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Kureha T, Hiroshige S, Suzuki D, Sawada J, Aoki D, Takata T, Shibayama M. Quantification for the Mixing of Polymers on Microspheres in Waterborne Latex Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4855-4862. [PMID: 32348148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although tremendous efforts have been devoted to the structural analysis and understanding of the toughness of latex films, in which soft elastomer microspheres are interpenetrated, a method to quantitatively analyze the mixing of polymer chains at the microsphere surface, i.e., delocalization of hydrophilic charged group on the polymer chains by aging, has not yet been established. In this study, small-angle X-ray scattering was applied to characterize latex films by assuming a pseudo-two-phase system, which consists of an average-electron density microsphere core and a high-electron density interphase between the microsphere interfaces due to localized charged groups. The thus obtained parameter, i.e., the characteristic interfacial thickness (tinter), quantitatively reflects the degree of mixing of polymer chains on the microsphere surface. We found that tinter is strongly correlated to the fracture energy of the latex films. The proposed analysis method for the microscopic mixing of polymers on the microsphere surface in the film can thus be expected to shed light on design guidelines for industrial latex films and on the understanding of the mechanical properties of such films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kureha
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Suzuki
- JST CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology), 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Jun Sawada
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- JST CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology), 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- JST CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology), 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Shibayama
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan
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2
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Routh AF. Drying of thin colloidal films. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:046603. [PMID: 23502077 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/4/046603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
When thin films of colloidal fluids are dried, a range of transitions are observed and the final film profile is found to depend on the processes that occur during the drying step. This article describes the drying process, initially concentrating on the various transitions. Particles are seen to initially consolidate at the edge of a drying droplet, the so-called coffee-ring effect. Flow is seen to be from the centre of the drop towards the edge and a front of close-packed particles passes horizontally across the film. Just behind the particle front the now solid film often displays cracks and finally the film is observed to de-wet. These various transitions are explained, with particular reference to the capillary pressure which forms in the solidified region of the film. The reasons for cracking in thin films is explored as well as various methods to minimize its effect. Methods to obtain stratified coatings through a single application are considered for a one-dimensional drying problem and this is then extended to two-dimensional films. Different evaporative models are described, including the physical reason for enhanced evaporation at the edge of droplets. The various scenarios when evaporation is found to be uniform across a drying film are then explained. Finally different experimental techniques for examining the drying step are mentioned and the article ends with suggested areas that warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F Routh
- BP Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK.
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3
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Genix AC, Tatou M, Imaz A, Forcada J, Schweins R, Grillo I, Oberdisse J. Modeling of Intermediate Structures and Chain Conformation in Silica–Latex Nanocomposites Observed by SANS During Annealing. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202308c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Genix
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb
UMR 5221, Université Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb
UMR 5221, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Mouna Tatou
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb
UMR 5221, Université Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb
UMR 5221, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Institut Laue-Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Ainara Imaz
- Grupo de Ingeniería Química,
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, The University of the Basque Country, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jacqueline Forcada
- Grupo de Ingeniería Química,
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, The University of the Basque Country, 20080 San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | | | - Julian Oberdisse
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb
UMR 5221, Université Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb
UMR 5221, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin,
UMR 12 CEA/CNRS, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif
sur Yvette, France
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4
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Chen X, Fischer S, Men Y. Temperature and relative humidity dependency of film formation of polymeric latex dispersions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:12807-12814. [PMID: 21942473 DOI: 10.1021/la202300p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Thermogravimetric analysis and a synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering technique were employed to characterize the structural evolution of a polymeric latex dispersion during the first three stages of film formation at different temperatures and relative humidities. Three intermediate stages were identified: (1) stage I*, (2) stage I**, and (3) stage II*. Stage I* is intermediate to the conventionally defined stages I and II, where latex particles began to crystallization. The change of drying temperature affects the location of the onset of ordering, whereas relative humidity does not. Stage I** is where the latex particles with their diffuse shell of counterions in the fcc structure are in contact with each other. The overlapping of these layers results in an acceleration of the lattice shrinkage due to a decrease of effective charges. Stage II* is where the latex particles, dried well above their T(g), are deformed and packed only partially during film formation due to incomplete evaporation of water in the latex film. This is because of a rapid deformation of the soft latex particles at the liquid/air interface so that a certain amount of water is unable to evaporate from the latex film effectively. For a latex dispersion dried at a temperature close to its minimum film formation temperature, the transition between stages II and III can be continuous because the latex particles deform at a much slower rate, providing sufficient surface area for water evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, PR China
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5
