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Khomenko D, Scalliet C, Berthier L, Reichman DR, Zamponi F. Depletion of Two-Level Systems in Ultrastable Computer-Generated Glasses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:225901. [PMID: 32567893 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.225901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solids exhibit quasiuniversal low temperature anomalies whose origin has been ascribed to localized tunneling defects. Using an advanced Monte Carlo procedure, we create in silico glasses spanning from hyperquenched to ultrastable glasses. Using a multidimensional path-finding protocol, we locate tunneling defects with energy splittings smaller than k_{B}T_{Q}, with T_{Q} the temperature below which quantum effects are relevant (T_{Q}≈1 K in most experiments). We find that as the stability of a glass increases, its energy landscape as well as the manner in which it is probed tend to deplete the density of tunneling defects, as observed in recent experiments. We explore the real-space nature of tunneling defects, and find that they are mostly localized to a few atoms, but are occasionally dramatically delocalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Khomenko
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Camille Scalliet
- DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovic Berthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - David R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Francesco Zamponi
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
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Müller C, Cole JH, Lisenfeld J. Towards understanding two-level-systems in amorphous solids: insights from quantum circuits. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:124501. [PMID: 31404914 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab3a7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solids show surprisingly universal behaviour at low temperatures. The prevailing wisdom is that this can be explained by the existence of two-state defects within the material. The so-called standard tunneling model has become the established framework to explain these results, yet it still leaves the central question essentially unanswered-what are these two-level defects (TLS)? This question has recently taken on a new urgency with the rise of superconducting circuits in quantum computing, circuit quantum electrodynamics, magnetometry, electrometry and metrology. Superconducting circuits made from aluminium or niobium are fundamentally limited by losses due to TLS within the amorphous oxide layers encasing them. On the other hand, these circuits also provide a novel and effective method for studying the very defects which limit their operation. We can now go beyond ensemble measurements and probe individual defects-observing the quantum nature of their dynamics and studying their formation, their behaviour as a function of applied field, strain, temperature and other properties. This article reviews the plethora of recent experimental results in this area and discusses the various theoretical models which have been used to describe the observations. In doing so, it summarises the current approaches to solving this fundamentally important problem in solid-state physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Müller
- IBM Research Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland. Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland. ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Nguyen HA, Liao C, Wallum A, Lyding J, Gruebele M. Multi-scale dynamics at the glassy silica surface. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:174502. [PMID: 31703525 DOI: 10.1063/1.5123228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica-based glass is a household name, providing insulation for windows to microelectronics. The debate over the types of motions thought to occur in or on SiO2 glass well below the glass transition temperature continues. Here, we form glassy silica films by oxidizing the Si(100) surface (from 0.5 to 1.5 nm thick, to allow tunneling). We then employ scanning tunneling microscopy in situ to image and classify these motions at room temperature on a millisecond to hour time scale and 50-pm to 5-nm length scale. We observe two phenomena on different time scales. Within minutes, compact clusters with an average diameter of several SiO2 glass-forming units (GFUs) hop between a few (mostly two) configurations, hop cooperatively (facilitation), and merge into larger clusters (aging) or split into smaller clusters (rejuvenation). Within seconds, Si-O-Si bridges connect two GFUs within a single cluster flip, providing a vibrational fine structure to the energy landscape. We assign the vibrational fine structure using electronic structure calculations. Calculations also show that our measured barrier height for whole cluster hopping at the glass surface (configurational dynamics) is consistent with the configurational entropy predicted by thermodynamic models of the glass transition and that the vibrational entropy for GFU flipping and configurational entropy for cluster hopping are comparable (on a per GFU basis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy A Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Can Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Alison Wallum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - J Lyding
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - M Gruebele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Vapor-deposited glasses provide clearer view of two-level systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11232-3. [PMID: 25053809 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1411278111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Profile of Susan N. Coppersmith. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:802-3. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222451110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Faoro L, Ioffe LB. Internal loss of superconducting resonators induced by interacting two-level systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:157005. [PMID: 23102357 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.157005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In a number of recent experiments with microwave high quality superconducting coplanar waveguide resonators an anomalously weak power dependence of the quality factor has been observed. We argue that this observation implies that the monochromatic radiation does not saturate the two level systems (TLS) located at the interface oxide surfaces of the resonator and suggests the importance of their interactions. We estimate the microwave loss due to interacting TLS and show that the interactions between TLS lead to a drift of their energies that result in a much slower, logarithmic dependence of their absorption on the radiation power in agreement with the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Faoro
- Laboratoire de Physique Theorique et Hautes Energies, CNRS UMR 7589, Universites Paris 6 et 7, Paris, France
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Lubchenko V, Wolynes PG. The Microscopic Quantum Theory of Low Temperature Amorphous Solids. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470175422.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Reichman DR, Neu P, Silbey RJ. Some Comments on the Nature of Universal Properties in Low-Temperature Glasses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587259608042732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David R. Reichman
