
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Ghellab SE, Zhang X, Yang Y, Wang S, Basharat M, Zhou X, Lei L, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Fang H, Gao Y. Cell-Mimic Directional Cargo Transportation in a Visible-Light-Activated Colloidal Motor/Lipid Tube System. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2204260. [PMID: 36424173 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Active tether and transportation of cargoes on cytoskeletal highway enabled by molecular motors is key for accurate delivery of vesicles and organelles in the complex intracellular environment. Here, a hybrid system composed of colloidal motors and self-assembled lipid tubes is designed to mimic the subcellular traffic system in living cells. The colloidal motors, composed of gold-coated hematite, display light-activated self-propulsion tunable by the light intensity and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide fuel. Importantly, the motors show light-switchable binding with lipid cargoes and attachment to the lipid tubes, whereby the latter act as the motor highways. Upon assembly, the colloidal motor/lipid tube system demonstrates directional delivery of lipid vesicles, emulating intracellular transportation. The assembly and function of the hybrid system are rationalized by a cooperative action of light-triggered electrophoretic and hydrodynamic effects, supported by finite element analysis. A synthetic analog of the biological protein motor/cytoskeletal filament system is realized for the manipulation and delivery of different matter at the microscale, which is expected to be a promising platform for various applications in materials science, nanotechnology, microfluidics, and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Eddine Ghellab
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Device and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yicheng Yang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Julong College, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Majid Basharat
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xuemao Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Lijie Lei
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Device and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Nanophotonics Research Center, College of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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12
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Nizkaya TV, Asmolov ES, Vinogradova OI. Theoretical modeling of catalytic self-propulsion. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Lei L, Cheng R, Zhou Y, Yang T, Liang B, Wang S, Zhang X, Lin G, Zhou X. Estimating the velocity of chemically-driven Janus colloids considering the anisotropic concentration field. Front Chem 2022; 10:973961. [PMID: 36034655 PMCID: PMC9411653 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.973961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of the active colloids is strongly related to their self-propulsion velocity, which is controlled by the generated anisotropic concentration field. We investigated the effect of this anisotropy on velocity induced by numerical treatments and size of Janus colloids. The far-field approximation is effective in estimating the velocity, even though it neglects the shape effect on the anisotropy of the concentration field. If the surface mobility contrast between the active and the inert part is moderate, the spherical approximation is feasible for sphere-like Janus colloids. Legendre expansion of the concentration field causes artificial anisotropy. Raising the order of the expansion can suppress this effect, but also distorts the concentration field at the top of active part. Thus, the order of the expansion should be chosen carefully depending on the goal of the study. Based on the verified Legendre expansion method and ionic-diffusiophoresis model, we show that due to the size-effect on both the concentration field and the surface mobility, increasing size of colloids can lower the self-propulsion velocity. Our finding is consistent with previous experimental observations without fitting parameter, shedding new light on the self-propulsion mechanism of chemically-driven active colloids. We further show a velocity reversal at high overall ζ potential induced by increasing size, providing a new way for controlling the dynamics of acitve colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Lei
- College of Aviation Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
| | - Rong Cheng
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Laibin, China
| | - Yuxiu Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Laibin, China
| | - Tiezhu Yang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Laibin, China
| | - Beirong Liang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Laibin, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Julong College, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guanhua Lin
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuemao Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Laibin, China
- *Correspondence: Xuemao Zhou,
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14
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Wang Z, Mu Y, Lyu D, Wu M, Li J, Wang Z, Wang Y. Engineering Shapes of Active Colloids for Tunable Dynamics. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Wang S, Zhou L, Gao Y. Reply to the 'Comment on "Can bulk nanobubbles be stabilized by electrostatic interaction?"' by S. Koshoridze and Y. Levin, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2022, 24, DOI: 10.1039/D1CP04406K. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10626-10627. [PMID: 35438710 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00852a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the adsorbed ions on the stability of nanobubbles suspended in the liquid in a recent article published in Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. We calculated the electrostatic pressure using the classical electrical double layer (EDL) theory and pointed out that the electrostatic pressure is overestimated in previous theories due to the overlook of the stress in the diffusive double layer. Recently, S. I. Koshoridze and Yu. K. Levin questioned our calculations and results based on their intuition that diffusive ions in the EDL will drift and, therefore, not contribute to hydrostatic pressure. In this reply, we explain why mobile ions can also produce hydrostatic pressure from a hydrodynamic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Julong College, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China.
