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Yao Y, Kononov A, Metzlaff A, Wucher A, Kalkhoff L, Breuer L, Schleberger M, Schleife A. Nonequilibrium Dynamics of Electron Emission from Cold and Hot Graphene under Proton Irradiation. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:5174-5181. [PMID: 38587459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Characteristic properties of secondary electrons emitted from irradiated two-dimensional materials arise from multi-length and multi-time-scale relaxation processes that connect the initial nonequilibrium excited electron distribution with their eventual emission. To understand these processes, which are critical for using secondary electrons as high-resolution thermalization probes, we combine first-principles real-time electron dynamics with irradiation experiments. Our data for cold and hot proton-irradiated graphene show signatures of kinetic and potential emission and generally good agreement for electron yields between experiment and theory. The duration of the emission pulse is about 1.5 fs, which indicates high time resolution when used as a probe. Our newly developed method to predict kinetic energy spectra shows good agreement with electron and ion irradiation experiments and prior models. We find that the lattice temperature significantly increases secondary electron emission, whereas electron temperature has a negligible effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alina Kononov
- Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Arne Metzlaff
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wucher
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Kalkhoff
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Lars Breuer
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Marika Schleberger
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics and CENIDE, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - André Schleife
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Szabo GL, Jany BR, Muckenhuber H, Niggas A, Lehner M, Janas A, Szabo PS, Gan Z, George A, Turchanin A, Krok F, Wilhelm RA. Charge-State-Enhanced Ion Sputtering of Metallic Gold Nanoislands. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207263. [PMID: 36949495 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Experimental results on the charge-state-dependent sputtering of metallic gold nanoislands are presented. Irradiations with slow highly charged ions of metallic targets were previously considered to show no charge state dependent effects on ion-induced material modification, since these materials possess enough free electrons to dissipate the deposited potential energy before electron-phonon coupling can set in. By reducing the size of the target material down to the nanometer regime and thus enabling a geometric energy confinement, a possibility is demonstrated to erode metallic surfaces by charge state related effects in contrast to regular kinetic sputtering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L Szabo
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Physics, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedykt R Jany
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30348, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Anna Niggas
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Physics, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Lehner
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Physics, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arkadiusz Janas
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30348, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paul S Szabo
- University of California, Space Sciences Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Ziyang Gan
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Antony George
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Franciszek Krok
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30348, Kraków, Poland
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Pang J, Peng S, Hou C, Zhao H, Fan Y, Ye C, Zhang N, Wang T, Cao Y, Zhou W, Sun D, Wang K, Rümmeli MH, Liu H, Cuniberti G. Applications of Graphene in Five Senses, Nervous System, and Artificial Muscles. ACS Sens 2023; 8:482-514. [PMID: 36656873 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Graphene remains of great interest in biomedical applications because of biocompatibility. Diseases relating to human senses interfere with life satisfaction and happiness. Therefore, the restoration by artificial organs or sensory devices may bring a bright future by the recovery of senses in patients. In this review, we update the most recent progress in graphene based sensors for mimicking human senses such as artificial retina for image sensors, artificial eardrums, gas sensors, chemical sensors, and tactile sensors. The brain-like processors are discussed based on conventional transistors as well as memristor related neuromorphic computing. The brain-machine interface is introduced for providing a single pathway. Besides, the artificial muscles based on graphene are summarized in the means of actuators in order to react to the physical world. Future opportunities remain for elevating the performances of human-like sensors and their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Pang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Songang Peng
- High-Frequency High-Voltage Device and Integrated Circuits R&D Center and Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chongyang Hou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Hongbin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Smart Sensing, GRINM Group Co. Ltd., Xinwai Street 2, Beijing 100088, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingju Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Chen Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Nuo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking and People's Republic of China School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, No. 3501 Daxue Road, Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control & Renewable Energy Technology (Ministry of Education) and School of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China
| | - Weijia Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Ding Sun
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Mark H Rümmeli
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Dresden, D-01171, Germany.,College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.,Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland.,Institute for Complex Materials, IFW Dresden, 20 Helmholtz Strasse, Dresden 01069, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, Ostrava 708 33, Czech Republic
| | - Hong Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio & Micro/Nano Functional Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shandanan Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
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Grossek A, Niggas A, Wilhelm RA, Aumayr F, Lemell C. Model for Nanopore Formation in Two-Dimensional Materials by Impact of Highly Charged Ions. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9679-9684. [PMID: 36399705 PMCID: PMC9756339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a first qualitative description of the atomic dynamics in two-dimensional (2D) materials induced by the impact of slow, highly charged ions. We employ a classical molecular dynamics simulation for the motion of the target atoms combined with a Monte Carlo model for the diffusive charge transport within the layer. Depending on the velocity of charge transfer (hopping time or hole mobility) and the number of extracted electrons which, in turn, depends on the charge state of the impinging ions, we find regions of stability of the 2D structure as well as parameter combinations for which nanopore formation due to Coulomb repulsion is predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
Sagar Grossek
- Institute
for Theoretical Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8-10, A-1040Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8-10, A-1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Niggas
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8-10, A-1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard A. Wilhelm
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8-10, A-1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Aumayr
- Institute
of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8-10, A-1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Lemell
- Institute
for Theoretical Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstr. 8-10, A-1040Vienna, Austria
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