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Parametric Excitation of Ultracold Sodium Atoms in an Optical Dipole Trap. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9070442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Parametric modulation is an effective tool to measure the trap frequency and investigate the atom dynamics in an optical dipole trap or lattices. Herein, we report on experimental research of parametric resonances in an optical dipole trap. By modulating the trapping potential, we have measured the atomic loss dependence on the frequency of the parametric modulations. The resonance loss spectra and the evolution of atom populations at the resonant frequency have been demonstrated and compared under three modulation waveforms (sine, triangle and square waves). A phenomenological theoretical simulation has been performed and shown good accordance with the observed resonance loss spectra and the evolution of atom populations. The theoretical analysis can be easily extended to a complex waveform modulation and reproduce enough of the experiments.
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Chen X, Fan B. The emergence of picokelvin physics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:076401. [PMID: 32303019 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab8ab6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The frontier of low-temperature physics has advanced to the mid-picokelvin (pK) regime but progress has come to a halt because of the problem of gravity. Ultracold atoms must be confined in some type of potential energy well: if the depth of the well is less than the energy an atom gains by falling through it, the atom escapes. This article reviews ultracold atom research, emphasizing the advances that carried the low-temperature frontier to 450 pK. We review microgravity methods for overcoming the gravitational limit to achieving lower temperatures using free-fall techniques such as a drop tower, sounding rocket, parabolic flight plane and the International Space Station. We describe two techniques that promise further advancement-an atom chip and an all-optical trap-and present recent experimental results. Basic research in new regimes of observation has generally led to scientific discoveries and new technologies that benefit society. We expect this to be the case as the low-temperature frontier advances and we propose some new opportunities for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzong Chen
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, Department of Electronics, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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Zhang X, Chen Y, Fang J, Wang T, Li J, Luo L. Beam pointing stabilization of an acousto-optic modulator with thermal control. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:11503-11509. [PMID: 31052993 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.011503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diffraction beams generated by an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) are widely used in various optical experiments, some of which require high angular stability with the temporal modulation of optical power. Usually, it is difficult to realize both angular stability and high-power modulation in a passive setup without a servo system of radio-frequency compensation. Here, we present a method to suppress the angular drift and pointing noise only with the thermal management of the AOM crystal. We analyze the dependence of the angular drift on the refractive index variation and find that the angular drift is very sensitive to the temperature gradient, which could induce the refractive index gradient inside the AOM crystal. It reminds us that such angular drift could be significantly suppressed by carefully overlapping the zero temperature gradient area with the position of the acousto-optic interaction zone. We implement a water-cooling setup and find that the angular drift of an AOM is reduced over 100 times during the thermal transient and the angular noise is also suppressed to one-third of the non-cooled case. It should be emphasized that this thermal control method generally used to suppress the beam drift in both the diffraction and the perpendicular-to-diffraction directions. The refractive index thermal coefficient of tellurium dioxide crystal at 1064 nm determined by this angular drift-temperature model is 16×10 -6 K -1, consistent with previous studies. This thermal control technique provides potential applications for optical trapping and remote sensoring that demand for intensity ramps.
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Chisholm CS, Thomas R, Deb AB, Kjærgaard N. A three-dimensional steerable optical tweezer system for ultracold atoms. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:103105. [PMID: 30399738 DOI: 10.1063/1.5041481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a three-dimensional steerable optical tweezer system based on two pairs of acousto-optic deflectors. Radio frequency signals used to steer the optical tweezers are generated by direct digital synthesis, and multiple time averaged cross beam dipole traps can be produced through rapid frequency toggling. We produce arrays of ultracold atomic clouds in both horizontal and vertical planes and use this to demonstrate the three-dimensional nature of this optical tweezer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Chisholm
- Department of Physics, QSO-Centre for Quantum Science, and Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - R Thomas
- Department of Physics, QSO-Centre for Quantum Science, and Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - A B Deb
- Department of Physics, QSO-Centre for Quantum Science, and Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - N Kjærgaard
- Department of Physics, QSO-Centre for Quantum Science, and Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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González-Férez R, Iñarrea M, Salas JP, Schmelcher P. Nonlinear dynamics of atoms in a crossed optical dipole trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:062919. [PMID: 25615176 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.062919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We explore the classical dynamics of atoms in an optical dipole trap formed by two identical Gaussian beams propagating in perpendicular directions. The phase space is a mixture of regular and chaotic orbits, the latter becoming dominant as the energy of the atoms increases. The trapping capabilities of these perpendicular Gaussian beams are investigated by considering an atomic ensemble in free motion. After a sudden turn on of the dipole trap, a certain fraction of atoms in the ensemble remains trapped. The majority of these trapped atoms has energies larger than the escape channels, which can be explained by the existence of regular and chaotic orbits with very long escape times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario González-Férez
- Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, and Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain and The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Iñarrea
- Área de Física, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - J Pablo Salas
- Área de Física, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Peter Schmelcher
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany and Zentrum für Optische Quantentechnologien, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Anderson SE, Raithel G. Ionization of Rydberg atoms by standing-wave light fields. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2967. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Wang XB, Woo HK, Wang LS. Vibrational cooling in a cold ion trap: vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of cold C60(-) anions. J Chem Phys 2007; 123:051106. [PMID: 16108622 DOI: 10.1063/1.1998787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate vibrational cooling of anions via collisions with a background gas in an ion trap attached to a cryogenically controlled cold head (10-400 K). Photoelectron spectra of vibrationally cold C60(-) anions, produced by electrospray ionization and cooled in the cold ion trap, have been obtained. Relative to spectra taken at room temperature, vibrational hot bands are completely eliminated, yielding well-resolved vibrational structures and a more accurate electron affinity for neutral C60. The electron affinity of C60 is measured to be 2.683+/-0.008 eV. The cold spectra reveal complicated vibrational structures for the transition to the C60 ground state due to the Jahn-Teller effect in the ground state of C60(-). Vibrational excitations in the two A(g) modes and eight H(g) modes are observed, providing ideal data to assess the vibronic couplings in C60(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bin Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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8
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Abstract
A new type of optical cw atom laser design is proposed that should operate at high intensity and high coherence and possibly record low temperatures. It is based on an "optical-shepherd" technique, in which far-off-resonance blue-detuned swept sheet laser beams are used to make new types of high-density traps, atom waveguides, and other components for achieving very efficient Bose-Einstein condensation and cw atom laser operation. A shepherd-enhanced trap is proposed that should be superior to conventional magneto-optic traps for the initial collection of molasses-cooled atoms. A type of dark-spot optical trap is devised that can cool large numbers of atoms to polarization-gradient temperatures at densities limited only by three-body collisional loss. A scheme is designed to use shepherd beams to capture and recycle essentially all of the escaped atoms in evaporative cooling, thereby increasing the condensate output by several orders of magnitude. Condensate atoms are stored in a shepherd trap, protected from absorbing light, under effectively zero-gravity conditions, and coupled out directly into an optical waveguide. Many experiments and devices may be possible with this cw atom laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Ashkin
- Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies (Retired), Holmdel, NJ 07733-3030, USA.
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9
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Cennini G, Ritt G, Geckeler C, Weitz M. All-optical realization of an atom laser. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:240408. [PMID: 14683100 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.240408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an atom laser using all-optical techniques. A Bose-Einstein condensate of rubidium atoms is created by direct evaporative cooling in a quasistatic dipole trap realized with a single, tightly focused CO2-laser beam. An applied magnetic field gradient allows the formation of the condensate in a field-insensitive m(F)=0 spin projection only, which suppresses fluctuations of the chemical potential from stray magnetic fields. A collimated and monoenergetic beam of atoms is extracted from the Bose-Einstein condensate by continuously lowering the dipole trapping potential in a controlled way to form a novel type of atom laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cennini
- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Presilla C, Onofrio R. Cooling dynamics of ultracold two-species Fermi-Bose mixtures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:030404. [PMID: 12570476 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We compare strategies for evaporative and sympathetic cooling of two-species Fermi-Bose mixtures in single-color and two-color optical dipole traps. We show that in the latter case a large heat capacity of the bosonic species can be maintained during the entire cooling process. This could allow one to efficiently achieve a deep Fermi degeneracy regime having at the same time a significant thermal fraction for the Bose gas, crucial for a precise thermometry of the mixture. Two possible signatures of a superfluid phase transition for the Fermi species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Presilla
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, Roma 00185, Italy
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11
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Takasu Y, Honda K, Komori K, Kuwamoto T, Kumakura M, Takahashi Y, Yabuzaki T. High-density trapping of cold ytterbium atoms by an optical dipole force. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:023003. [PMID: 12570544 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.023003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2001] [Revised: 07/03/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have succeeded in trapping a high density of rare-earth atom of ytterbium (Yb) in a crossed far-off resonance trap. The peak density reaches more than 10(14) cm(-3). With a new method of a delayed crossed far-off resonance trap, we have elucidated that the atoms became concentrated into the cross region by atom-atom collisions. We trap fermionic Yb atoms in the same way as bosonic ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takasu
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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12