| | - Limin Zhou
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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16
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Accurate Solutions to Non-Linear PDEs Underlying a Propulsion of Catalytic Microswimmers. MATHEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/math10091503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic swimmers self-propel in electrolyte solutions thanks to an inhomogeneous ion release from their surface. Here, we consider the experimentally relevant limit of thin electrostatic diffuse layers, where the method of matched asymptotic expansions can be employed. While the analytical solution for ion concentration and electric potential in the inner region is known, the electrostatic problem in the outer region was previously solved but only for a linear case. Additionally, only main geometries such as a sphere or cylinder have been favoured. Here, we derive a non-linear outer solution for the electric field and concentrations for swimmers of any shape with given ion surface fluxes that then allow us to find the velocity of particle self-propulsion. The power of our formalism is to include the complicated effects of the anisotropy and inhomogeneity of surface ion fluxes under relevant boundary conditions. This is demonstrated by exact solutions for electric potential profiles in some particular cases with the consequent calculations of self-propulsion velocities.
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17
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Mu Y, Lei L, Zheng J, Duan W, Wang Z, Tang J, Gao Y, Wang Y. Binary Phases and Crystals Assembled from Active and Passive Colloids. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6801-6812. [PMID: 35385263 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Classic binary materials, ranging from polymer blends to table salts, contain equilibrium phases or crystals of two interacting components. Here, we report on the construction of binary colloidal materials out of equilibrium by employing active particles and passive particles that dynamically interact and organize. Key to our scheme is the introduction of photoactive microspheres whose activity can be precisely tuned. This allows us to leverage the complex nonequilibrium interplay between the constituent components for dynamic coassembly. A wide variety of binary structures have thus been realized, including the liquid-crystal phases and crystal-crystal phases via phase separation and, counterintuitively, the binary crystalline compounds. The obtained structures are validated by computer simulations, which reveal unexpected kinetic pathways that are unique for active systems. With these findings, our strategy could facilitate the design and fabrication of multicomponent materials beyond equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijiang Mu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Lijie Lei
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wendi Duan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jinyao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
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18
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Basharat M, Shah ZH, Ikram M, Ghellab SE, Hassan QU, Ilyas T, Lei L, Lin G, Gao Y. Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Copolymeric Colloids as Multicolor Emission, Fuel-Free, UV- and Visible-Light-Actuated Micropumps. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107621. [PMID: 35142080 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Light-actuated micromachines are of enormous interest due to their ability to harvest light for triggering catalytic reactions to acquire free energy for mechanical work. This work presents an inorganic-organic hybrid copolymeric poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-barbituric acid) colloid, which displays multiwavelength excited emission and catalytic activities, exploiting the unique structural, chemical, and optical features of inorganic heterocyclic ring hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and organic co-monomer barbituric acid. Specifically, this work reveals particle-resolved unusual multicolor emission under excitation with the same or different wavelengths of light using fluorescence microscopy. The result is rationalized by density functional theory studies. In this work, the authors find that emission is coincident with fluorometric measurements, and the photocatalytic properties are anticipated from the overall band structure. This work also demonstrates the use of these colloids as micropumps, which can be remotely activated by UV, blue, and green lights under fuel-free conditions, and ascribe the behavior to ionic diffusiophoresis arising from light-triggered generation of H+ and other charged species. This work offers a new class of polymeric colloids with multiple-wavelength excited emission and catalytic activities, which is expected to open new opportunities in the design of fuel-free, photo-actuated micromachines and active systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Basharat
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zameer Hussain Shah
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Salah Eddine Ghellab
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qadeer-Ul Hassan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Tayiba Ilyas
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Lijie Lei
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Guanhua Lin
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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Sharan P, Xiao Z, Mancuso V, Uspal WE, Simmchen J. Upstream Rheotaxis of Catalytic Janus Spheres. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4599-4608. [PMID: 35230094 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluid flow is ubiquitous in many environments that form habitats for microorganisms. Therefore, it is not surprising that both biological and artificial microswimmers show responses to flows that are determined by the interplay of chemical and physical factors. In particular, to deepen the understanding of how different systems respond to flows, it is crucial to comprehend the influence played by swimming pattern. The tendency of organisms to navigate up or down the flow is termed rheotaxis. Early theoretical studies predicted a positive rheotactic response for puller-type spherical Janus micromotors. However, recent experimental studies have focused on pusher-type Janus particles, finding that they exhibit cross-stream migration in externally applied flows. To study the response to the flow of swimmers with a qualitatively different flow pattern, we introduce Cu@SiO2 micromotors that swim toward their catalytic cap. On the basis of experimental observations, and supported by flow field calculations using a model for self-electrophoresis, we hypothesize that they behave effectively as a puller-type system. We investigate the effect of externally imposed flow on these spherically symmetrical Cu@SiO2 active Janus colloids, and we indeed observe a steady upstream directional response. Through a simple squirmer model for a puller, we recover the major experimental observations. Additionally, the model predicts a "jumping" behavior for puller-type micromotors at high flow speeds. Performing additional experiments at high flow speeds, we capture this phenomenon, in which the particles "roll" with their swimming axes aligned to the shear plane, in addition to being dragged downstream by the fluid flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharan
