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Haverkamp R, Dahl M, Stank TJ, Hübner J, Strasser P, Wellert S, Hellweg T. Confined microemulsions: pore diameter induced change of the phase behavior. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12735-12741. [PMID: 38645522 PMCID: PMC11027042 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01283f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the temperature-dependent phase behavior of a C10E4 based microemulsion is studied in different meso-macroporous glasses, as a function of their pore diameter. The phase behavior in these pores is investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The crucial parameter we discuss based on the SAXS results is the domain size of the bicontinuous phase. Using a simplified model to fit the scattering data, we can observe the microemulsion inside the pores. These experiments reveal a temperature-dependent change in domain sizes of the bicontinuous microemulsion only for large pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Haverkamp
- Department of Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
| | - Margarethe Dahl
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Technical University of Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 124 Berlin 10623 Germany
| | - Tim Julian Stank
- Department of Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
| | - Jessica Hübner
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University of Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 124 Berlin 10623 Germany
| | - Peter Strasser
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University of Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 124 Berlin 10623 Germany
| | - Stefan Wellert
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Technical University of Berlin Straße des 17. Juni 124 Berlin 10623 Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Department of Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, University of Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
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2
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Machine-Learned Free Energy Surfaces for Capillary Condensation and Evaporation in Mesopores. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24010097. [PMID: 35052123 PMCID: PMC8774451 DOI: 10.3390/e24010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Using molecular simulations, we study the processes of capillary condensation and capillary evaporation in model mesopores. To determine the phase transition pathway, as well as the corresponding free energy profile, we carry out enhanced sampling molecular simulations using entropy as a reaction coordinate to map the onset of order during the condensation process and of disorder during the evaporation process. The structural analysis shows the role played by intermediate states, characterized by the onset of capillary liquid bridges and bubbles. We also analyze the dependence of the free energy barrier on the pore width. Furthermore, we propose a method to build a machine learning model for the prediction of the free energy surfaces underlying capillary phase transition processes in mesopores.
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3
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Wang Z, Guo H, Liu Y, Wang X. Investigating the effective interaction between silica colloidal particles near the critical point of a binary solvent by small angle neutron scattering. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:084905. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5038937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Wang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging under Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Hongyu Guo
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Yun Liu
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Xuewu Wang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging under Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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4
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Kuttich B, Matt A, Weber A, Grefe AK, Vietze L, Stühn B. Water/PEG Mixtures: Phase Behavior, Dynamics and Soft Confinement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2017-1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol is water soluble and forms an eutectic system with water. The eutectic temperature is −19 °C for M=1500 g mol−1 and increases with molecular weight. The dielectric relaxation spectrum of the mixtures exhibits a strong loss maximum in ϵ″ (ω) similar to pure water. Relaxation time increases with the addition of PEG. Activation energies exhibit a maximum of 0.35 eV at molar fraction χp
≈0.2. This compares well with results on ethanol water mixtures. Adding PEG molecules to nanoscopic water droplets of inverse microemulsions has only small impact on the bending modulus κ of a non-ionic microemulsion. In AOT based microemulsions an increase or decrease of κ is found in dependence on the size of the droplets. This is in accordance with the variation of the dynamic percolation transition in the same systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Kuttich
- Condensed Matter Physics , Darmstadt Technical University , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Alexander Matt
- Condensed Matter Physics , Darmstadt Technical University , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Andreas Weber
- Condensed Matter Physics , Darmstadt Technical University , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Grefe
- Condensed Matter Physics , Darmstadt Technical University , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Laura Vietze
- Condensed Matter Physics , Darmstadt Technical University , Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Bernd Stühn
- Condensed Matter Physics , Darmstadt Technical University , Darmstadt , Germany
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5
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Shimizu R, Tanaka H. Impact of complex topology of porous media on phase separation of binary mixtures. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:eaap9570. [PMID: 29282450 PMCID: PMC5741400 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap9570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials, which are characterized by the large surface area and percolated nature crucial for transport, play an important role in many technological applications including battery, ion exchange, catalysis, microelectronics, medical diagnosis, and oil recovery. Phase separation of a mixture in such a porous structure should be strongly influenced by both surface wetting and strong geometrical confinement effects. Despite its fundamental and technological importance, however, this problem has remained elusive for a long time because of the difficulty associated with the complex geometry of pore structures. We overcome this by developing a novel phase-field model of two coupled order parameters, the composition field of a binary mixture and the density field of a porous structure. We find that demixing behavior in complex pore structures is severely affected by the topological characteristics of porous materials, contrary to the conventional belief that it can be inferred from the behavior in a simple cylindrical pore. Our finding not only reveals the physical mechanism of demixing in random porous structures but also has an impact on technological applications.
