1
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Huang Y, Qiu Y, Young RM, Schatz GC, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR. Identifying Sources of Entanglement Loss in Photodriven Molecular Electron Spin Teleportation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:20133-20140. [PMID: 38995837 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
We report on an electron donor-electron acceptor-stable radical (D-A-R•) molecule in which an electron spin state first prepared on R• is followed by photogeneration of an entangled singlet 1[D•+-A•-] spin pair to produce D•+-A•--R•. Since the A•- and R• spins within D•+-A•--R• are uncorrelated, spin teleportation from R• to D•+ occurs with a maximal 25% efficiency only for the singlet pair 1(A•--R•) by spin-allowed electron transfer from A•- to R•. However, since 1[D•+-A•-] is sufficiently long-lived, coherent spin mixing involving the unreactive 3(A•--R•) population affects entanglement and teleportation within D•+-A•--R•. Pulse electron paramagnetic resonance experiments show a direct correlation between electron spin flip-flops and entanglement loss, providing information for designing molecular materials to serve as nanoscale quantum device interconnects.
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2
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Ghosh SB, Chowdhury SR, Kar G, Roy A, Guha T, Banik M. Quantum Nonlocality: Multicopy Resource Interconvertibility and Their Asymptotic Inequivalence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:250205. [PMID: 38996229 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.250205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Quantum nonlocality, pioneered in Bell's seminal work and subsequently verified through a series of experiments, has drawn substantial attention due to its practical applications in various protocols. Evaluating and comparing the extent of nonlocality within distinct quantum correlations holds significant practical relevance. Within the resource theoretic framework this can be achieved by assessing the interconversion rate among different nonlocal correlations under free local operations and shared randomness. In this study we, however, present instances of quantum nonlocal correlations that are incomparable in the strongest sense. Specifically, when starting with an arbitrary many copies of one nonlocal correlation, it becomes impossible to obtain even a single copy of the other correlation, and this incomparability holds in both directions. Such incomparable quantum correlations can be obtained even in the simplest Bell scenario, which involves two parties, each having two dichotomic measurements setups. Notably, there exist an uncountable number of such incomparable correlations. Our result challenges the notion of a "unique gold coin," often referred to as the "maximally resourceful state," within the framework of the resource theory of quantum nonlocality. To this end, we provide examples of isotropic quantum correlations that cannot be distilled up to the Tsirelson point, and thus partially answer a long-standing open question in nonlocality distillation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arup Roy
- Department of Physics, A B N Seal College Cooch Behar, West Bengal 736101, India
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3
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Minh Do C, Ogata K. Symbolic model checking quantum circuits in Maude. PeerJ Comput Sci 2024; 10:e2098. [PMID: 38983212 PMCID: PMC11232627 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
This article presents a symbolic approach to model checking quantum circuits using a set of laws from quantum mechanics and basic matrix operations with Dirac notation. We use Maude, a high-level specification/programming language based on rewriting logic, to implement our symbolic approach. As case studies, we use the approach to formally specify several quantum communication protocols in the early work of quantum communication and formally verify their correctness: Superdense Coding, Quantum Teleportation, Quantum Secret Sharing, Entanglement Swapping, Quantum Gate Teleportation, Two Mirror-image Teleportation, and Quantum Network Coding. We demonstrate that our approach/implementation can be a first step toward a general framework to formally specify and verify quantum circuits in Maude. The proposed way to formally specify a quantum circuit makes it possible to describe the quantum circuit in Maude such that the formal specification can be regarded as a series of quantum gate/measurement applications. Once a quantum circuit has been formally specified in the proposed way together with an initial state and a desired property expressed in linear temporal logic (LTL), the proposed model checking technique utilizes a built-in Maude LTL model checker to automatically conduct formal verification that the quantum circuit enjoys the property starting from the initial state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canh Minh Do
- School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ogata
- School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan
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4
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Ciobanu BC, Verzotti LP, Popescu PG. Optimal and scalable entanglement distribution over crossbar quantum networks. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11714. [PMID: 38777846 PMCID: PMC11111698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Crossbar networks are a cornerstone of network architectures, capable of operating both as standalone interconnections or as integral switching components in complex, multi-stage systems. The main advantages of crossbar networks are their non-blocking operation and unparalleled minimal latency. With the advent of large scale quantum networks, crossbars might be an important asset towards the Quantum Internet. This study proposes a solution for the problem of distributing entanglement within crossbar quantum networks. Entangled particles are a consumable resource in quantum networks, and are being used by most quantum protocols. By ensuring that nodes within quantum networks are being supplied with entanglement, the reliability and efficiency of the network is maintained. By providing an efficient, scalable framework that can be used to achieve optimal entanglement distribution within crossbar quantum networks, this study offers a theoretical achievement which can be also used for enhancing quantum network performance. An algorithm for selecting an optimal entanglement distribution configuration is proposed and fully tested on realistic possible configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan-Călin Ciobanu
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 60042, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luca Perju Verzotti
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 60042, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Pantelimon George Popescu
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 60042, Bucharest, Romania.
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5
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Bordin A, Li X, van Driel D, Wolff JC, Wang Q, Ten Haaf SLD, Wang G, van Loo N, Kouwenhoven LP, Dvir T. Crossed Andreev Reflection and Elastic Cotunneling in Three Quantum Dots Coupled by Superconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:056602. [PMID: 38364137 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.056602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The formation of a topological superconducting phase in a quantum-dot-based Kitaev chain requires nearest neighbor crossed Andreev reflection and elastic cotunneling. Here, we report on a hybrid InSb nanowire in a three-site Kitaev chain geometry-the smallest system with well-defined bulk and edge-where two superconductor-semiconductor hybrids separate three quantum dots. We demonstrate pairwise crossed Andreev reflection and elastic cotunneling between both pairs of neighboring dots and show sequential tunneling processes involving all three quantum dots. These results are the next step toward the realization of topological superconductivity in long Kitaev chain devices with many coupled quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bordin
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of NanoScience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Xiang Li
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of NanoScience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - David van Driel
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of NanoScience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Cornelis Wolff
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of NanoScience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Qingzhen Wang
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of NanoScience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan L D Ten Haaf
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of NanoScience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Guanzhong Wang
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of NanoScience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nick van Loo
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of NanoScience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Leo P Kouwenhoven
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of NanoScience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Dvir
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of NanoScience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
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6
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Fiurášek J. Analysis of continuous-variable quantum teleportation enhanced by measurement-based noiseless quantum amplification. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:2527-2538. [PMID: 38297779 DOI: 10.1364/oe.506757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Continuous-variable quantum teleportation enables deterministic teleportation of quantum states of optical modes. However, the state transfer is imperfect and limited by the amount of squeezing in the shared two-mode entangled state. Recently, it has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated that the performance of continuous-variable teleportation can be conditionally improved using a measurement-based noiseless quantum amplification [J. Zhao et al., Nat. Commun.14, 4745 (2023)10.1038/s41467-023-40438-z]. An inverse Gaussian filter with sufficiently high cut-off is applied to outcomes of the continuous-variable Bell measurement, which can increase the fidelity of state teleportation and the cost of making the protocol probabilistic. Here we provide a detailed theoretical analysis of this protocol and discuss its effects and limitations. We focus on teleportation of classes of Gaussian states with fixed covariance matrix and variable displacement. The measurement-based noiseless amplification conditionally improves the precision of estimation of the coherent displacement of the teleported state from the outcomes of continuous-variable Bell measurement. Therefore, more information about the teleported state is revealed and unity-gain teleportation becomes possible with a lower added thermal noise as compared to deterministic teleportation.