- a Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 02139 , USA
| | - Peter Neu
- a Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 02139 , USA
| | - Robert J. Silbey
- a Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 02139 , USA
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Ladieu F, Le Cochec J, Pari P, Trouslard P, Ailloud P. Dielectric constant of glasses: evidence for dipole-dipole interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:205501. [PMID: 12785905 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.205501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The 1 kHz real part chi(') of the dielectric constant of a structural glass (a-SiO(2+x)C(1+y)H(z)) was measured at low temperature T. Reducing the sample thickness h below 100 nm weakens the slope /delta(chi('))/delta (T) for T less than or approximately equal 0.1 K, for all measuring fields E. This contrasts with the predictions of the two-level system (TLS) model but is in agreement with the recently proposed delocalization of excitations derived from a field-induced TLS-TLS interaction mechanism. For small h this interaction is screened, which explains the h effects on chi('). Hence, interactions must play a key role in standard thick samples as soon as T less than or approximately equal 0.1 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ladieu
- DSM/DRECAM/LPS, C. E. Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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Lubchenko V, Wolynes PG. Intrinsic quantum excitations of low temperature glasses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:195901. [PMID: 11690429 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.195901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Several puzzling regularities concerning the low temperature excitations of glasses are quantitatively explained by quantizing domain wall motions of the random first order glass transition theory. The density of excitations agrees with experiment and scales with the size of a dynamically coherent region at T(g), being about 200 molecules. The phonon coupling depends on the Lindemann ratio for vitrification yielding the observed universal relation l/lambda approximately 150 between phonon wavelength lambda and mean free path l. Multilevel behavior is predicted to occur in the temperature range of the thermal conductivity plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lubchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0371, USA
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Alava M, Duxbury P, Moukarzel C, Rieger H. Exact combinatorial algorithms: Ground states of disordered systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1062-7901(01)80009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Heuer A, Neu P. Tunneling dynamics of side chains and defects in proteins, polymer glasses, and OH-doped network glasses. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Maier H, Kharlamov BM, Haarer D. Two-level system dynamics in the long-time limit: A power-law time dependence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 76:2085-2088. [PMID: 10060602 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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White BE, Pohl RO. Internal friction of subnanometer a-SiO2 films. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 75:4437-4439. [PMID: 10059908 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.4437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Watson SK. Tunneling States in Crystals with Large Random Strains. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 75:1965-1968. [PMID: 10059174 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Carruzzo HM, Grannan ER, Yu CC. Nonequilibrium dielectric behavior in glasses at low temperatures: Evidence for interacting defects. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:6685-6695. [PMID: 9974621 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.6685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Salvino DJ, Rogge S, Tigner B, Osheroff DD. Low temperature ac dielectric response of glasses to high dc electric fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 73:268-271. [PMID: 10057127 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Solf MP, Klein MW. Two-level tunneling states and the constant density of states in quadrupolar glasses. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 49:12703-12717. [PMID: 10010174 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Parshin DA. Interactions of soft atomic potentials and universality of low-temperature properties of glasses. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 49:9400-9418. [PMID: 10009739 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.9400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Vernier N, Bellessa G. Nonlinear magnetic susceptibility in a Kramers-ion doped glass. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 71:4063-4066. [PMID: 10055144 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.71.4063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Heuer A, Silbey RJ. Microscopic estimation of the deformation potential in a structural model glass. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:9411-9417. [PMID: 10007180 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.9411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Mulders N, Molz E, Beamish JR. Effect of adsorption of 3He and 4He on the low-temperature ultrasonic properties of porous Vycor. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:6293-6301. [PMID: 10009175 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.6293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Coppersmith SN. Defect interactions in metallic glasses: Acoustic probes. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:142-148. [PMID: 10006761 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Heuer A, Silbey RJ. Microscopic description of tunneling systems in a structural model glass. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 70:3911-3914. [PMID: 10053997 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.3911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Ramos MA, Gil L, Bringer A, Buchenau U. The Density of Tunneling and Vibrational States of Glasses within the Soft-Potential Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/pssa.2211350213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yu CC. Phase transitions of interacting elastic defects. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 69:2787-2790. [PMID: 10046589 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Raychaudhuri AK, Pohl RO. Low-temperature internal friction and sound velocity in Zener alloys. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 46:10657-10661. [PMID: 10002919 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.10657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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30
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Acoustic properties of amorphous SiO2 and PdSiCu, and of crystalline Ag, NbTi and Ta at very low temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01309284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Buchenau U, Galperin YM, Gurevich VL, Parshin DA, Ramos MA, Schober HR. Interaction of soft modes and sound waves in glasses. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 46:2798-2808. [PMID: 10003968 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.2798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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