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Onofrio R, Presilla C. Reaching fermi degeneracy in two-species optical dipole traps. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:100401. [PMID: 12225175 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We propose the use of a combined optical dipole trap to achieve Fermi degeneracy by sympathetic cooling with a different bosonic species. Two far-detuned pairs of laser beams focused on the atomic clouds are used to confine the two atomic species with different trapping strengths. We show that a deep Fermi degeneracy regime can be potentially achieved earlier than Bose-Einstein condensation, as discussed in the favorable situation of a 6Li-23Na mixture. This opens up the possibility of experimentally investigating a mixture of superfluid Fermi and normal Bose gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Onofrio
- Dipartimento di Fisica G. Galilei, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, Italy
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13
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DeMille D. Quantum computation with trapped polar molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:067901. [PMID: 11863853 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.067901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2001] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel physical realization of a quantum computer. The qubits are electric dipole moments of ultracold diatomic molecules, oriented along or against an external electric field. Individual molecules are held in a 1D trap array, with an electric field gradient allowing spectroscopic addressing of each site. Bits are coupled via the electric dipole-dipole interaction. Using technologies similar to those already demonstrated, this design can plausibly lead to a quantum computer with greater, approximately > or = 10(4) qubits, which can perform approximately 10(5) CNOT gates in the anticipated decoherence time of approximately 5 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- D DeMille
- Department of Physics, P.O. Box 208120, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Barrett MD, Sauer JA, Chapman MS. All-optical formation of an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:010404. [PMID: 11461452 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.010404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have created a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of 87Rb atoms directly in an optical trap. We employ a quasielectrostatic dipole force trap formed by two crossed CO2 laser beams. Loading directly from a sub-Doppler laser-cooled cloud of atoms results in initial phase space densities of approximately 1/200. Evaporatively cooling through the BEC transition is achieved by lowering the power in the trapping beams over approximately 2 s. The resulting condensates are F = 1 spinors with 3.5x10(4) atoms distributed between the m(F) = (-1,0,1) states.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Barrett
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, USA
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15
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O'Hara KM, Gehm ME, Granade SR, Bali S, Thomas JE. Stable, strongly attractive, two-state mixture of lithium fermions in an optical trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 85:2092-2095. [PMID: 10970470 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2000] [Revised: 06/06/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We use an all-optical trap to confine a strongly attractive two-state mixture of lithium fermions. By measuring the rate of evaporation from the trap, we determine the effective elastic scattering cross section 4pia(2) to show that the magnitude of the scattering length |a| is very large, in agreement with predictions. We show that the mixture is stable against inelastic decay provided that a small bias magnetic field is applied. For this system, the s-wave interaction is widely tunable at low magnetic field, and can be turned on and off rapidly via a Raman pi pulse. Hence, this mixture is well suited for fundamental studies of an interacting Fermi gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- KM O'Hara
- Physics Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0305, USA
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Chu AP, Berggren KK, Johnson KS, Prentiss MG. A virtual slit for atom optics and nanolithography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1088/1355-5111/8/3/015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Shi SD, Hendrickson CL, Marshall AG. Counting individual sulfur atoms in a protein by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: experimental resolution of isotopic fine structure in proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:11532-7. [PMID: 9751700 PMCID: PMC21675 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.20.11532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A typical molecular ion mass spectrum consists of a sum of signals from species of various possible isotopic compositions. Only the monoisotopic peak (e.g., all carbons are 12C; all nitrogens are 14N, etc.) has a unique elemental composition. Every other isotope peak at approximately integer multiples of approximately 1 Da higher in nominal mass represents a sum of contributions from isotope combinations differing by a few mDa (e.g., two 13C vs. two 15N vs. one 13C and one 15N vs. 34S, vs. 18O, etc., at approximately 2 Da higher in mass than the monoisotopic mass). At sufficiently high mass resolving power, each of these nominal-mass peaks resolves into its isotopic fine structure. Here, we report resolution of the isotopic fine structure of proteins up to 15.8 kDa (isotopic 13C,15N doubly depleted tumor suppressor protein, p16), made possible by electrospray ionization followed by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass analysis at 9.4 tesla. Further, a resolving power of m/Deltam50% approximately 8,000,000 has been achieved on bovine ubiquitin (8.6 kDa). These results represent a 10-fold increase in the highest mass at which isotopic fine structure previously had been observed. Finally, because isotopic fine structure reveals elemental composition directly, it can be used to confirm or determine molecular formula. For p16, for example, we were able to determine (5.1 +/- 0.3) the correct number (five) of sulfur atoms solely from the abundance ratio of the resolved 34S peak to the monoisotopic peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-3006, USA
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18