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7
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Bathaee M, Salehi JA. Entangled-Based Quantum Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing and Multiple-Access Networks. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1658. [PMID: 38136538 PMCID: PMC10742457 DOI: 10.3390/e25121658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the mathematical model of the quantum wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) network based on the entanglement distribution with the least required wavelengths and passive devices. By adequately utilizing wavelength multiplexers, demultiplexers, and star couplers, N wavelengths are enough to distribute the entanglement among each pair of N users. Moreover, the number of devices employed is reduced by substituting a waveguide grating router for multiplexers and demultiplexers. Furthermore, this study examines implementing the BBM92 quantum key distribution in an entangled-based quantum WDM network. The proposed scheme in this paper may be applied to potential applications such as teleportation in entangled-based quantum WDM networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Bathaee
- Sharif Quantum Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran;
| | - Jawad A. Salehi
- Sharif Quantum Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran;
- Institute for Convergence Science & Technology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 14588-89694, Iran
- Electrical Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-4363, Iran
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8
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Yu Y, Liu S, Lee CM, Michler P, Reitzenstein S, Srinivasan K, Waks E, Liu J. Telecom-band quantum dot technologies for long-distance quantum networks. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1389-1400. [PMID: 38049595 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
A future quantum internet is expected to generate, distribute, store and process quantum bits (qubits) over the world by linking different quantum nodes via quantum states of light. To facilitate long-haul operations, quantum repeaters must operate at telecom wavelengths to take advantage of both the low-loss optical fibre network and the established technologies of modern optical communications. Semiconductor quantum dots have thus far shown exceptional performance as key elements for quantum repeaters, such as quantum light sources and spin-photon interfaces, but only in the near-infrared regime. Therefore, the development of high-performance telecom-band quantum dot devices is highly desirable for a future solid-state quantum internet based on fibre networks. In this Review, we present the physics and technological developments towards epitaxial quantum dot devices emitting in the telecom O- and C-bands for quantum networks, considering both advanced epitaxial growth for direct telecom emission and quantum frequency conversion for telecom-band down-conversion of near-infrared quantum dot devices. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for future realization of telecom quantum dot devices with improved performance and expanded functionality through hybrid integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shunfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Peter Michler
- Institut für Halbleiteroptik und Funktionelle Grenzflächen (IHFG), Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST) and SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephan Reitzenstein
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Edo Waks
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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9
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Meng X, Hu X, Tian Y, Dong G, Lambiotte R, Gao J, Havlin S. Percolation Theories for Quantum Networks. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1564. [PMID: 37998256 PMCID: PMC10670322 DOI: 10.3390/e25111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Quantum networks have experienced rapid advancements in both theoretical and experimental domains over the last decade, making it increasingly important to understand their large-scale features from the viewpoint of statistical physics. This review paper discusses a fundamental question: how can entanglement be effectively and indirectly (e.g., through intermediate nodes) distributed between distant nodes in an imperfect quantum network, where the connections are only partially entangled and subject to quantum noise? We survey recent studies addressing this issue by drawing exact or approximate mappings to percolation theory, a branch of statistical physics centered on network connectivity. Notably, we show that the classical percolation frameworks do not uniquely define the network's indirect connectivity. This realization leads to the emergence of an alternative theory called "concurrence percolation", which uncovers a previously unrecognized quantum advantage that emerges at large scales, suggesting that quantum networks are more resilient than initially assumed within classical percolation contexts, offering refreshing insights into future quantum network design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Meng
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xinqi Hu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.H.); (G.D.)
| | - Yu Tian
- Nordita, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Gaogao Dong
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.H.); (G.D.)
| | - Renaud Lambiotte
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK;
- Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK
| | - Jianxi Gao
- Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA;
- Network Science and Technology Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Shlomo Havlin
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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10
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Yuan Y, Huang X, Niu Y, Gong S. Optimal Estimation of Quantum Coherence by Bell State Measurement: A Case Study. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1459. [PMID: 37895580 PMCID: PMC10606635 DOI: 10.3390/e25101459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Quantum coherence is the most distinguished feature of quantum mechanics. As an important resource, it is widely applied to quantum information technologies, including quantum algorithms, quantum computation, quantum key distribution, and quantum metrology, so it is important to develop tools for efficient estimation of the coherence. Bell state measurement plays an important role in quantum information processing. In particular, it can also, as a two-copy collective measurement, directly measure the quantum coherence of an unknown quantum state in the experiment, and does not need any optimization procedures, feedback, or complex mathematical calculations. In this paper, we analyze the performance of estimating quantum coherence with Bell state measurement for a qubit case from the perspective of semiparametric estimation and single-parameter estimation. The numerical results show that Bell state measurement is the optimal measurement for estimating several frequently-used coherence quantifiers, and it has been demonstrated in the perspective of the quantum limit of semiparametric estimation and Fisher information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- School of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xufeng Huang
- School of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yueping Niu
- School of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shangqing Gong
- School of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai 200237, China
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11
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Lombardi O. Entanglement and indistinguishability: facing some challenges from a new perspective. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220101. [PMID: 37517441 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
While entanglement in the case of distinguishable particles is clearly understood, in the case of indistinguishable particles, there is still a wide debate regarding basic conceptual issues. Here, I will address two such issues. First, the debate almost always rests on a differentiated treatment of the cases of distinguishability and indistinguishability, even with respect to the definition of the concept of entanglement. Second, the fact that symmetrized and antisymmetrized states of indistinguishable particles are non-factorizable leads to certain perplexities about the very nature of entanglement. In the present work, both issues will be addressed from the perspective of an ontology of properties, which finds its natural expression in the algebraic formalism of quantum mechanics. The final goal will be to show that the proposed ontology allows a unified treatment of entanglement in the distinguishability and indistinguishability cases and offers a straightforward way out to perplexities. This article is part of the theme issue 'Identity, individuality and indistinguishability in physics and mathematics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Lombardi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET. Puan 480, Buenos Aires 1420, Argentina
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12
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Zawadzki P. Insecurity of Quantum Blockchains Based on Entanglement in Time. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1344. [PMID: 37761643 PMCID: PMC10529257 DOI: 10.3390/e25091344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the security implications of utilizing the concept of entanglement in time in the quantum representation of a blockchain data structure are investigated. The analysis reveals that the fundamental idea underlying this representation relies on an uncertain interpretation of experimental results. A different perspective is provided by adopting the Copenhagen interpretation, which explains the observed correlations in the experiment without invoking the concept of entanglement in time. According to this interpretation, the qubits responsible for these correlations are not entangled, posing a challenge to the security foundation of the data structure. The study incorporates theoretical analysis, numerical simulations, and experiments using real quantum hardware. By employing a dedicated circuit for detecting genuine entanglement, the existence of entanglement in the process of generating a quantum blockchain is conclusively excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Zawadzki
- Department of Telecommunications and Teleinformatics, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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13
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Mastriani M. Entanglement Parallelization via Quantum Fourier Transform. ADVANCED QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/qute.202300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn this study, a technique based on the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) that allows the generation of disjoint sets of entangled particles is presented, in such a way that particles of the same set are entangled with each other, while particles of different sets are completely independent. Several applications of this technique are implemented on three physical platforms, of 5 (Belem), 7 (Oslo), and 14 (Melbourne) qubits, of the international business machine (IBM Q) quantum experience program, where all these applications are specially selected due to their particular commitment to the future Quantum Internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mastriani
- Knight Foundation School of Computing & Information Sciences Florida International University 11200 S.W. 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA
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14
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Perju Verzotti L, Ciobanu BC, Popescu PG. Optimal quantum network decongestion strategies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9834. [PMID: 37330556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36562-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study clarifies the problem of decongestion in quantum networks, with a specific focus on the crucial task of entanglement distribution. Entangled particles are a valuable resource in quantum networks, as they are used for most quantum protocols. As such, ensuring that nodes in quantum networks are supplied with entanglement efficiently is mandatory. Many times, parts of a quantum network are contested by multiple entanglement resupply processes and the distribution of entanglement becomes a challenge. The most common network intersection topology, the star-shape and it's various generalizations, are analyzed, and effective decongestion strategies, in order to achieve optimal entanglement distribution, are proposed. The analysis is comprehensive and relies on rigorous mathematical calculations which aids in selecting the most appropriate strategy for different scenarios optimally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Perju Verzotti
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 60042, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Călin Ciobanu
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 60042, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Pantelimon George Popescu
- Computer Science and Engineering Department, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 60042, Bucharest, Romania.
