1
|
Abstract
Semiconductor spintronicsSpintronics refers commonly to phenomena in which the spin of electrons in a solid state environment plays the determining role. In a more narrow sense spintronics is an emerging research field of electronics: spintronics devices are based on a spin control of electronics, or on an electrical and optical control of spin or magnetism. While metal spintronics has already found its niche in the computer industry—giant magnetoresistance systems are used as hard disk read heads—semiconductor spintronics is yet to demonstrate its full potential. This review presents selected themes of semiconductor spintronics, introducing important concepts in spin transport, spin injection, Silsbee-Johnson spin-charge coupling, and spin-dependent tunneling, as well as spin relaxation and spin dynamics. The most fundamental spin-dependent interaction in nonmagnetic semiconductors is spin-orbit coupling. Depending on the crystal symmetries of the material, as well as on the structural properties of semiconductor based heterostructures, the spin-orbit coupling takes on different functional forms, giving a nice playground of effective spin-orbit Hamiltonians. The effective Hamiltonians for the most relevant classes of materials and heterostructures are derived here from realistic electronic band structure descriptions. Most semiconductor device systems are still theoretical concepts, waiting for experimental demonstrations. A review of selected proposed, and a few demonstrated devices is presented, with detailed description of two important classes: magnetic resonant tunnel structures and bipolar magnetic diodes and transistors. In view of the importance of ferromagnetic semiconductor materials, a brief discussion of diluted magnetic semiconductors is included. In most cases the presentation is of tutorial style, introducing the essential theoretical formalism at an accessible level, with case-study-like illustrations of actual experimental results, as well as with brief reviews of relevant recent achievements in the field.
Collapse
|
2
|
Tsai CT, Chen SH, Chuu DS, Chou WC. Fabrication and physical properties of radio frequency sputtered Cd1-xMnxS thin films. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:11555-11560. [PMID: 9984944 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.11555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
3
|
Rossin VV, Böttger T, Henneberger F. Type-II interface exciton in ZnSe/(Zn,Mn)Se heterostructures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:7682-7685. [PMID: 9984435 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.7682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
4
|
Giebultowicz TM, Nunez V. Magnetic grains in GaAs. Nature 1995. [DOI: 10.1038/377677a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
5
|
Cheng HH, Nicholas RJ, Lawless MJ, Ashenford DE, Lunn B. Magneto-optical studies of the type-I/type-II crossover and band offset in ZnTe/Zn1-xMnxTe superlattices in magnetic fields up to 45 T. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:5269-5274. [PMID: 9981713 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.5269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
6
|
Warnock J, Abad H, Jonker BT, Yu WY, Petrou A, Schmiedel T. Spin-superlattice formation in a type-II ZnSe/Zn0.96Fe0.04Se multiple-quantum-well structure. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:1642-1646. [PMID: 9978883 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
7
|
Poweleit CD, Smith LM, Jonker BT. Observation of long-lived exciton magnetic polarons in Zn1-xMnxSe/ZnSe multiple quantum wells. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:18662-18665. [PMID: 9976309 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.18662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
8
|
Gaj JA, Grieshaber W, Bodin-Deshayes C, Cibert J, Feuillet G, Wasiela A. Magneto-optical study of interface mixing in the CdTe-(Cd,Mn)Te system. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:5512-5527. [PMID: 9976895 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.5512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
9
|
Baumberg JJ, Awschalom DD, Samarth N, Luo H, Furdyna JK. Spin beats and dynamical magnetization in quantum structures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 72:717-720. [PMID: 10056505 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
10
|
Kim YD, Cooper SL, Klein MV, Jonker BT. Spectroscopic ellipsometry study of the diluted magnetic semiconductor system Zn(Mn,Fe,Co)Se. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 49:1732-1742. [PMID: 10010966 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
11
|
Warnock J, Jonker BT, Petrou A, Chou WC, Liu X. Exciton energies in shallow quantum wells and spin superlattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:17321-17330. [PMID: 10008342 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.17321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
12
|
Fu LP, Yu WY, Petrou A, Warnock J, Jonker BT. Competing spin exchange interactions in Zn1-xMnxSe/Zn1-yFeySe multiple-quantum-well structures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:18272-18275. [PMID: 10008473 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.18272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
13
|
Smyth JF, Tulchinsky DA, Awschalom DD, Samarth N, Luo H, Furdyna JK. Femtosecond scattering dynamics in magnetic semiconductor spin superlattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 71:601-604. [PMID: 10055317 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.71.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
14
|
Luo H, Dai N, Zhang FC, Samarth N, Dobrowolska M, Furdyna JK, Parks C, Ramdas AK. Observation of quasibound states in semiconductor single quantum barriers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 70:1307-1310. [PMID: 10054343 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
15
|
Ivchenko EL, Kavokin AV, Kochereshko VP, Posina GR, Uraltsev IN, Yakovlev DR, Bicknell-Tassius RN, Waag A, Landwehr G. Exciton oscillator strength in magnetic-field-induced spin superlattices CdTe/(Cd,Mn)Te. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 46:7713-7722. [PMID: 10002512 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.7713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
16
|
Chou WC, Petrou A, Warnock J, Jonker BT. Spin-relaxation processes in ZnSe-based spin superlattices: A photoluminescence study. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 46:4316-4319. [PMID: 10004176 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.4316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
17
|
Zhang FC, Dai N, Luo H, Samarth N, Dobrowolska M, Furdyna JK, Ram-Mohan LR. Observation of localized above-barrier excitons in type-I superlattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 68:3220-3223. [PMID: 10045644 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.68.3220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
18
|
Dai N, Luo H, Zhang FC, Samarth N, Dobrowolska M, Furdyna JK. Spin superlattice formation in ZnSe/Zn1-xMnxSe multilayers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1991; 67:3824-3827. [PMID: 10044835 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.67.3824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|