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6
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Prado JR, Vyazovkin S. Phase separation of triethylamine and water in native and organically modified silica nanopores. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:114508. [PMID: 28938834 DOI: 10.1063/1.5003906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A mixture of triethylamine and water is a lower critical solution temperature system that demixes (separates into individual phases) on heating. Differential scanning calorimetry has been applied to study the process of demixing in native and organically modified silica nanopores whose size varied from 4 to 30 nm. It has been found that in both types of nanopores, the temperature and enthalpy of demixing decrease significantly with decreasing the pore size. Isoconversional kinetic analysis has been utilized to determine the activation energy and pre-exponential factor of the process. It has been demonstrated that the depression of the transition temperature upon nanoconfinement is associated with acceleration of the process due to lowering of the activation energy. Nanoconfinement has also been found to lower the pre-exponential factor of the process that has been linked to a decrease in the molecular mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rachel Prado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 S. 14th Street, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Sergey Vyazovkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 S. 14th Street, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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7
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Desgranges C, Delhommelle J. Free energy calculations along entropic pathways. III. Nucleation of capillary bridges and bubbles. J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4982943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Desgranges
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, USA
| | - Jerome Delhommelle
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, USA
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8
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Yu C, Zhang J, Granick S. Selective Janus Particle Assembly at Tipping Points of Thermally-Switched Wetting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4364-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Yu C, Zhang J, Granick S. Selective Janus Particle Assembly at Tipping Points of Thermally-Switched Wetting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Chen W. Phase separation of binary nonadditive hard sphere fluid mixture confined in random porous media. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:154712. [PMID: 24160538 DOI: 10.1063/1.4825178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
I analyze the fluid-fluid phase separation of nonadditive hard sphere fluid mixture absorbed in random porous media. An equation of state is derived by using the perturbation theory to this complex system with quenched disorders. The results of this theory are in good agreement with those obtained from semi-grand canonical ensemble Monte Carlo simulations. The contact value of the fluid-fluid radial distribution functions of the reference which is the key point of the perturbation process is derived as well, the comparison against Monte Carlo simulations shows that it has an excellent accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, School of Science, P.O. Box 14100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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11
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Gommes CJ. Three-dimensional reconstruction of liquid phases in disordered mesopores usingin situsmall-angle scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 2013. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889813003816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-angle scattering of X-rays (SAXS) or neutrons is one of the few experimental methods currently available for thein situanalysis of phenomena in mesoporous materials at the mesoscopic scale. In the case of disordered mesoporous materials, however, the main difficulty of the method lies in the data analysis. A stochastic model is presented, which enables one to reconstruct the three-dimensional nanostructure of liquids confined in disordered mesopores starting from small-angle scattering data. This so-called plurigaussian model is a multi-phase generalization of clipped Gaussian random field models. Its potential is illustrated through the synchrotron SAXS analysis of a gel permeated with a critical nitrobenzene/hexane solution that is progressively cooled below its consolute temperature. The reconstruction brings to light a wetting transition whereby the nanostructure of the pore-filling liquids passes from wetting layers that uniformly cover the solid phase of the gel to plugs that locally occlude the pores. Using the plurigaussian model, the dewetting phenomenon is analyzed quantitatively at the nanometre scale in terms of changing specific interface areas, contact angle and specific length of the triple line.