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15
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Palma Torres L, Solís-Prosser MÁ, Jiménez O, Gómez ES, Delgado A. Optimal High-Dimensional Entanglement Concentration for Pure Bipartite Systems. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1207. [PMID: 37374791 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Considering pure quantum states, entanglement concentration is the procedure where, from N copies of a partially entangled state, a single state with higher entanglement can be obtained. Obtaining a maximally entangled state is possible for N=1. However, the associated success probability can be extremely low when increasing the system's dimensionality. In this work, we study two methods to achieve a probabilistic entanglement concentration for bipartite quantum systems with a large dimensionality for N=1, regarding a reasonably good probability of success at the expense of having a non-maximal entanglement. Firstly, we define an efficiency function Q considering a tradeoff between the amount of entanglement (quantified by the I-Concurrence) of the final state after the concentration procedure and its success probability, which leads to solving a quadratic optimization problem. We found an analytical solution, ensuring that an optimal scheme for entanglement concentration can always be found in terms of Q. Finally, a second method was explored, which is based on fixing the success probability and searching for the maximum amount of entanglement attainable. Both ways resemble the Procrustean method applied to a subset of the most significant Schmidt coefficients but obtaining non-maximally entangled states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Palma Torres
- Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Miguel Ángel Solís-Prosser
- Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Omar Jiménez
- Centro de Óptica e Información Cuántica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580745, Chile
| | - Esteban S Gómez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción 4070043, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Research in Optics, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción 4070043, Chile
| | - Aldo Delgado
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción 4070043, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Research in Optics, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción 4070043, Chile
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16
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Naik SG, Sidhardh GL, Sen S, Roy A, Rai A, Banik M. Distilling Nonlocality in Quantum Correlations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:220201. [PMID: 37327437 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.220201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonlocality, as established by the seminal Bell's theorem, is considered to be the most striking feature of correlations present in spacelike separated events. Its practical application in device independent protocols, such as secure key distribution, randomness certification, etc., demands identification and amplification of such correlations observed in the quantum world. In this Letter we study the prospect of nonlocality distillation, wherein, by applying a natural set of free operations (called wirings) on many copies of weakly nonlocal systems, one aims to generate correlations of higher nonlocal strength. In the simplest Bell scenario, we identify a protocol, namely, logical OR-AND wiring, that can distill nonlocality to a significantly high degree starting from arbitrarily weak quantum nonlocal correlations. As it turns out, our protocol has several interesting facets: (i) it demonstrates that a set of distillable quantum correlations has nonzero measure in the full eight-dimensional correlation space, (ii) it can distill quantum Hardy correlations by preserving its structure, (iii) it shows that (nonlocal) quantum correlations sufficiently close to the local deterministic points can be distilled by a significant amount. Finally, we also demonstrate efficacy of the considered distillation protocol in detecting postquantum correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Gopalkrishna Naik
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, S.N. Bose National Center for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Govind Lal Sidhardh
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, S.N. Bose National Center for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Samrat Sen
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, S.N. Bose National Center for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Arup Roy
- Department of Physics, A B N Seal College Cooch Behar, West Bengal 736101, India
| | - Ashutosh Rai
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Manik Banik
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, S.N. Bose National Center for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
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17
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Iñesta ÁG, Vardoyan G, Scavuzzo L, Wehner S. Optimal entanglement distribution policies in homogeneous repeater chains with cutoffs. NPJ QUANTUM INFORMATION 2023; 9:46. [PMID: 38665258 PMCID: PMC11041801 DOI: 10.1038/s41534-023-00713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
We study the limits of bipartite entanglement distribution using a chain of quantum repeaters that have quantum memories. To generate end-to-end entanglement, each node can attempt the generation of an entangled link with a neighbor, or perform an entanglement swapping measurement. A maximum storage time, known as cutoff, is enforced on the memories to ensure high-quality entanglement. Nodes follow a policy that determines when to perform each operation. Global-knowledge policies take into account all the information about the entanglement already produced. Here, we find global-knowledge policies that minimize the expected time to produce end-to-end entanglement. Our methods are based on Markov decision processes and value and policy iteration. We compare optimal policies to a policy in which nodes only use local information. We find that the advantage in expected delivery time provided by an optimal global-knowledge policy increases with increasing number of nodes and decreasing probability of successful swapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro G. Iñesta
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- EEMCS, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gayane Vardoyan
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- EEMCS, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lara Scavuzzo
- EEMCS, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Wehner
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- EEMCS, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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18
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Burenkov IA, Semionov A, Gerrits T, Rahmouni A, Anand DJ, Li-Baboud YS, Slattery O, Battou A, Polyakov SV. Synchronization and coexistence in quantum networks. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:11431-11446. [PMID: 37155778 DOI: 10.1364/oe.480486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the coexistence of clock synchronization protocols with quantum signals in a common single-mode optical fiber. By measuring optical noise between 1500 nm to 1620 nm we demonstrate a potential for up to 100 quantum, 100 GHz wide channels coexisting with the classical synchronization signals. Both "White Rabbit" and pulsed laser-based synchronization protocols were characterized and compared. We establish a theoretical limit of the fiber link length for coexisting quantum and classical channels. The maximal fiber length is below approximately 100 km for off-the-shelf optical transceivers and can be significantly improved by taking advantage of quantum receivers.