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Zhang J, Yi Z, Wang Q, Liu Z, Perlich J, Gehrke R, Men Y. Effect of solvent annealing on the tensile deformation mechanism of a colloidal crystalline polymeric latex film. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:12197-12200. [PMID: 21875089 DOI: 10.1021/la2026939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The influence of solvent annealing on microscopic deformational behavior of a styrene/n-butyl acrylate copolymer latex film subjected to uniaxial tensile deformation was studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. It was demonstrated that the microscopic deformation mechanism of the latex films transformed from a nonaffine deformation behavior to an affine deformation behavior after solvent annealing. This was attributed to the interdiffusion of polymeric chains between adjacent swollen latex particles in the film. It turns out that solvent annealing is much more efficient than thermal annealing due to a much slow evaporation process after solvent annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, PR China
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6
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Chen X, Fischer S, Yi Z, Boyko V, Terrenoire A, Reinhold F, Rieger J, Li X, Men Y. Structural reorganization of a polymeric latex film during dry sintering at elevated temperatures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:8458-8463. [PMID: 21627138 DOI: 10.1021/la201084j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Structural rearrangement in a latex powder during dry sintering at temperatures higher than the minimum film formation temperature was investigated by means of synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering. Two major effects were identified: (1) Deformation of latex particles leads to a closure of voids between them and an extensive perfectioning of the face centered cubic colloidal crystalline ordering. Such an improvement of the colloidal crystalline structure involves preferential crystal growth along certain crystallographic directions as was evidenced by the measured unmatched relative diffraction intensity distribution of the crystallographic (111) and (220) planes. (2) Interdiffusion of polymeric chains between adjacent particles promotes a nanometer sized aggregation of nonpolymeric materials previously located in the interstices between particles. Size and size distribution of the aggregates at different dry sintering conditions were evaluated by using a model considering spheres dispersed in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, PR China
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7
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Cabrillo C, Enciso E, Capitan MJ, Cabañas A, Torralvo MJ, Alvarez J, Bermejo FJ. Numerically efficient real space theory of scattering from colloidal crystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:2219-2228. [PMID: 21306171 DOI: 10.1021/la103347f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The production of high-quality colloidal crystals demands precise quantitative characterization of their nanostructures. While small-angle radiation scattering is the technique of choice, a procedure for a comprehensive quantitative modeling of the data is still pending. A novel theory based on the pertinent radial pair distribution which takes into account orientational, positional, stacking disorder and grain effects is developed here. We also show how the scattering length density of the particles can be estimated from the positions of minima in the form factor. The obtained results can be cast as sums of analytical functions over the distribution function and, as such, are suitable for easy (automatic) parallelization. On the experimental side, we report on a strong extinction effect coming from grazing incidence specular reflection that we have been able to model analytically.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cabrillo
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC , Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Nawaz Q, Rharbi Y. Various modes of void closure during dry sintering of close-packed nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:1226-1231. [PMID: 19845341 DOI: 10.1021/la902381b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Film formation from aqueous suspensions of polymer nanoparticles is an important process in many environmental friendly applications and particularly for waterborne coatings. This process occurs via three mains steps: concentration, sintering, and interdiffusion. During the sintering step, the particles in close-packed morphology deform and the interstices between them close under Laplace pressure. This step is crucial in the film formation process since it is where the suspension turns into a uniform defect-free film. Most of the experimental and theoretical studies on sintering assume that the interstices close uniformly over the entire film. We use small-angle neutron scattering to probe void closure between polystyrene nanoparticles. We show that the voids close simultaneously and uniformly throughout the annealing process in large particles. For particles with a diameter smaller than 60 nm, we interpret the results to show that the interstices close heterogeneously at the nanoscopic level: in the beginning of annealing, some interstices close while others enlarge, and eventually they all vanish. The difference between the behavior of large and small particles is related to the high polydispersity of small particles compared to the larger ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qamar Nawaz
- Laboratoire de Rhéologie, UJF/INPG/CNRS, BP 53, Domaine universitaire 38041, Grenoble, France
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9
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Zhang J, Hu S, Rieger J, Roth SV, Gehrke R, Men Y. In Situ Observation of Tensile Deformation Processes of Soft Colloidal Crystalline Latex Fibers. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900503h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Jens Rieger
- BASF SE, Polymer Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Gehrke
- HASYLAB am DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yongfeng Men
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P.R. China
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10
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Hu S, Rieger J, Roth SV, Gehrke R, Leyrer RJ, Men Y. GIUSAXS and AFM studies on surface reconstruction of latex thin films during thermal treatment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:4230-4234. [PMID: 18925752 DOI: 10.1021/la801527y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The structural evolution of a single-layer latex film during annealing was studied via grazing incidence ultrasmall-angle X-ray scattering (GIUSAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The latex particles were composed of a low-Tg (-54 degrees C) core (n-butylacrylate, 30 wt %) and a high-Tg (41 degrees C) shell (t-butylacrylate, 70 wt %) and had an overall diameter of about 500 nm. GIUSAXS data indicate that the q(y) scan at q(z) = 0.27 nm(-1) (out-of-plane scan) contains information about both the structure factor and the form factor. The GIUSAXS data on latex films annealed at various temperatures ranging from room temperature to 140 degrees C indicate that the structure of the latex thin film beneath the surface changed significantly. The evolution of the out-of-plane scan plot reveals the surface reconstruction of the film. Furthermore, we also followed the time-dependent behavior of structural evolution when the latex film was annealed at a relatively low temperature (60 degrees C) where restructuring within the film can be followed that cannot be detected by AFM, which detects only surface morphology. Moreover, compared to AFM studies GIUSAXS provides averaged information covering larger areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, PR China
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11