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12
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Zeigermann P, Valiullin R. Transport properties of gas-expanded liquids in bulk and under confinement. J Supercrit Fluids 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Prisk TR, Pantalei C, Kaiser H, Sokol PE. Confinement-driven phase separation of quantum liquid mixtures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:075301. [PMID: 23006380 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.075301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report small-angle neutron scattering studies of liquid helium mixtures confined in Mobil Crystalline Material-41 (MCM-41), a porous silica glass with narrow cylindrical nanopores (d=3.4 nm). MCM-41 is an ideal model adsorbent for fundamental studies of gas sorption in porous media because its monodisperse pores are arranged in a 2D triangular lattice. The small-angle scattering consists of a series of diffraction peaks whose intensities are determined by how the imbibed liquid fills the pores. Pure (4)He adsorbed in the pores show classic, layer-by-layer film growth as a function of pore filling, leaving the long range symmetry of the system intact. In contrast, the adsorption of (3)He-(4)He mixtures produces a structure incommensurate with the pore lattice. Neither capillary condensation nor preferential adsorption of one helium isotope to the pore walls can provide the symmetry-breaking mechanism. The scattering is consistent with the formation of randomly distributed liquid-liquid microdomains ∼2.3 nm in size, providing evidence that confinement in a nanometer scale capillary can drive local phase separation in quantum liquid mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Prisk
- Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405, USA
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14
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Videla PE, Sala J, Martí J, Guàrdia E, Laria D. Aqueous electrolytes confined within functionalized silica nanopores. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:104503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3632050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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15
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Lefort R, Duvail JL, Corre T, Zhao Y, Morineau D. Phase separation of a binary liquid in anodic aluminium oxide templates: a structural study by small angle neutron scattering. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2011; 34:71. [PMID: 21779985 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2011-11071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The radial nanostructure of the binary liquid triethylamine/water confined in 60 nm diameter independent cylindrical pores of anodic aluminium oxide membranes is studied by small angle neutron scattering. It is shown that composition inhomogeneities are present in the confined mixtures well below the bulk critical point. An analysis of the neutron scattering form factor reveals the existence of an adsorbed water layer of a few nanometers at the liquid/alumina interface, coexisting with a TEA-rich phase in the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lefort
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6251, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France.
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16
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Winkler A, Wilms D, Virnau P, Binder K. Capillary condensation in cylindrical pores: Monte Carlo study of the interplay of surface and finite size effects. J Chem Phys 2011; 133:164702. [PMID: 21033814 DOI: 10.1063/1.3502684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
When a fluid that undergoes a vapor to liquid transition in the bulk is confined to a long cylindrical pore, the phase transition is shifted (mostly due to surface effects at the walls of the pore) and rounded (due to finite size effects). The nature of the phase coexistence at the transition depends on the length of the pore: for very long pores, the system is axially homogeneous at low temperatures. At the chemical potential where the transition takes place, fluctuations occur between vapor- and liquidlike states of the cylinder as a whole. At somewhat higher temperatures (but still far below bulk criticality), the system at phase coexistence is in an axially inhomogeneous multidomain state, where long cylindrical liquid- and vaporlike domains alternate. Using Monte Carlo simulations for the Ising/lattice gas model and the Asakura-Oosawa model of colloid-polymer mixtures, the transition between these two different scenarios is characterized. It is shown that the density distribution changes gradually from a double-peak structure to a triple-peak shape, and the correlation length in the axial direction (measuring the equilibrium domain length) becomes much smaller than the cylinder length. The (rounded) transition to the disordered phase of the fluid occurs when the axial correlation length has decreased to a value comparable to the cylinder diameter. It is also suggested that adsorption hysteresis vanishes when the transition from the simple domain state to the multidomain state of the cylindrical pore occurs. We predict that the difference between the pore critical temperature and the hysteresis critical temperature should increase logarithmically with the length of the pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Winkler