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19
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Zangi SM, Shukla C, ur Rahman A, Zheng B. Entanglement Swapping and Swapped Entanglement. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:415. [PMID: 36981304 PMCID: PMC10047960 DOI: 10.3390/e25030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Entanglement swapping is gaining widespread attention due to its application in entanglement distribution among different parts of quantum appliances. We investigate the entanglement swapping for pure and noisy systems, and argue different entanglement quantifiers for quantum states. We explore the relationship between the entanglement of initial states and the average entanglement of final states in terms of concurrence and negativity. We find that if initial quantum states are maximally entangled and we make measurements in the Bell basis, then average concurrence and average negativity of final states give similar results. In this case, we simply obtain the average concurrence (average negativity) of the final states by taking the product of concurrences (negativities) of the initial states. However, the measurement in non-maximally entangled basis during entanglement swapping degrades the average swapped entanglement. Further, the product of the entanglement of the initial mixed states provides an upper bound to the average swapped entanglement of final states obtained after entanglement swapping. The negativity work well for weak entangled noisy states but concurrence gives better results for relatively strong entanglement regimes. We also discuss how successfully the output state can be used as a channel for the teleportation of an unknown qubit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan M. Zangi
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Quantum Information, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chitra Shukla
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Atta ur Rahman
- School of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19A, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Quantum Information, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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20
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Zhu HT, Huang Y, Liu H, Zeng P, Zou M, Dai Y, Tang S, Li H, You L, Wang Z, Chen YA, Ma X, Chen TY, Pan JW. Experimental Mode-Pairing Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution without Global Phase Locking. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:030801. [PMID: 36763392 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.030801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, quantum key distribution networks based on telecom fibers have been implemented on metropolitan and intercity scales. One of the bottlenecks lies in the exponential decay of the key rate with respect to the transmission distance. Recently proposed schemes mainly focus on achieving longer distances by creating a long-arm single-photon interferometer over two communication parties. Despite their advantageous performance over long communication distances, the requirement of phase locking between two remote lasers is technically challenging. By adopting the recently proposed mode-pairing idea, we realize high-performance quantum key distribution without global phase locking. Using two independent off-the-shelf lasers, we show a quadratic key-rate improvement over the conventional measurement-device-independent schemes in the regime of metropolitan and intercity distances. For longer distances, we also boost the key rate performance by 3 orders of magnitude via 304 km commercial fiber and 407 km ultralow-loss fiber. We expect this ready-to-implement high-performance scheme to be widely used in future intercity quantum communication networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Tao Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Yizhi Huang
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Pei Zeng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Mi Zou
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Yunqi Dai
- QuantumCTek Corporation Limited, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Shibiao Tang
- QuantumCTek Corporation Limited, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Lixing You
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yu-Ao Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Teng-Yun Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
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21
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Zhang CY, Zheng ZJ, Fei SM, Feng M. Dynamics of Quantum Networks in Noisy Environments. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:157. [PMID: 36673296 PMCID: PMC9858458 DOI: 10.3390/e25010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Noise exists inherently in realistic quantum systems and affects the evolution of quantum systems. We investigate the dynamics of quantum networks in noisy environments by using the fidelity of the quantum evolved states and the classical percolation theory. We propose an analytical framework that allows us to characterize the stability of quantum networks in terms of quantum noises and network topologies. The calculation results of the framework determine the maximal time that quantum networks with different network topologies can maintain the ability to communicate under noise. We demonstrate the results of the framework through examples of specific graphs under amplitude damping and phase damping noises. We further consider the capacity of the quantum network in a noisy environment according to the proposed framework. The analytical framework helps us better understand the evolution time of a quantum network and provides a reference for designing large quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yue Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Zheng
- Department of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Shao-Ming Fei
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Max-Planck-Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics Innovation Academy of Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Research Center for Quantum Precision Measurement, Institute of Industry Technology, Guangzhou and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China
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22
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Mastriani M. Quantum key secure communication protocol via enhanced superdense coding. OPTICAL AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 2023; 55:10. [DOI: 10.1007/s11082-022-04303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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23
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Sahni V. Perspectives on determinism in quantum mechanics: Born, Bohm, and the "Quantal Newtonian" laws. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:244106. [PMID: 36586987 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum mechanics has a deterministic Schrödinger equation for the wave function. The Göttingen-Copenhagen statistical interpretation is based on the Born Rule that interprets the wave function as a "probability amplitude." A precept of this interpretation is the lack of determinism in quantum mechanics. The Bohm interpretation is that the wave function is a source of a field experienced by the electrons, thereby attributing determinism to quantum theory. In this paper, we present a new perspective on such determinism. The ideas are based on the equations of motion or "Quantal Newtonian" Laws obeyed by each electron. These Laws, derived from the temporal and stationary-state Schrödinger equation, are interpreted in terms of "classical" fields whose sources are quantal expectations of Hermitian operators taken with respect to the wave function. According to the Second Law, each electron experiences an external field-the quantal Coulomb-Lorentz law. It also experiences an internal field representative of properties of the system: correlations due to Coulomb repulsion and Pauli principle; the density; kinetic effects; and an internal magnetic field component. There is a response field. The First Law states that the sum of the external and internal fields experienced by each electron vanishes. These fields are akin to those of classical physics: They pervade all space; their structure is descriptive of the quantum system; the energy of the system is stored in these fields. It is in the classical behavior of these fields, which arise from quantal sources that one may then speak of determinism in quantum mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraht Sahni
- Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA
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24
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Mohageg M, Mazzarella L, Anastopoulos C, Gallicchio J, Hu BL, Jennewein T, Johnson S, Lin SY, Ling A, Marquardt C, Meister M, Newell R, Roura A, Schleich WP, Schubert C, Strekalov DV, Vallone G, Villoresi P, Wörner L, Yu N, Zhai A, Kwiat P. The deep space quantum link: prospective fundamental physics experiments using long-baseline quantum optics. EPJ QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY 2022; 9:25. [PMID: 36227029 PMCID: PMC9547810 DOI: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-022-00143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Deep Space Quantum Link mission concept enables a unique set of science experiments by establishing robust quantum optical links across extremely long baselines. Potential mission configurations include establishing a quantum link between the Lunar Gateway moon-orbiting space station and nodes on or near the Earth. This publication summarizes the principal experimental goals of the Deep Space Quantum Link. These goals, identified through a multi-year design study conducted by the authors, include long-range teleportation, tests of gravitational coupling to quantum states, and advanced tests of quantum nonlocality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makan Mohageg
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California USA
| | - Luca Mazzarella
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California USA
| | | | - Jason Gallicchio
- Department of Physics, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California USA
| | - Bei-Lok Hu
- Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland USA
| | - Thomas Jennewein
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Dep. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Spencer Johnson
- Department of Physics, Illinois Quantum Information Science & Technology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois USA
| | - Shih-Yuin Lin
- Department of Physics, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Alexander Ling
- Centre for Quantum Technologies and Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Matthias Meister
- Institute of Quantum Technologies, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Ulm, Germany
| | - Raymond Newell
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico USA
| | - Albert Roura
- Institute of Quantum Technologies, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang P. Schleich
- Institute of Quantum Technologies, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Ulm, Germany
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQst), Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, AgriLife Research, Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (IQSE), and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas USA
| | - Christian Schubert
- Institute for Satellite Geodesy and Inertial Sensing, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Hanover, Germany
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Germany Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Dmitry V. Strekalov
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California USA
| | - Giuseppe Vallone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padua Quantum Technologies Research Center, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Villoresi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padua Quantum Technologies Research Center, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lisa Wörner
- Institute of Quantum Technologies, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Ulm, Germany
| | - Nan Yu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California USA
| | - Aileen Zhai
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California USA
| | - Paul Kwiat
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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25
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Wang C, Chen Y, Chen L. Four-dimensional orbital angular momentum Bell-state measurement assisted by the auxiliary polarization and path degrees of freedom. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:34468-34478. [PMID: 36242458 DOI: 10.1364/oe.469704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The orbital angular momentum (OAM) carried by twisted photons provides a promising playground for high-dimensional quantum information processing. While Bell-state measurement is the cornerstone for various quantum information applications, the deterministic discrimination of the complete high-dimensional Bell states with linear optics remains relatively unexplored in the OAM state space. Here, we demonstrate a theoretical scheme for the complete four-dimensional OAM Bell-state measurement by using the single-photon hyperentangled state analyzer, in which the auxiliary two-dimensional polarization entanglement and two-dimensional path entanglement are utilized. Our scheme offers an alternative route toward enhancing the channel capacity in quantum communication and increasing the robustness against deleterious noise in practical experiments with twisted photons.
