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Zhou L, He Q, Que X, Rost AW, Takagi H. A spectroscopic-imaging scanning tunneling microscope in vector magnetic field. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:033704. [PMID: 37012779 DOI: 10.1063/5.0131532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cryogenic scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS) performed in a high vector magnetic field provide unique possibilities for imaging surface magnetic structures and anisotropic superconductivity and exploring spin physics in quantum materials with atomic precision. Here, we describe the design, construction, and performance of a low-temperature, ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) spectroscopic-imaging STM equipped with a vector magnet capable of applying a field of up to 3 T in any direction with respect to the sample surface. The STM head is housed in a fully bakeable UHV compatible cryogenic insert and is operational over variable temperatures ranging from ∼300 down to 1.5 K. The insert can be easily upgraded using our home-designed 3He refrigerator. In addition to layered compounds, which can be cleaved at a temperature of either ∼300, ∼77, or ∼4.2 K to expose an atomically flat surface, thin films can also be studied by directly transferring using a UHV suitcase from our oxide thin-film laboratory. Samples can be treated further with a heater and a liquid helium/nitrogen cooling stage on a three-axis manipulator. The STM tips can be treated in vacuo by e-beam bombardment and ion sputtering. We demonstrate the successful operation of the STM with varying the magnetic field direction. Our facility provides a way to study materials in which magnetic anisotropy is a key factor in determining the electronic properties such as in topological semimetals and superconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Zhou
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Qingyu He
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Xinglu Que
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Andreas W Rost
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Hide Takagi
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
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2
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Relation of Superconducting Pairing Symmetry and Non-Magnetic Impurity Effects in Vortex States. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-magnetic impurity scattering effects on the vortex core states are theoretically studied to clarify the contributions from the sign-change of the pairing function in anisotropic superconductors. The vortex states are calculated by the Eilenberger theory in superconductors with p x -wave pairing symmetry, as well as the corresponding anisotropic s-wave symmetry. From the spatial structure of the pair potential and the local electronic states around a vortex, we examine the differences between anisotropic superconductors with and without sign-change of the pairing function, and estimate how twofold symmetric vortex core images change with increasing the impurity scattering rate both in the Born and the unitary limits. We found that twofold symmetric vortex core image of zero-energy local density of states changes the orientation of the twofold symmetry with increasing the scattering rate when the sign change occurs in the pairing function. Without the sign change, the vortex core shape reduces to circular one with approaching dirty cases. These results of the impurity effects are valuable for identifying the pairing symmetry by observation of the vortex core image by the STM observation.
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Vlasko-Vlasov VK, Clem JR, Koshelev AE, Welp U, Kwok WK. Stripe domains and first-order phase transition in the vortex matter of anisotropic high-temperature superconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:157001. [PMID: 24785065 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.157001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the direct imaging of a novel modulated flux striped domain phase in a nearly twin-free YBCO crystal. These domains arise from instabilities in the vortex structure within a narrow region of tilted magnetic fields at small angles from the in-plane direction. By comparing the experimental and theoretically derived vortex phase diagrams we infer that the stripe domains emerge from a first-order phase transition of the vortex structure. The size of domains containing vortices of certain orientations is controlled by the balance between the vortex stray field energy and the positive energy of the domain boundaries. Our results confirm the existence of the kinked vortex chain phase in an anisotropic high temperature superconductor and reveal a sharp transition in the state of this phase resulting in regular vortex domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Vlasko-Vlasov
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J R Clem
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3160, USA
| | - A E Koshelev
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - U Welp
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - W K Kwok
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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Marz M, Goll G, Löhneysen HV. A scanning tunneling microscope for a dilution refrigerator. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:045102. [PMID: 20441363 DOI: 10.1063/1.3328059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present the main features of a home-built scanning tunneling microscope that has been attached to the mixing chamber of a dilution refrigerator. It allows scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy measurements down to the base temperature of the cryostat, T approximately 30 mK, and in applied magnetic fields up to 13 T. The topography of both highly ordered pyrolytic graphite and the dichalcogenide superconductor NbSe(2) has been imaged with atomic resolution down to T approximately 50 mK as determined from a resistance thermometer adjacent to the sample. As a test for a successful operation in magnetic fields, the flux-line lattice of superconducting NbSe(2) in low magnetic fields has been studied. The lattice constant of the Abrikosov lattice shows the expected field dependence proportional to 1/square root of B and measurements in the scanning tunneling spectroscopy mode clearly show the superconductive density of states with Andreev bound states in the vortex core.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marz
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Buzdin A, Baladié I. Attraction between pancake vortices in the crossing lattices of layered superconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:147002. [PMID: 11955169 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.147002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The intervortex interaction is investigated in very anisotropic layered superconductors in tilted magnetic field. In such a case, the crossing lattice of Abrikosov vortices (AVs) and Josephson vortices (JVs) appears. The interaction between pancake vortices, forming the AVs and JVs, produces the deformation of the AV line. It is demonstrated that, as a result of this deformation, a long range attraction between AVs is induced. This phenomenon is responsible for the dense vortex chain formation. The vortex structure in the weak perpendicular magnetic field is the vortex chain phase, where only a small part of JVs is occupied by AVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Buzdin
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, University Bordeaux I, CPMOH UMR-CNRS 5798, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