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Hu S, Rieger J, Lai Y, Roth SV, Gehrke R, Men Y. In-Situ Observation of Drying Process of a Latex Droplet by Synchrotron Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800451n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P. R. China; BASF SE, Polymer Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; and HASYLAB am DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Rieger
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P. R. China; BASF SE, Polymer Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; and HASYLAB am DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yuqing Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P. R. China; BASF SE, Polymer Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; and HASYLAB am DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan V. Roth
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P. R. China; BASF SE, Polymer Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; and HASYLAB am DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Gehrke
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P. R. China; BASF SE, Polymer Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; and HASYLAB am DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yongfeng Men
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P. R. China; BASF SE, Polymer Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; and HASYLAB am DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Zhang J, Hu S, Rieger J, Roth SV, Gehrke R, Men Y. Effect of Annealing on the Deformation Mechanism of a Styrene/n-Butyl Acrylate Copolymer Latex Film Investigated by Synchrotron Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800435f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P. R. China; BASF SE, Polymer Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; and HASYLAB am DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shanshan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P. R. China; BASF SE, Polymer Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; and HASYLAB am DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Rieger
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P. R. China; BASF SE, Polymer Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; and HASYLAB am DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan V. Roth
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P. R. China; BASF SE, Polymer Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; and HASYLAB am DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Gehrke
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P. R. China; BASF SE, Polymer Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; and HASYLAB am DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yongfeng Men
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P. R. China; BASF SE, Polymer Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; and HASYLAB am DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Hu S, Men Y, Roth SV, Gehrke R, Rieger J. Facile preparation of macroscopic soft colloidal crystals with fiber symmetry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:1617-1620. [PMID: 18215082 DOI: 10.1021/la703332v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A facile, efficient way to fabricate macroscopic soft colloidal crystals with fiber symmetry by drying a latex dispersion in a tube is presented. A transparent, stable colloidal crystal was obtained from a 25 wt % latex dispersion by complete water evaporation for 4 days. The centimeter-long sample was investigated by means of synchrotron small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD). Analysis of a large number of distinct Bragg peaks reveals that uniaxially oriented colloidal crystals with face-centered cubic lattice structure were formed. The measurement of evaporation rates under different conditions indicates that the water evaporates primarily through the optically clear regions (i.e., via the solid material) even when the region is more than 2 mm thick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Hu
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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14
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Reyes-Mercado Y, Vázquez F, Rodríguez-Gómez FJ, Duda Y. Effect of the acrylic acid content on the permeability and water uptake of poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) latex films. Colloid Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-008-1838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Oberdisse J. Aggregation of colloidal nanoparticles in polymer matrices. SOFT MATTER 2006; 2:29-36. [PMID: 32646090 DOI: 10.1039/b511959f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal nanoparticles may possess many functional properties, whose nature may be electronic, chemical, biological, mechanical, . It is often advantageous to incorporate them into a matrix material, , a polymer solution or melt, or an elastomer, in order to obtain a 'nanomaterial' with additional properties brought in by the filler particles. One of the basic but nonetheless crucial properties is the mechanical strength of such polymer nanocomposites, whose rheological (or mechanical) properties are usually better than those of the pure matrix. The precise origin of this mechanical reinforcement effect, however, remains unclear. In this context, some recent studies of the structure and mechanical properties of a special type of nanocomposites are reviewed here. In silica-latex systems, a latex film with silica inclusions is formed from a colloidal solution of both components. During drying of the solution, the formation of silica domains can be controlled the physico-chemical properties of the solution. Well-defined silica aggregates embedded in a polymer matrix can be generated, and the mechanical properties of the resulting nanocomposite have been shown to be directly correlated to the average structure. We believe that the fine-tuning of the structure of the filler phase opens new perspectives for systematic studies of the reinforcement effect, , by modifying filler-polymer interfacial properties at fixed structure, or by generating original structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Oberdisse
- Laboratoire des Colloïdes, Verres et Nanomatériaux (LCVN), Université Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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16
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Men Y, Rieger J, Roth SV, Gehrke R, Kong X. Non-affine structural evolution of soft colloidal crystalline latex films under stretching as observed via synchrotron X-ray scattering. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:8285-8. [PMID: 16981738 DOI: 10.1021/la061829f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A polymer dispersion consisting of soft latex spheres with a diameter of 135 nm was used to produce a crystalline film with face-centered cubic (fcc) packing of the spheres. Different from conventional small-molecule and hard-sphere colloidal crystals, the crystalline latex film in the present case is soft (i.e., easily deformable). The structural evolution of this soft colloidal latex film under stretching was investigated by in-situ synchrotron ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering. The film exhibits polycrystalline scattering behavior corresponding to fcc structure. Stretching results not only in a large deformation of the crystallographic structure but also in considerable nonaffine deformation at high draw ratios. The unexpected nonaffine deformation was attributed to slippage between rows of particles and crystalline grain boundaries. The crystalline structure remains intact even at high deformation, suggesting that directional anisotropic colloidal crystallites can be easily produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Men
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemsitry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, PR China.