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26
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Xie C, Zhang Z, Chen J, Yin X. Quantum Correlation Swapping between Two Werner States Undergoing Local and Nonlocal Unitary Operations. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1244. [PMID: 36141130 PMCID: PMC9497780 DOI: 10.3390/e24091244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, quantum correlation (QC) swapping between two Werner-like states, which are transformed from Werner states undergoing local and nonlocal unitary operations, are studied. Bell states measures are performed in the middle node to realize the QC swapping and correspondingly final correlated sates are obtained. Two different QC quantifiers, i.e., measurement-induced disturbance (MID) and ameliorated MID, are employed to characterize and quantify all the concerned QCs in the swapping process. All QCs in the concerned states are evaluated analytically and numerically. Correspondingly, their characteristics and properties are exposed in detail. It is exposed that, through the QC swapping process, one can obtain the long-distance QC indeed. Moreover, the similarities of monotony features of MID and AMID between the initial states and final states are exposed and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanmei Xie
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- School of Information and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jianlan Chen
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yin
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
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27
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Huang CX, Hu XM, Guo Y, Zhang C, Liu BH, Huang YF, Li CF, Guo GC, Gisin N, Branciard C, Tavakoli A. Entanglement Swapping and Quantum Correlations via Symmetric Joint Measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:030502. [PMID: 35905332 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We use hyperentanglement to experimentally realize deterministic entanglement swapping based on quantum elegant joint measurements. These are joint projections of two qubits onto highly symmetric, isoentangled bases. We report measurement fidelities no smaller than 97.4%. We showcase the applications of these measurements by using the entanglement swapping procedure to demonstrate quantum correlations in the form of proof-of-principle violations of both bilocal Bell inequalities and more stringent correlation criteria corresponding to full network nonlocality. Our results are a foray into entangled measurements and nonlocality beyond the paradigmatic Bell state measurement and they show the relevance of more general measurements in entanglement swapping scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen-Xiao Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xiao-Min Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yu Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Bi-Heng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yun-Feng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Nicolas Gisin
- Group of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Schaffhausen Institute of Technology-SIT, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Branciard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Armin Tavakoli
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information-IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Atominstitut, Technische Universität Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
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28
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Zeng P, Zhou H, Wu W, Ma X. Mode-pairing quantum key distribution. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3903. [PMID: 35798740 PMCID: PMC9262923 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum key distribution — the establishment of information-theoretically secure keys based on quantum physics — is mainly limited by its practical performance, which is characterised by the dependence of the key rate on the channel transmittance R(η). Recently, schemes based on single-photon interference have been proposed to improve the key rate to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R=O(\sqrt{\eta })$$\end{document}R=O(η) by overcoming the point-to-point secret key capacity bound with interferometers. Unfortunately, all of these schemes require challenging global phase locking to realise a stable long-arm single-photon interferometer with a precision of approximately 100 nm over fibres that are hundreds of kilometres long. Aiming to address this problem, we propose a mode-pairing measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution scheme in which the encoded key bits and bases are determined during data post-processing. Using conventional second-order interference, this scheme can achieve a key rate of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R=O(\sqrt{\eta })$$\end{document}R=O(η) without global phase locking when the local phase fluctuation is mild. We expect this high-performance scheme to be ready-to-implement with off-the-shelf optical devices. Measurement-device-independent QKD schemes suffer from a trade-off between ease of implementation (avoiding the need for global phase locking) and high rates (quadratic improvement in rate). Here, the authors propose a protocol which offers both simple implementation and strong performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zeng
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hongyi Zhou
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Weijie Wu
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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29
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van Leent T, Bock M, Fertig F, Garthoff R, Eppelt S, Zhou Y, Malik P, Seubert M, Bauer T, Rosenfeld W, Zhang W, Becher C, Weinfurter H. Entangling single atoms over 33 km telecom fibre. Nature 2022; 607:69-73. [PMID: 35794269 PMCID: PMC9259499 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Quantum networks promise to provide the infrastructure for many disruptive applications, such as efficient long-distance quantum communication and distributed quantum computing1,2. Central to these networks is the ability to distribute entanglement between distant nodes using photonic channels. Initially developed for quantum teleportation3,4 and loophole-free tests of Bell's inequality5,6, recently, entanglement distribution has also been achieved over telecom fibres and analysed retrospectively7,8. Yet, to fully use entanglement over long-distance quantum network links it is mandatory to know it is available at the nodes before the entangled state decays. Here we demonstrate heralded entanglement between two independently trapped single rubidium atoms generated over fibre links with a length up to 33 km. For this, we generate atom-photon entanglement in two nodes located in buildings 400 m line-of-sight apart and to overcome high-attenuation losses in the fibres convert the photons to telecom wavelength using polarization-preserving quantum frequency conversion9. The long fibres guide the photons to a Bell-state measurement setup in which a successful photonic projection measurement heralds the entanglement of the atoms10. Our results show the feasibility of entanglement distribution over telecom fibre links useful, for example, for device-independent quantum key distribution11-13 and quantum repeater protocols. The presented work represents an important step towards the realization of large-scale quantum network links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim van Leent
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Bock
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Fertig
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Garthoff
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eppelt
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Yiru Zhou
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Pooja Malik
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Seubert
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Bauer
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Wenjamin Rosenfeld
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Wei Zhang
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany.
- School of Physics, Xi'An Jiao Tong University, Xi'An, ShannXi, China.
| | - Christoph Becher
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Harald Weinfurter
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany.
- Max-Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany.
