Yin J, Huang Z, Cai Y, Du Q, Zhang L. Revealing excited states of rotational Bose-Einstein condensates.
Innovation (N Y) 2024;
5:100546. [PMID:
38170130 PMCID:
PMC10758953 DOI:
10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100546]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotational Bose-Einstein condensates can exhibit quantized vortices as topological excitations. In this study, the ground and excited states of the rotational Bose-Einstein condensates are systematically studied by calculating the stationary points of the Gross-Pitaevskii energy functional. Various excited states and their connections at different rotational frequencies are revealed in solution landscapes constructed with the constrained high-index saddle dynamics method. Four excitation mechanisms are identified: vortex addition, rearrangement, merging, and splitting. We demonstrate changes in the ground state with increasing rotational frequencies and decipher the evolution of the stability of ground states.
Collapse