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Wilms D, Winkler A, Virnau P, Binder K. Rounding of phase transitions in cylindrical pores. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:045701. [PMID: 20867861 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.045701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Phase transitions of systems confined in long cylindrical pores (capillary condensation, wetting, crystallization, etc.) are intrinsically not sharply defined but rounded. The finite size of the cross section causes destruction of long range order along the pore axis by spontaneous nucleation of domain walls. This rounding is analyzed for two models (Ising or lattice gas and Asakura-Oosawa model for colloid-polymer mixtures) by Monte Carlo simulations and interpreted by a phenomenological theory. We show that characteristic differences between the behavior of pores of finite length and infinitely long pores occur. In pores of finite length a rounded transition occurs first, from phase coexistence between two states towards a multidomain configuration. A second transition to the axially homogeneous phase follows near pore criticality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Wilms
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rodriguez
- Departamento de Física, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avenida Libertador 8250, 1429, Buenos Aires, Argentina, ECyT, UNSAM, Martín de Irigoyen 3100, 1650, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física e INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Dolores Elola
- Departamento de Física, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avenida Libertador 8250, 1429, Buenos Aires, Argentina, ECyT, UNSAM, Martín de Irigoyen 3100, 1650, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física e INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Laria
- Departamento de Física, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avenida Libertador 8250, 1429, Buenos Aires, Argentina, ECyT, UNSAM, Martín de Irigoyen 3100, 1650, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física e INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Structure and Dynamics of Fluids in Microporous and Mesoporous Earth and Engineered Materials. NEUTRON APPLICATIONS IN EARTH, ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09416-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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20
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De Sanctis Lucentini PG, Pellicane G. Critical behavior of symmetrical fluid mixtures in random pores. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:246101. [PMID: 19113634 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.246101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We study the liquid-liquid demixing of a binary mixture with a symmetrical coupling to the quenched disorder by means of computer simulation. The critical point in the thermodynamic limit is estimated both by assuming the knowledge of the critical exponents and independently of them. The finite-size scaling analysis of the susceptibilities and the values of the critical amplitudes show that the universality class of the fluid mixture is compatible with the diluted quenched-Ising model. Our findings extend the class of systems exhibiting the same critical behavior of diluted antiferromagnets.
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21
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Kumar AN, Singh JK. The effects of interaction range, porosity and molecular association on the phase equilibrium of a fluid confined in a disordered porous media. Mol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970802418963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Iannacchione GS, Qian S, Crawford GP, Keast SS, Neubert ME, Doane JW, Finotello D, Steele LM, Sokol PE, Zumer S. Liquid Crystal Order in a Highly Restrictive Porous Glass. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587259508033508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Germano S. Iannacchione
- a Department of Physics , and Liquid Crystal Institute , Kent , OH , 44242 , USA
- b Department of Physics , Kent State University , Kent , OH , 44242 , USA
| | - Sihai Qian
- a Department of Physics , and Liquid Crystal Institute , Kent , OH , 44242 , USA
- b Department of Physics , Kent State University , Kent , OH , 44242 , USA
| | | | - Sandra S. Keast
- b Department of Physics , Kent State University , Kent , OH , 44242 , USA
| | - Mary E. Neubert
- b Department of Physics , Kent State University , Kent , OH , 44242 , USA
| | - J. William Doane
- a Department of Physics , and Liquid Crystal Institute , Kent , OH , 44242 , USA
- b Department of Physics , Kent State University , Kent , OH , 44242 , USA
| | - Daniele Finotello
- a Department of Physics , and Liquid Crystal Institute , Kent , OH , 44242 , USA
- b Department of Physics , Kent State University , Kent , OH , 44242 , USA
| | - Lindsay M. Steele
- c Department of Physics , Penn State University, University Park , PA , 16802 , USA
| | - Paul E. Sokol
- c Department of Physics , Penn State University, University Park , PA , 16802 , USA
| | - Slobodan Zumer
- d Department of Physics , University of Ljubljana, Jadranska , 19, 61000, Ljubljana , Slovenia
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Abstract
The nonequilibrium dynamics of condensation phenomena in nanopores is studied via Monte Carlo simulations of a lattice-gas model. Hysteretic behavior of the particle density as a function of the density of a reservoir is obtained for various pore geometries in two and three dimensions. The shape of the hysteresis loops depend on the characteristics of the pore geometry. The evaporation of particles from a pore can be fitted to a stretched exponential decay of the particle density. Phase-separation dynamics inside the pore is effectively described by a random walk of the non-wetting phases. Domain evolution is significantly slowed down in the presence of a random wall-particle potential and gives rise to a temperature-dependent growth exponent. A geometric roughness of the pore wall only delays the onset of a pure domain growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Paul