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30
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Deterministic Entanglement Swapping with Hybrid Discrete- and Continuous-Variable Systems. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9060368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of entanglement between discrete and continuous variables is an important theoretical and experimental topic in quantum information processing, for which entanglement swapping is one of the interesting elements. Entanglement swapping allows two particles without interacting with each other in any way, to form an entangled state by the action of another pair of entangled particles. In this paper, we propose an experimentally feasible scheme to realize deterministic entanglement swapping in the hybrid system with discrete and continuous variables. The process is achieved by preparing two pairs of entangled states, each is formed by a qubit and two quasi-orthogonal coherent state elements of a cavity, performing a Bell-state analysis through nonlocal operations on the continuous variable states of the two cavities, and projecting the two qubits into a maximally entangled state. The present scheme may be applied to other physical systems sustaining such hybrid discrete and continuous forms, providing a typical paradigm for entanglement manipulation through deterministic swapping operations.
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31
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Yang L, Qi X, Hou J. Quantum Nonlocality in Any Forked Tree-Shaped Network. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24050691. [PMID: 35626574 PMCID: PMC9141704 DOI: 10.3390/e24050691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, much attention has been focused on examining the nonlocality of various quantum networks, which are fundamental for long-distance quantum communications. In this paper, we consider the nonlocality of any forked tree-shaped network, where each node, respectively, shares arbitrary number of bipartite sources with other nodes in the next “layer”. The Bell-type inequalities for such quantum networks are obtained, which are, respectively, satisfied by all (tn−1)-local correlations and all local correlations, where tn denotes the total number of nodes in the network. The maximal quantum violations of these inequalities and the robustness to noise in these networks are also discussed. Our network can be seen as a generalization of some known quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yang
- School of Mathematical Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China;
- School of Mathematics and Information Technology, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, China
| | - Xiaofei Qi
- School of Mathematical Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jinchuan Hou
- College of Mathematics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China;
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32
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Tavakoli A, Pozas-Kerstjens A, Luo MX, Renou MO. Bell nonlocality in networks. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:056001. [PMID: 34883470 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac41bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bell's theorem proves that quantum theory is inconsistent with local physical models. It has propelled research in the foundations of quantum theory and quantum information science. As a fundamental feature of quantum theory, it impacts predictions far beyond the traditional scenario of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox. In the last decade, the investigation of nonlocality has moved beyond Bell's theorem to consider more sophisticated experiments that involve several independent sources which distribute shares of physical systems among many parties in a network. Network scenarios, and the nonlocal correlations that they give rise to, lead to phenomena that have no counterpart in traditional Bell experiments, thus presenting a formidable conceptual and practical challenge. This review discusses the main concepts, methods, results and future challenges in the emerging topic of Bell nonlocality in networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Tavakoli
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information-IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alejandro Pozas-Kerstjens
- Departamento de Análisis Matemático, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias Matemáticas (CSIC-UAM-UC3M-UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ming-Xing Luo
- Information Coding & Transmission Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Information Science & Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Marc-Olivier Renou
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
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33
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Li SL, Yong HL, Li YH, Yang KX, Fu HB, Liu H, Liang H, Ren JG, Cao Y, Yin J, Peng CZ, Pan JW. Experimental demonstration of free-space two-photon interference. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:11684-11692. [PMID: 35473107 DOI: 10.1364/oe.452267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantum interference plays an essential role in understanding the concepts of quantum physics. Moreover, the interference of photons is indispensable for large-scale quantum information processing. With the development of quantum networks, interference of photons transmitted through long-distance fiber channels has been widely implemented. However, quantum interference of photons using free-space channels is still scarce, mainly due to atmospheric turbulence. Here, we report an experimental demonstration of Hong-Ou-Mandel interference with photons transmitted by free-space channels. Two typical photon sources, i.e., correlated photon pairs generated in spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) process and weak coherent states, are employed. A visibility of 0.744 ± 0.013 is observed by interfering with two photons generated in the SPDC process, exceeding the classical limit of 0.5. Our results demonstrate that the quantum property of photons remains even after transmission through unstable free-space channels, indicating the feasibility and potential application of free-space-based quantum interference in quantum information processing.
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34
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Merkouche S, Thiel V, Davis AOC, Smith BJ. Heralding Multiple Photonic Pulsed Bell Pairs via Frequency-Resolved Entanglement Swapping. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:063602. [PMID: 35213188 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.063602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Entanglement is a unique property of quantum systems and an essential resource for many quantum technologies. The ability to transfer or swap entanglement between systems is an important protocol in quantum information science. Entanglement swapping between photons forms the basis of distributed quantum networks. Here an experiment demonstrating entanglement swapping from two independent multimode time-frequency entangled sources is presented, resulting in multiple heralded frequency-mode Bell states. Entanglement in the heralded states is verified by measuring conditional anticorrelated joint spectra and quantum beating in two-photon interference. Our experiment heralds up to five orthogonal Bell pairs within the same setup, and this number is ultimately limited only by the entanglement of the initial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane Merkouche
- Department of Physics and Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Valérian Thiel
- Department of Physics and Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Alex O C Davis
- Centre for Photonics and Photonic Materials, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Physics and Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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35
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Liu S, Lou Y, Chen Y, Jing J. All-Optical Entanglement Swapping. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:060503. [PMID: 35213170 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.060503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Entanglement swapping, which is a core component of quantum network and an important platform for testing the foundation of quantum mechanics, can enable the entangling of two independent particles without direct interaction both in discrete variable and continuous variable systems. Conventionally, the realization of entanglement swapping relies on the Bell-state measurement. In particular, for entanglement swapping in continuous variable regime, such Bell-state measurement involves the optic-electro and electro-optic conversion, which limits the applications of the entanglement swapping for constructing broadband quantum network. In this Letter, we propose and demonstrate a measurement-free all-optical entanglement swapping. In our scheme, a high-gain parametric amplifier based on the four-wave mixing process is exploited to realize the function of Bell-state measurement without detection, which avoids the introduction of the optic-electro and electro-optic conversion. Our results provide an all-optical paradigm for implementing entanglement swapping and pave the way to construct a measurement-free all-optical broadband quantum network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yanbo Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yingxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jietai Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Joint Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai 201800, China
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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36
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Fortin S, Lombardi O. Entanglement and indistinguishability in a quantum ontology of properties. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 2022; 91:234-243. [PMID: 34971850 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present article is to address the problem of entanglement in the case of indistinguishable particles from a perspective based on the algebraic formalism of quantum mechanics, which is the natural formal counterpart of an ontology of properties, devoid of the ontological category of object. On the basis of this perspective, an algebraic definition of entanglement is adopted, which supplies a unified conception, valid for both the distinguishable and the indistinguishable cases. An additional advantage of this algebraic definition is that it does justice to the relativity of entanglement, a feature that cannot be ignored.