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Gitterman M. Symmetry breaking in one-dimensional diffusion. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 62:8820-2. [PMID: 11138192 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.62.8820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2000] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The mean free passage time for one-dimensional diffusion on a line segment under the influence of a deterministic telegraph signal proves to be a nonmonotonic function of the signal rate ("stochastic resonance") if symmetry breaking takes place. The symmetry breaking may be expressed either in nonsymmetric boundary conditions (one end absorbing and the other reflecting) or in a nonsymmetric telegraph signal. The latter case is considered in detail. It turns out that the larger the asymmetry of a telegraph signal, the wider the range of parameters for which a stochastic resonance occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gitterman
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Gitterman M. Stochastic resonance in one-dimensional diffusion with one reflecting and one absorbing end point. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 61:4726-31. [PMID: 11031512 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.61.4726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/1999] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An analysis of the nonmonotonic dependence of the mean-free-passage time on the frequency of a periodic signal [stochastic resonance (SR)] for diffusion on a segment with one absorbing and one reflecting end point shows that SR exists only for some restricted values of parameters. SR always exists if the periodic telegraph signal is replaced by a random one. The latter case is considered in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gitterman
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Moshchalkov VV, Baert M, Metlushko VV, Rosseel E, Temst K, Jonckheere R, Bruynseraede Y. Magnetization of multiple-quanta vortex lattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:7385-7393. [PMID: 9984362 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.7385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Duarte A, Bolle CA, Gammel PL, Oglesby CS, Bucher E, Batlogg B, Bishop DJ. Dynamically induced disorder in the vortex lattice of 2H-NbSe2. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:11336-11339. [PMID: 9982746 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.11336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Kogan VG, Bulaevskii LN, Miranovic P, Dobrosavljevic-Grujic L. Vortex-induced strain and flux lattices in anisotropic superconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:15344-15350. [PMID: 9978490 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.15344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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11
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Moser A, Hug HJ, Parashikov I, Stiefel B, Fritz O, Thomas H, Baratoff A, Güntherodt H, Chaudhari P. Observation of single vortices condensed into a vortex-glass phase by magnetic force microscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:1847-1850. [PMID: 10057772 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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12
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Keimer B, Shih WY, Erwin RW, Lynn JW, Dogan F, Aksay IA. Vortex lattice symmetry and electronic structure in YBa2Cu 3O7. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 73:3459-3462. [PMID: 10057386 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Hess HF, Murray CA, Waszczak JV. Flux lattice and vortex structure in 2H-NbSe2 in inclined fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:16528-16540. [PMID: 9976040 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.16528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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14
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Yaron U, Gammel PL, Huse DA, Kleiman RN, Oglesby CS, Bucher E, Batlogg B, Bishop DJ, Mortensen K, Clausen K, Bolle CA. Neutron diffraction studies of flowing and pinned magnetic flux lattices in 2H-NbSe2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 73:2748-2751. [PMID: 10057182 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.2748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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15
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Bhattacharya S, Higgins MJ, Ramakrishnan TV. Anomalies in free flux-flow Hall effect. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 73:1699-1702. [PMID: 10056861 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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16
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Behler S, Pan SH, Jess P, Baratoff A, Güntherodt H, Lévy F, Wirth G, Wiesner J. Vortex pinning in ion-irradiated NbSe2 studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 72:1750-1753. [PMID: 10055691 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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17
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Hsu SY, Valles JM. Tunneling studies of vortices in high-sheet-resistance granular superconducting films. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 49:6416-6419. [PMID: 10011648 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.6416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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18
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Gammel PL, Huse DA, Kleiman RN, Batlogg B, Oglesby CS, Bucher E, Bishop DJ, Mason TE, Mortensen K. Small angle neutron scattering study of the magnetic flux-line lattice in single crystal 2H-NbSe2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 72:278-281. [PMID: 10056104 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.72.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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19
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Bolle CA, Gammel PL, Waszczak JV, Bishop DJ. Observation of tilt induced orientational order in the magnetic flux lattice in 2H-NbSe2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 71:4039-4042. [PMID: 10055138 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.71.4039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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20
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Yethiraj M, Mook HA, Wignall GD, Cubitt R, Forgan EM, Lee SL, Paul DM, Armstrong T. Anisotropic vortex lattice in YBa2Cu3O7. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 71:3019-3022. [PMID: 10054837 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.71.3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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21
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Keimer B, Dogbrevean F, Aksay IA, Erwin RW, Lynn JW, Sarikaya M. Inclined-Field Structure, Morphology, and Pinning of the Vortex Lattice in Microtwinned YBa
2
Cu
3
O
7. Science 1993; 262:83-6. [PMID: 17742962 DOI: 10.1126/science.262.5130.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A detailed small-angle neutron scattering study of the vortex lattice in a single crystal of YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7) was made for a field of 0.5 tesla inclined at angles between 0 and 80 degrees to the crystalline c axis. The vortex lattice is triangular for all angles, and for angles less than or equal to 70 degrees its orientation adjusts itself to maximize the pinning energy to densely and highly regularly spaced twin planes. These observations have important implications for the microscopic flux-pinning mechanism, and hence for the critical current achievable in YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7). For large angles (about 80 degrees) the vortex lattice consists of independent chains in the orientation predicted by anisotropic London theory.
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Kogan VG, Simonov AY, Ledvij M. Magnetic field of vortices crossing a superconductor surface. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:392-397. [PMID: 10006789 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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