- Physical Chemistry, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Zuyao Xiao
- Physical Chemistry, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Viviana Mancuso
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu 96822, Hawaii, United States
| | - William E Uspal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Ma̅noa, Honolulu 96822, Hawaii, United States
| | - Juliane Simmchen
- Physical Chemistry, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, Dresden 01069, Germany
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20
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Peng Y, Xu P, Duan S, Liu J, Moran JL, Wang W. Generic Rules for Distinguishing Autophoretic Colloidal Motors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116041. [PMID: 34994039 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Distinguishing the operating mechanisms of nano- and micromotors powered by chemical gradients, i.e. "autophoresis", holds the key for fundamental and applied reasons. In this article, we propose and experimentally confirm that the speeds of a self-diffusiophoretic colloidal motor scale inversely to its population density but not for self-electrophoretic motors, because the former is an ion source and thus increases the solution ionic strength over time while the latter does not. They also form clusters in visually distinguishable and quantifiable ways. This pair of rules is simple, powerful, and insensitive to the specific material composition, shape or size of a colloidal motor, and does not require any measurement beyond typical microscopy. These rules are not only useful in clarifying the operating mechanisms of typical autophoretic micromotors, but also in predicting the dynamics of unconventional ones that are yet to be experimentally realized, even those involving enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Peng
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Pengzhao Xu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Shifang Duan
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | | | - Wei Wang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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21
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Lei L, Wang S, Zhou X, Ghellab SE, Lin G, Gao Y. Self-Organization of Binary Colloidal Mixtures via Diffusiohporesis. Front Chem 2022; 10:803906. [PMID: 35360529 PMCID: PMC8960120 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.803906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic activity of the colloids and chemotactic response to gradients of the chemicals in the solution leads to effective interaction between catalytic colloids. In this paper, we simulate mixtures of active and passive colloids via a Brownian dynamics algorithm. These particles interact via phoretic interactions, which are determined by two independent parameters, surface activity and surface mobility. We find rich dynamic structures by tuning passive colloids’ surface mobility, size, and area fractions, which include schools of active colloids with exclusion zone, yolk/shell cluster, and stable active–passive alloys to motile clusters. Dynamical cluster can also be formed due to the nonreciprocity of the phoretic interaction. Increasing the size ratio of passive colloids to active colloids favors the phase separation of active and passive colloids, resulting in yolk/shell structure. Increasing the area fraction of active colloids tends to transfer from dynamical clusters into stable alloys. The simulated binary active colloid systems exhibit intriguing nonequilibrium phenomena that mimic the dynamic organizations of active/passive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Lei
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuemao Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Guanhua Lin
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Yongxiang Gao,
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22
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23
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Ikram M, Hu F, Peng G, Basharat M, Jabeen N, Pan K, Gao Y. Light-Activated Fuel-Free Janus Metal Organic Framework Colloidal Motors for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51799-51806. [PMID: 34672198 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Light-powered fuel-free colloidal motors possess significant potential for practical applications ranging from nanomedicine to environmental remediation. However, current light-powered colloidal motors often require the incorporation of expensive metals or high concentrations of toxic chemical fuels, which is a severe limitation for their practical applications. Integrating highly ordered and porous materials with a large surface area into colloidal motors is a promising strategy for upsurging their self-propelled speed and adsorption, which will benefit many applications. Here, highly efficient, fuel-free, and light-activated metal organic framework (MOF)-3-trimethoxysilyl propyl methacrylate Janus colloidal motors with a hierarchical morphology are reported. These colloidal motors can be driven by UV or visible light, with a self-propelled speed tuned by the light intensity. The speed can be further enhanced by morphology optimization or by the addition of H2O2 as a fuel. The colloidal motors display a superior efficiency in removing heavy metal ions of Hg, which is up to ∼90% within 40 min from the contaminated water, attributed to their high surface area, hierarchical morphology, large number of active sites, and high mobility. This work not only offers a facile approach to incorporate a versatile MOF family into the design of fuel-free and light-powered Janus colloidal motors, but also demonstrates their potential for real-life applications such as environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikram
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifan Hu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Guogan Peng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Majid Basharat
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Nawishta Jabeen
- The University of Lahore, sub campus, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Ke Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
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