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Song Y, Zou X, Gong X, Becoulet A, Buttery R, Bonoli P, Hoang T, Maingi R, Qian J, Zhong X, Liu A, Li E, Ding R, Huang J, Zang Q, Liu H, Wang L, Zhang L, Li G, Sun Y, Garofalo A, Osborne T, Leonard T, Baek SG, Wallace G, Xu L, Zhang B, Wang S, Chu Y, Zhang T, Duan Y, Lian H, Zhang X, Jin Y, Zeng L, Lyu B, Xiao B, Huang Y, Wang Y, Shen B, Xiang N, Wu Y, Wu J, Wang X, Ding B, Li M, Zhang X, Qin C, Xi W, Zhang J, Huang L, Yao D, Hu Y, Zuo G, Yuan Q, Zhou Z, Wang M, Xu H, Xie Y, Wang Z, Chen J, Xu G, Hu J, Lu K, Liu F, Wu X, Wan B, Li J. Realization of thousand-second improved confinement plasma with Super I-mode in Tokamak EAST. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq5273. [PMID: 36608124 PMCID: PMC9821864 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq5273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mastering nuclear fusion, which is an abundant, safe, and environmentally competitive energy, is a great challenge for humanity. Tokamak represents one of the most promising paths toward controlled fusion. Obtaining a high-performance, steady-state, and long-pulse plasma regime remains a critical issue. Recently, a big breakthrough in steady-state operation was made on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). A steady-state plasma with a world-record pulse length of 1056 s was obtained, where the density and the divertor peak heat flux were well controlled, with no core impurity accumulation, and a new high-confinement and self-organizing regime (Super I-mode = I-mode + e-ITB) was discovered and demonstrated. These achievements contribute to the integration of fusion plasma technology and physics, which is essential to operate next-step devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Song
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaolan Zou
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 St Paul Les Durance, France
| | - Xianzu Gong
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | | | - Richard Buttery
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, USA
| | - Paul Bonoli
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tuong Hoang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Rajesh Maingi
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Jinping Qian
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhong
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Adi Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Erzhong Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Qing Zang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Haiqing Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Youwen Sun
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Andrea Garofalo
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, USA
| | - Tom Osborne
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, USA
| | - Tony Leonard
- General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, USA
| | - Seung Gyou Baek
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Greg Wallace
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Liqing Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shouxin Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yuqi Chu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yanmin Duan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hui Lian
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xuexi Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yifei Jin
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Long Zeng
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Bo Lyu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Binjia Xiao
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yao Huang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Biao Shen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Nong Xiang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jiefeng Wu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Bojiang Ding
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Miaohui Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xinjun Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Chengming Qin
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Weibin Xi
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Liansheng Huang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Damao Yao
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yanlan Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Guizhong Zuo
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Qiping Yuan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Mao Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Handong Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yahong Xie
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhengchu Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Junling Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Guosheng Xu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jiansheng Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Kun Lu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fukun Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xinchao Wu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Baonian Wan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jiangang Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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3
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Na YS, Seo J, Lee Y, Choi G, Park M, Park S, Yi S, Wang W, Yoo MG, Cha M, Kim B, Lee YH, Han H, Kim B, Lee C, Kim S, Yang S, Byun CS, Kim HS, Ko J, Lee W, Hahm TS. Observation of a new type of self-generated current in magnetized plasmas. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6477. [PMID: 36309494 PMCID: PMC9617975 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A tokamak, a torus-shaped nuclear fusion device, needs an electric current in the plasma to produce magnetic field in the poloidal direction for confining fusion plasmas. Plasma current is conventionally generated by electromagnetic induction. However, for a steady-state fusion reactor, minimizing the inductive current is essential to extend the tokamak operating duration. Several non-inductive current drive schemes have been developed for steady-state operations such as radio-frequency waves and neutral beams. However, commercial reactors require minimal use of these external sources to maximize the fusion gain, Q, the ratio of the fusion power to the external power. Apart from these external current drives, a self-generated current, so-called bootstrap current, was predicted theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. Here, we reveal another self-generated current that can exist in a tokamak and this has not yet been discussed by present theories. We report conclusive experimental evidence of this self-generated current observed in the KSTAR tokamak. Fusion devices like tokamaks require plasma current to generate magnetic field for plasma confinement. Here the authors report an observation of a self-generated anomalous current that contributes up to 30% of the total current in the fusion plasma at KSTAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Su Na
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaemin Seo
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Yoonji Lee
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyungjin Choi
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseo Park
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjin Park
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Yi
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Weixing Wang
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Min-Gu Yoo
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA.,General Atomics, San Diego, CA, 85608, USA
| | - Minsoo Cha
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomsu Kim
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Lee
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsun Han
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Boseong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanyoung Lee
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - SangKyeun Kim
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.,Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - SeongMoo Yang
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Cheol-Sik Byun
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seok Kim
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseok Ko
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochang Lee
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Taik Soo Hahm
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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