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37
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Chen MC, Wang C, Liu FM, Wang JW, Ying C, Shang ZX, Wu Y, Gong M, Deng H, Liang FT, Zhang Q, Peng CZ, Zhu X, Cabello A, Lu CY, Pan JW. Ruling Out Real-Valued Standard Formalism of Quantum Theory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:040403. [PMID: 35148136 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.040403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Standard quantum theory was formulated with complex-valued Schrödinger equations, wave functions, operators, and Hilbert spaces. Previous work attempted to simulate quantum systems using only real numbers by exploiting an enlarged Hilbert space. A fundamental question arises: are the complex numbers really necessary in the standard formalism of quantum theory? To answer this question, a quantum game has been developed to distinguish standard quantum theory from its real-number analog, by revealing a contradiction between a high-fidelity multiqubit quantum experiment and players using only real-number quantum theory. Here, using superconducting qubits, we faithfully realize the quantum game based on deterministic entanglement swapping with a state-of-the-art fidelity of 0.952. Our experimental results violate the real-number bound of 7.66 by 43 standard deviations. Our results disprove the real-number formulation and establish the indispensable role of complex numbers in the standard quantum theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Cheng Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Can Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Feng-Ming Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Jian-Wen Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Chong Ying
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Zhong-Xia Shang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Yulin Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - M Gong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - H Deng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - F-T Liang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Cheng-Zhi Peng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Adán Cabello
- Departamento de Física Aplicada II, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Chao-Yang Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence and Synergetic Innovation Centre in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
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38
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Li ZD, Mao YL, Weilenmann M, Tavakoli A, Chen H, Feng L, Yang SJ, Renou MO, Trillo D, Le TP, Gisin N, Acín A, Navascués M, Wang Z, Fan J. Testing Real Quantum Theory in an Optical Quantum Network. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:040402. [PMID: 35148126 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.040402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantum theory is commonly formulated in complex Hilbert spaces. However, the question of whether complex numbers need to be given a fundamental role in the theory has been debated since its pioneering days. Recently it has been shown that tests in the spirit of a Bell inequality can reveal quantum predictions in entanglement swapping scenarios that cannot be modeled by the natural real-number analog of standard quantum theory. Here, we tailor such tests for implementation in state-of-the-art photonic systems. We experimentally demonstrate quantum correlations in a network of three parties and two independent EPR sources that violate the constraints of real quantum theory by over 4.5 standard deviations, hence disproving real quantum theory as a universal physical theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Da Li
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ya-Li Mao
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mirjam Weilenmann
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information - IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Tavakoli
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information - IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hu Chen
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lixin Feng
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Sheng-Jun Yang
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Marc-Olivier Renou
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - David Trillo
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information - IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thinh P Le
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information - IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Gisin
- Group of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Schaffhausen Institute of Technology - SIT, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Acín
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Navascués
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information - IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zizhu Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Jingyun Fan
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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39
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Pozas-Kerstjens A, Gisin N, Tavakoli A. Full Network Nonlocality. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:010403. [PMID: 35061469 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.010403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Networks have advanced the study of nonlocality beyond Bell's theorem. Here, we introduce the concept of full network nonlocality, which describes correlations that necessitate all links in a network to distribute nonlocal resources. Showcasing that this notion is stronger than standard network nonlocality, we prove that the most well-known network Bell test does not witness full network nonlocality. In contrast, we demonstrate that its generalization to star networks is capable of detecting full network nonlocality in quantum theory. More generally, we point out that established methods for analyzing local and theory-independent correlations in networks can be combined in order to systematically deduce sufficient conditions for full network nonlocality in any network and input-output scenario. We demonstrate the usefulness of these methods by constructing polynomial witnesses of full network nonlocality for the bilocal scenario. Then, we show that these inequalities can be violated via quantum elegant joint measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pozas-Kerstjens
- Departamento de Análisis Matemático, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias Matemáticas (CSIC-UAM-UC3M-UCM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolas Gisin
- Group of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Schaffhausen Institute of Technology-SIT, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Armin Tavakoli
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information-IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Atomic and Subatomic Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1020 Vienna, Austria
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40
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Hybrid Entanglement between Optical Discrete Polarizations and Continuous Quadrature Variables. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8120552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
By coherently combining advantages while largely avoiding limitations of two mainstream platforms, optical hybrid entanglement involving both discrete and continuous variables has recently garnered widespread attention and emerged as a promising idea for building heterogenous quantum networks. In contrast to previous results, here we propose a new scheme to remotely generate hybrid entanglement between discrete polarization and continuous quadrature optical qubits heralded by two-photon Bell-state measurement. As a novel nonclassical light resource, we further use it to discuss two examples of ways—entanglement swapping and quantum teleportation—in which quantum information processing and communications could make use of this hybrid technique.
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41
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Lu CY, Pan JW. Quantum-dot single-photon sources for the quantum internet. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:1294-1296. [PMID: 34887534 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-01033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yang Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai, China.
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42
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Tsai CW, Yang CW. Lightweight mediated semi-quantum key distribution protocol with a dishonest third party based on Bell states. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23222. [PMID: 34853361 PMCID: PMC8636616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mediated semi-quantum key distribution (MSQKD) protocol is an important research issue that lets two classical participants share secret keys securely between each other with the help of a third party (TP). However, in the existing MSQKD protocols, there are two improvable issues, namely (1) the classical participants must be equipped with expensive detectors to avoid Trojan horse attacks and (2) the trustworthiness level of TP must be honest. To the best of our knowledge, none of the existing MSQKD protocols can resolve both these issues. Therefore, this study takes Bell states as the quantum resource to propose a MSQKD protocol, in which the classical participants do not need a Trojan horse detector and the TP is dishonest. Furthermore, the proposed protocol is shown to be secure against well-known attacks and the classical participants only need two quantum capabilities. Therefore, in comparison to the existing MSQKD protocols, the proposed protocol is better practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Tsai
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taitung University, No. 369, Sec. 2, University Rd., Taitung, 95092, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Yang
- Center for General Education, China Medical University, No. 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung, 406040, Taiwan.
- Master Program for Digital Health Innovation, College of Humanities and Sciences, China Medical University, No. 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung, 406040, Taiwan.
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43
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Increasing Quantum Correlations Based on Measurement-Induced Disturbance via a Swapping Procedure with Two-Qubit Mixed States. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23121606. [PMID: 34945912 PMCID: PMC8700155 DOI: 10.3390/e23121606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, quantum correlation (QC) swapping for certain separable two-qubit mixed states is treated. A QC quantifier, measurement-induced disturbance (MID) (Luo in Phys Rev A 77:022301, 2008), is employed to characterize and quantify QCs in the relevant states. Properties of all QCs in the swapping process are revealed. Particularly, it is found that MID can be increased through QC swapping for certain separable two-qubit mixed states.