- Theoretische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Schemmel S, Rother G, Eckerlebe H, Findenegg GH. Local structure of a phase-separating binary mixture in a mesoporous glass matrix studied by small-angle neutron scattering. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:244718. [PMID: 16035804 DOI: 10.1063/1.1931528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesoscopic structure of the binary system isobutyric acid + heavy water (D(2)O) confined in a porous glass (controlled-pore silica glass, mean pore width ca. 10 nm) was studied by small-angle neutron scattering at off-critical compositions in a temperature range above and below the upper critical solution point. The scattering data were analyzed in terms of a structure factor model similar to that proposed by Formisano and Teixeira [Eur. Phys. J. E 1, 1 (2000)], but allowing for both Ornstein-Zernike-type composition fluctuations and domainlike structures in the microphase-separated state of the pore liquid. The results indicate that the phase separation in the pores is shifted by ca. 10 K and spread out in temperature. Microphase separation is pictured as a transition from partial segregation at high temperature, due to the strong preferential adsorption of water at the pore wall, to a tube or capsule configuration of the two phases at low temperatures, depending on the overall composition of the pore liquid. Results for samples in which the composition of the pore liquid can vary with temperature due to equilibration with extra-pore liquid are consistent with this picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schemmel
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany.
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25
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De Grandis V, Gallo P, Rovere M. Computer simulation of the phase diagram for a fluid confined in a fractal and disordered porous material. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2004; 70:061505. [PMID: 15697372 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.70.061505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation study of the phase diagram of a Lennard-Jones fluid adsorbed in a fractal and highly porous aerogel. The gel environment is generated from an off-lattice diffusion limited cluster-cluster aggregation process. Simulations have been performed with the multicanonical ensemble sampling technique. The biased sampling function has been obtained by histogram reweighting calculations. Comparing the confined and the bulk system liquid-vapor coexistence curves we observe a decrease of both the critical temperature and density in qualitative agreement with experiments and other Monte Carlo studies on Lennard-Jones fluids confined in random matrices of spheres. At variance with these numerical studies we do not observe upon confinement a peak on the liquid side of the coexistence curve associated with a liquid-liquid phase coexistence. In our case only a shouldering of the coexistence curve appears upon confinement. This shoulder can be associated with high density fluctuations in the liquid phase. The coexisting vapor and liquid phases in our system show a high degree of spatial disorder and inhomogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V De Grandis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università "Roma Tre", INFM, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
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26
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Melnichenko YB, Wignall GD, Cole DR, Frielinghaus H. Density fluctuations near the liquid-gas critical point of a confined fluid. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2004; 69:057102. [PMID: 15244976 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.69.057102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of an experimental study of the effect of a dilute silica network on liquid-gas critical phenomena in carbon dioxide (CO2). Using small-angle neutron scattering, we measured the correlation length of the density fluctuations in bulk (xi(bulk)) and confined CO2 (xi(conf)) as a function of temperature and average fluid density. We find that quenched disorder induced by an aerogel suppresses density fluctuations: xi(conf) loses the Ising model divergence characteristic of xi(bulk) and does not exceed the size of pores in the homogeneous region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Melnichenko
- Condensed Matter Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6393, USA
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27
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Vishnyakov A, Neimark AV. Nucleation of liquid bridges and bubbles in nanoscale capillaries. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1615760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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28