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17
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18
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Carbajo MC, Climent E, Enciso E, Torralvo MJ. Characterization of latex particle arrays by gas adsorption. J Colloid Interface Sci 2005; 284:639-45. [PMID: 15780304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Assemblies of colloidal particles are frequently used in novel applications, and this requires nondestructive methods allowing overall characterization of the sample and collection of information about the quality of the arrays. From suspensions of polystyrene, poly[styrene-co-(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate)], poly[styrene-co-acrylic acid], and poly[styrene-co-methacrylic acid], assemblies of spherical particles were obtained by elimination of the solvent in different ways-evaporation, gravity deposition, and filtration. These latex particle packings were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by gas adsorption to determine the efficiency of packing. The surface area, total pore volume, and pore size distributions obtained from the adsorption and desorption data were related to characteristic parameters calculated for cubic close-packed spherical particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Carbajo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Veniaminov A, Jahr T, Sillescu H, Bartsch E. Length Scale Dependent Probe Diffusion in Drying Acrylate Latex Films. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma010531n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Veniaminov
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Jakob-Welder-Weg 15, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and S. I. Vavilov Optical Institute, Birzhevaya line 12, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - T. Jahr
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Jakob-Welder-Weg 15, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and S. I. Vavilov Optical Institute, Birzhevaya line 12, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - H. Sillescu
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Jakob-Welder-Weg 15, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and S. I. Vavilov Optical Institute, Birzhevaya line 12, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - E. Bartsch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Jakob-Welder-Weg 15, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; and S. I. Vavilov Optical Institute, Birzhevaya line 12, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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Carbajo MC, Gómez A, Torralvo MJ, Enciso E. Macroporous silica and titania obtained using poly[styrene-co-(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)] as template. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b200047b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Steward PA, Hearn J, Wilkinson MC. An overview of polymer latex film formation and properties. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2000; 86:195-267. [PMID: 10997764 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-8686(99)00037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The literature on polymer latex film formation has grown enormously in recent times--driven by the need to find alternatives for solvent-based systems with their adverse environmental impacts. Although greater insight has been shown by the use of modern instrumental techniques such as small angle neutron scattering, direct non-radiative energy transfer and atomic force microscopy, the actual mechanisms involved in deforming spherical particles into void-free films are still the subject of controversy and debate. Surfactant-free homopolymer model colloid latices, favoured in academic studies, together with latices containing surfactants whose redistribution can influence film properties, and the more complex copolymer, blended, core-shell and pigmented systems needed to satisfy a full range of film properties are all considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Steward
- Nottingham Trent University, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Nottingham, UK
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Dingenouts N, Ballauff M. Assessment of Spatial Order in Dried Latexes by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma980682z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Dingenouts
- Polymer-Institut, Universität Karlsruhe, Kaiserstrasse 12, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M. Ballauff
- Polymer-Institut, Universität Karlsruhe, Kaiserstrasse 12, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Rharbi
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France, Rhône-Poulenc, 93308 Aubervilliers, France, and Equipe mixte CEA-RP, Service de Chimie Moléculaire, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - F. Boué
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France, Rhône-Poulenc, 93308 Aubervilliers, France, and Equipe mixte CEA-RP, Service de Chimie Moléculaire, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - M. Joanicot
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France, Rhône-Poulenc, 93308 Aubervilliers, France, and Equipe mixte CEA-RP, Service de Chimie Moléculaire, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - B. Cabane
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France, Rhône-Poulenc, 93308 Aubervilliers, France, and Equipe mixte CEA-RP, Service de Chimie Moléculaire, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
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