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44
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Gozzard DR, Walsh S, Weinhold T. Vulnerability of Satellite Quantum Key Distribution to Disruption from Ground-Based Lasers. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21237904. [PMID: 34883906 PMCID: PMC8659886 DOI: 10.3390/s21237904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Satellite-mediated quantum key distribution (QKD) is set to become a critical technology for quantum-secure communication over long distances. While satellite QKD cannot be effectively eavesdropped, we show it can be disrupted (or ‘jammed’) with relatively simple and readily available equipment. We developed an atmospheric attenuation and satellite optical scattering model to estimate the rate of excess noise photons that can be injected into a satellite QKD channel by an off-axis laser, and calculated the effect this added noise has on the quantum bit error rate. We show that a ground-based laser on the order of 1 kW can significantly disrupt modern satellite QKD systems due to photons scattering off the satellite being detected by the QKD receiver on the ground. This class of laser can be purchased commercially, meaning such a method of disruption could be a serious threat to effectively securing high-value communications via satellite QKD in the future. We also discuss these results in relation to likely future developments in satellite-mediated QKD systems, and countermeasures that can be taken against this, and related methods, of disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Gozzard
- International Space Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia;
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Department of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Shane Walsh
- International Space Centre, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia;
| | - Till Weinhold
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia;
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45
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Jones BDM, Šupić I, Uola R, Brunner N, Skrzypczyk P. Network Quantum Steering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:170405. [PMID: 34739296 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.170405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of large-scale quantum networks promises to bring a multitude of technological applications as well as shed light on foundational topics, such as quantum nonlocality. It is particularly interesting to consider scenarios where sources within the network are statistically independent, which leads to so-called network nonlocality, even when parties perform fixed measurements. Here we promote certain parties to be trusted and introduce the notion of network steering and network local hidden state (NLHS) models within this paradigm of independent sources. In one direction, we show how the results from Bell nonlocality and quantum steering can be used to demonstrate network steering. We further show that it is a genuinely novel effect by exhibiting unsteerable states that nevertheless demonstrate network steering based upon entanglement swapping yielding a form of activation. On the other hand, we provide no-go results for network steering in a large class of scenarios by explicitly constructing NLHS models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D M Jones
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
- Quantum Engineering Centre for Doctoral Training, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Šupić
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- CNRS, LIP6, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Roope Uola
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Brunner
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul Skrzypczyk
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
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46
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Gebhart V, Pezzè L, Smerzi A. Genuine Multipartite Nonlocality with Causal-Diagram Postselection. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:140401. [PMID: 34652187 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.140401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The generation and verification of genuine multipartite nonlocality (GMN) is of central interest for both fundamental research and quantum technological applications, such as quantum privacy. To demonstrate GMN in measurement data, the statistics are commonly postselected by neglecting undesired data. Until now, valid postselection strategies have been restricted to local postselection. A general postselection that is decided after communication between parties can mimic nonlocality, even though the complete data are local. Here, we establish conditions under which GMN is demonstrable even if observations are postselected collectively. Intriguingly, certain postselection strategies that require communication among several parties still offer a demonstration of GMN shared between all parties. The results are derived using the causal structure of the experiment and the no-signaling condition imposed by relativity. Finally, we apply our results to show that genuine three-partite nonlocality can be created with independent particle sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Gebhart
- QSTAR, INO-CNR and LENS, Largo Enrico Fermi 2, 50125 Firenze, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luca Pezzè
- QSTAR, INO-CNR and LENS, Largo Enrico Fermi 2, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Augusto Smerzi
- QSTAR, INO-CNR and LENS, Largo Enrico Fermi 2, 50125 Firenze, Italy
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47
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Lipka-Bartosik P, Skrzypczyk P. Catalytic Quantum Teleportation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:080502. [PMID: 34477432 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.080502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we address fundamental limitations of quantum teleportation-the process of transferring quantum information using classical communication and preshared entanglement. We develop a new teleportation protocol based upon the idea of using ancillary entanglement catalytically, i.e., without depleting it. This protocol is then used to show that catalytic entanglement allows for a noiseless quantum channel to be simulated with a quality that could never be achieved using only entanglement from the shared state, even for catalysts with a small dimension. On the one hand, this allows for a more faithful transmission of quantum information using generic states and fixed amount of consumed entanglement. On the other hand, this shows, for the first time, that entanglement catalysis provides a genuine advantage in a generic quantum-information processing task. Finally, we show that similar ideas can be directly applied to study quantum catalysis for more general problems in quantum mechanics. As an application, we show that catalysts can activate so-called passive states, a concept that finds widespread application, e.g., in quantum thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Lipka-Bartosik
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Skrzypczyk
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
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48
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Chen L. Quantum discord of thermal two-photon orbital angular momentum state: mimicking teleportation to transmit an image. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:148. [PMID: 34285186 PMCID: PMC8292362 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We formulate a density matrix to fully describe two-photon state within a thermal light source in the photon orbital angular momentum (OAM) Hilbert space. We prove the separability, i.e., zero entanglement of the thermal two-photon state. Still, we reveal the hidden quantum correlations in terms of geometric measures of discord. By mimicking the original protocol of quantum teleportation, we demonstrate that the non-zero quantum discord can be utilized to transmit a high-dimensional OAM state at the single-photon level. It is found that albeit the low fidelity of teleportation due to the inherent component of maximally mixed state, the information of all parameters that characterize the original state can still be extracted from the teleported one. Besides, we demonstrate that the multiple repetitions of the protocol, enable the transmission of a complex-amplitude light field, e.g., an optical image, regardless of being accompanied with a featureless background. We also distinguish our scheme of optical image transmission from that of ghost imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Chen
- Department of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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49
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Switching and Swapping of Quantum Information: Entropy and Entanglement Level. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23060717. [PMID: 34200037 PMCID: PMC8227036 DOI: 10.3390/e23060717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Information switching and swapping seem to be fundamental elements of quantum communication protocols. Another crucial issue is the presence of entanglement and its level in inspected quantum systems. In this article, a formal definition of the operation of the swapping local quantum information and its existence proof, together with some elementary properties analysed through the prism of the concept of the entropy, are presented. As an example of the local information swapping usage, we demonstrate a certain realisation of the quantum switch. Entanglement levels, during the work of the switch, are calculated with the Negativity measure and a separability criterion based on the von Neumann entropy, spectral decomposition and Schmidt decomposition. Results of numerical experiments, during which the entanglement levels are estimated for systems under consideration with and without distortions, are presented. The noise is generated by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and the intrinsic decoherence is modelled by the Milburn equation. This work contains a switch realisation in a circuit form-built out of elementary quantum gates, and a scheme of the circuit which estimates levels of entanglement during the switch's operating.
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50
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Tavakoli A, Gisin N, Branciard C. Bilocal Bell Inequalities Violated by the Quantum Elegant Joint Measurement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:220401. [PMID: 34152188 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.220401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Network Bell experiments give rise to a form of quantum nonlocality that conceptually goes beyond Bell's theorem. We investigate here the simplest network, known as the bilocality scenario. We depart from the typical use of the Bell state measurement in the network central node and instead introduce a family of symmetric isoentangled measurement bases that generalize the so-called "elegant joint measurement." This leads us to report noise-tolerant quantum correlations that elude bilocal variable models. Inspired by these quantum correlations, we introduce network Bell inequalities for the bilocality scenario and show that they admit noise-tolerant quantum violations. In contrast to many previous studies of network Bell inequalities, neither our inequalities nor their quantum violations are based on standard Bell inequalities and standard quantum nonlocality. Moreover, we pave the way for an experimental realization by presenting a simple two-qubit quantum circuit for the implementation of the elegant joint measurement and our generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Tavakoli
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information - IQOQI Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Gisin
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
- Schaffhausen Institute of Technology - SIT.org, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Branciard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 38000 Grenoble, France
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