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Hellweg T, Schemmel S, Rother G, Brûlet A, Eckerlebe H, Findenegg GH. De-mixing dynamics of a binary liquid system in a controlled-pore glass. A neutron spin-echo spectroscopy and small angle neutron scattering study. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2003; 12 Suppl 1:S1-S4. [PMID: 15011003 DOI: 10.1140/epjed/e2003-01-001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The temperature-induced microphase separation of the binary liquid system iso-butyric acid+heavy water (iBA + D(2)O) in a mesoporous silica glass (CPG-10-75) of nominal pore width 7.5 nm was investigated by neutron spin-echo spectroscopy (NSE) and neutron small-angle scattering (SANS). Two mixtures of different composition were studied at different scattering angles at temperatures above and below the bulk phase transition temperature. The phase separation in the pore space is found to occur at a lower temperature than the bulk transition and extends over a significant temperature range. The effective diffusion coefficient derived from NSE at low scattering angles is found to decrease by one order of magnitude from 70 degrees C to 20 degrees C. This observation is attributed to the growing size of concentration fluctuations having a cut-off at ca. 8 nm, which corresponds to the mean pore size. The dynamics of the concentration fluctuations appears to be strongly influenced by the confinement in the pores, as it differs strongly from the bulk behaviour. These results are consistent with the preliminary results of the SANS study.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hellweg
- Technische Universität Berlin, Stranski-Laboratorium, Strasse des 17.Juni 112, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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29
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Woywod D, Schoen M. Phase behavior of confined symmetric binary mixtures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2003; 67:026122. [PMID: 12636763 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.67.026122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We employ mean-field lattice density functional theory to investigate the phase behavior of a binary (A-B) mixture confined to nanoscopic slit pores with chemically homogeneous walls. We consider only nearest-neighbor interactions in symmetric mixtures, where epsilon(AA)=epsilon(BB) not equal epsilon(AB) and epsilon is a measure of attraction between molecules of like (subscripts AA and BB) and unlike species (subscript AB), respectively. In addition, molecules are exposed to short-range attraction by the substrates separated by z lattice planes where epsilon(W) is the relevant coupling parameter. Moreover, the chemical potentials of both components are the same, that is, mu(A)=mu(B)=mu. In thermodynamic equilibrium (for fixed temperature T and chemical potential mu) the grand-potential density omega[rho,m] (rho identical with [rho(1),...,rho(z)], m identical with [m(1),...,m(z)]) assumes a global minimum which we find by minimizing omega numerically with respect to the order parameters rho(l) identical with rho(A)(l)+rho(B)(l) (total local density) and m(l) identical with (rho(A)(l)-rho(B)(l))/rho(l) (local "miscibility") at lattice plane l parallel to the pore walls. By varying epsilon(AB) three generic types of bulk phase diagrams are observed. On account of confinement (i.e., by varying epsilon(W) as well as z) one may switch between these different types of phase diagrams. This may have profound practical repercussions for experimental nanophase separation since depending on pore width and chemical nature of its walls a bulk gas mixture may undergo capillary condensation and form either a stable mixed or demixed liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Woywod
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Sekretariat TC 7, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
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30
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Cieplak M, Maritan A, Swift MR, Toigo F, Banavar JR. Effects of pore walls and randomness on phase transitions in porous media. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 66:056124. [PMID: 12513573 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.056124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We study spin models within the mean field approximation to elucidate the topology of the phase diagrams of systems modeling the liquid-vapor transition and the separation of 3He-4He mixtures in periodic porous media. These topologies are found to be identical to those of the corresponding random field and random anisotropy spin systems with a bimodal distribution of the randomness. Our results suggest that the presence of walls (periodic or otherwise) are a key factor determining the nature of the phase diagram in porous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Cieplak
- Department of Physics and Materials Research Institute, 104 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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31
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Valiullin R, Furó I. Low-temperature phase separation of a binary liquid mixture in porous materials studied by cryoporometry and pulsed-field-gradient NMR. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 66:031508. [PMID: 12366121 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.031508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The low-temperature liquid-liquid phase separation of the partially miscible hexane-nitrobenzene mixture imbibed in porous glasses of different pore sizes from 7 to 130 nm has been studied using 1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) cryoporometry and pulse field gradient NMR methods. The mixture was quenched below both its upper critical solution temperature (T(cr)) and the freezing point of nitrobenzene. The size distribution of frozen nitrobenzene domains was derived through their melting point suppression according to the Gibbs-Thompson relation. The obtained data reveal small initial droplets of nitrobenzene surrounded by hexane, which are created as the temperature is decreased below T(cr) and which thereafter coalesce by a droplet-diffusion mechanism. The inter-relation between the pore size and the found size distribution and shapes of nitrobenzene domains is discussed, as well as several aspects of molecular self-diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem Valiullin