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Gajda M, Krekora P, Mostowski J. Light scattering by an ultracold trapped atom. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 54:928-942. [PMID: 9913551 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.54.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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19
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Ketterle W. Bose-Einstein condensation of a finite number of particles trapped in one or three dimensions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 54:656-660. [PMID: 9913521 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.54.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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20
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van Druten NJ, Townsend CG, Andrews MR, Durfce DS, Kurn DM, Mewes MO, Ketterle W. Bose-Einstein condensates—a new form of quantum matter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02548113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Boiron D, Michaud A, Lemonde P, Castin Y, Salomon C, Weyers S, Szymaniec K, Cognet L, Clairon A. Laser cooling of cesium atoms in gray optical molasses down to 1.1 microK. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 53:R3734-R3737. [PMID: 9913455 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.r3734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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22
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Lee HJ, Adams CS, Kasevich M, Chu S. Raman cooling of atoms in an optical dipole trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 76:2658-2661. [PMID: 10060756 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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23
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Cirac JI, Lewenstein M. Pumping atoms into a Bose-Einstein condensate in the boson-accumulation regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 53:2466-2476. [PMID: 9913159 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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24
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Lewenstein M, You L. Ground state of a weakly interacting Bose gas of atoms in a tight trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 53:909-915. [PMID: 9912965 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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25
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Moerdijk AJ, Verhaar BJ. Collisional two- and three-body decay rates of dilute quantum gases at ultralow temperatures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 53:R19-R22. [PMID: 9912932 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.r19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Abstract
We demonstrate a quasi-electrostatic trap for cold Cs atoms, using a focused 20-W CO(2) laser beam (lambda = 10.6 microm). Excluding background gas collisions, we measure a trap loss rate of 0.30(33) atoms/s, which is consistent with the calculated photon-limited loss rate of 3 x 10(-11) atoms/s. We measure a ground-state hyperfine population relaxation lifetime of at least 10 s.
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Lawall J, Kulin S, Saubamea B, Bigelow N, Leduc M, Cohen-Tannoudji C. Three-Dimensional Laser Cooling of Helium Beyond the Single-Photon Recoil Limit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 75:4194-4197. [PMID: 10059843 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.4194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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28
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Cirac JI, Lewenstein M. Cooling of atoms in external fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1995; 52:4737-4740. [PMID: 9912814 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.52.4737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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29
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Davis KB, Mewes M, Andrews MR, Durfee DS, Kurn DM, Ketterle W. Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 75:3969-3973. [PMID: 10059782 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.3969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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30
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Gibble K, Chang S, Legere R. Direct observation of s-wave atomic collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 75:2666-2669. [PMID: 10059374 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.2666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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31
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Doyle JM, Friedrich B, Kim J, Patterson D. Buffer-gas loading of atoms and molecules into a magnetic trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1995; 52:R2515-R2518. [PMID: 9912638 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.52.r2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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32
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Bradley CC, Sackett CA, Tollett JJ, Hulet RG. Evidence of Bose-Einstein Condensation in an Atomic Gas with Attractive Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 75:1687-1690. [PMID: 10060366 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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33
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Anderson MH, Ensher JR, Matthews MR, Wieman CE, Cornell EA. Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor. Science 1995; 269:198-201. [PMID: 17789847 DOI: 10.1126/science.269.5221.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 905] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A Bose-Einstein condensate was produced in a vapor of rubidium-87 atoms that was confined by magnetic fields and evaporatively cooled. The condensate fraction first appeared near a temperature of 170 nanokelvin and a number density of 2.5 x 10(12) per cubic centimeter and could be preserved for more than 15 seconds. Three primary signatures of Bose-Einstein condensation were seen. (i) On top of a broad thermal velocity distribution, a narrow peak appeared that was centered at zero velocity. (ii) The fraction of the atoms that were in this low-velocity peak increased abruptly as the sample temperature was lowered. (iii) The peak exhibited a nonthermal, anisotropic velocity distribution expected of the minimum-energy quantum state of the magnetic trap in contrast to the isotropic, thermal velocity distribution observed in the broad uncondensed fraction.
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