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Brennan JK, Dong W. Phase transitions of one-component fluids adsorbed in random porous media: Monte Carlo simulations. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1469614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Kornev KG, Shingareva IK, Neimark AV. Capillary condensation as a morphological transition. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2002; 96:143-67. [PMID: 11908785 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-8686(01)00079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The process of capillary condensation/evaporation in cylindrical pores is considered within the idea of symmetry breaking. Capillary condensation/evaporation is treated as a morphological transition between the wetting film configurations of different symmetry. We considered two models: (i) the classical Laplace theory of capillarity and (ii) the Derjaguin model which takes into account the surface forces expressed in terms of the disjoining pressure. Following the idea of Everett and Haynes, the problem of condensation/evaporation is considered as a transition from bumps/undulations to lenses. Using the method of phase portraits, we discuss the mathematical mechanisms of this transition hidden in the Laplace and Derjaguin equations. Analyzing the energetic barriers of the bump and lens formation, it is shown that the bump formation is a prerogative of capillary condensation: for the vapor-liquid transition in a pore, the bump plays the same role as the spherical nucleus in a bulk fluid. We show also that the Derjaguin model admits a variety of interfacial configurations responsible for film patterning at specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin G Kornev
- Center for Modeling and Characterization of Nanoporous Materials, TRI / Princeton, Princeton, NJ 08542-0625, USA
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34
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Valiullin R, Furó I. Phase separation of a binary liquid mixture in porous media studied by nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1427706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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35
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Zhang L, Cheng S, Van Tassel PR. Effect of templated quenched disorder on fluid phase equilibrium. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2001; 64:042101. [PMID: 11690064 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.042101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Templating offers a means to direct the structure of quenched disorder. We show here that changes in phase equilibrium due to the presence of quenched disorder can themselves be altered by templating. We calculate the phase diagram of a fluid in a collection of template-directed, quenched particles by solving a set of replica Ornstein-Zernike equations within the mean spherical approximation and show templating to enhance phase behavior, that is, shift the phase envelope upward from its location for a nontemplated system of identical available volume. This enhancement is due to an augmented number of fluid-fluid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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36
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Schöll-Paschinger E, Levesque D, Weis JJ, Kahl G. Phase diagram of a symmetric binary fluid in a porous matrix. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2001; 64:011502. [PMID: 11461257 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.011502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2000] [Revised: 11/27/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The phase behavior of a binary symmetric fluid in thermal equilibrium with a porous matrix has been studied with the optimized random phase approximation and grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations. Depending on the matrix properties and the matrix-fluid and fluid-fluid interactions we find three types of phase diagram characterized by a tricritical point, a tricritical point with a triple point, or a critical end point. Small changes in the properties of the matrix or in the interactions are demonstrated to lead to drastic modifications of the phase diagram of the fluid, in qualitative agreement with observations in experimental studies. We show, in particular, that the change between the different types of phase diagram is triggered not only by the fluid-fluid interactions (internal parameters) but also by the properties of the matrix and of the matrix-fluid potentials (external parameters).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schöll-Paschinger
- Institut für Theoretische Physik and Center for Computational Materials Science, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
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37
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Jones RL, Kumar SK, Ho DL, Briber RM, Russell TP. Chain Conformation in Ultrathin Polymer Films Using Small-Angle Neutron Scattering. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma001141o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas P. Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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38
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Tremblay L, Socol SM, Lacelle S. Simple views on critical binary liquid mixtures in porous glass. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 61:656-659. [PMID: 11046308 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.61.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A simple scenario, different from previous attempts, is proposed to resolve the problem of the slow phase separation dynamics of binary liquid mixtures confined in porous Vycor glass. We demonstrate that simply mutual diffusion, renormalized by critical composition fluctuations and geometrical hindrance of the porous glass, accounts for the slow phase separation kinetics. Capillary invasion studies of porous Vycor glass by the critical isobutyric acid-water mixture, close to the consolute solution temperature, corroborate our analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tremblay
- Departement de Chimie, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1
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39
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Chakrabarti A. Effects of a fumed silica network on kinetics of phase separation in polymer blends. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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40
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Alvarez M, Levesque D, Weis JJ. Monte Carlo approach to the gas-liquid transition in porous materials. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1999; 60:5495-504. [PMID: 11970424 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.60.5495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/1999] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The gas-liquid transition of a "quenched-annealed"(QA) system is studied by grand-canonical Monte Carlo simulation. The "quenched" particles are hard spheres within configurations chosen randomly from those of an equilibrium hard-sphere system at given density. The fluid particles interact with the matrix particles by a hard-core potential and with each other by a hard-core potential and an additional potential of a Lennard-Jones type. Our results are in good qualitative agreement with various theoretical approaches. With increasing matrix density the critical temperature is lowered compared to that of the bulk system and the gap between the gas and liquid densities narrowed. Our simulations confirm, for this QA system, the possibility of two fluid-fluid transitions substituting for the unique gas-liquid transition of the bulk system. They demonstrate the necessity to average over a significant number of matrix realizations in order to obtain a quantitative location of the phase coexistence lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alvarez
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Bâtiment 210, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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41
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Strickland B, Leptoukh G, Roland C. Molecular dynamics simulations of phase separation in porous media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1088/0305-4470/28/14/005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Sinha SK. 6. Small-Angle Scattering from Porous Materials. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-695x(08)60417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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43
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Pérez L, Sokołowski S, Pizio O. Capillary condensation of Lennard-Jones fluid in a slitlike pore filled with quenched disordered matrix. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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44
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Levitz P. Off-lattice reconstruction of porous media: critical evaluation, geometrical confinement and molecular transport. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-8686(98)00042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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46
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Clarke AP, Alam MA, Fretwell HM, Duffy JA. Adsorption and desorption of binary mixtures in confined geometry: A pilot positron annihilation study. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02036269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Pitard E, Rosinberg ML, Tarjus G. Thermodynamics of Fluids in Disordered Porous Materials. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/08927029608024118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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Gubbins KE, Sliwinska-Bartkowiak M, Suh SH. Molecular Simulations of Phase Transitions in Pores. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/08927029608024116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Zhu YM. Monte Carlo simulation of polymerization-induced phase separation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1996; 54:1645-1651. [PMID: 9965240 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.54.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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50
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Iannacchione GS, Crawford GP, Qian S, Doane JW, Finotello D, Zumer S. Nematic ordering in highly restrictive Vycor glass. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1996; 53:2402-2411. [PMID: 9964525 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.53.2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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