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de La Rochefoucauld O, Dovillaire G, Harms F, Idir M, Huang L, Levecq X, Piponnier M, Zeitoun P. EUV and Hard X-ray Hartmann Wavefront Sensing for Optical Metrology, Alignment and Phase Imaging. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030874. [PMID: 33525501 PMCID: PMC7865934 DOI: 10.3390/s21030874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
For more than 15 years, Imagine Optic have developed Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV) and X-ray Hartmann wavefront sensors for metrology and imaging applications. These sensors are compatible with a wide range of X-ray sources: from synchrotrons, Free Electron Lasers, laser-driven betatron and plasma-based EUV lasers to High Harmonic Generation. In this paper, we first describe the principle of a Hartmann sensor and give some key parameters to design a high-performance sensor. We also present different applications from metrology (for manual or automatic alignment of optics), to soft X-ray source optimization and X-ray imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume Dovillaire
- Imagine Optic, 18 rue Charles de Gaulle, 91400 Orsay, France; (G.D.); (F.H.); (X.L.); (M.P.)
| | - Fabrice Harms
- Imagine Optic, 18 rue Charles de Gaulle, 91400 Orsay, France; (G.D.); (F.H.); (X.L.); (M.P.)
| | - Mourad Idir
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, 50 Rutherford Drive, Upton, NY 11973, USA; (M.I.); (L.H.)
| | - Lei Huang
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, 50 Rutherford Drive, Upton, NY 11973, USA; (M.I.); (L.H.)
| | - Xavier Levecq
- Imagine Optic, 18 rue Charles de Gaulle, 91400 Orsay, France; (G.D.); (F.H.); (X.L.); (M.P.)
| | - Martin Piponnier
- Imagine Optic, 18 rue Charles de Gaulle, 91400 Orsay, France; (G.D.); (F.H.); (X.L.); (M.P.)
| | - Philippe Zeitoun
- Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée, CNRS, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique IP Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France;
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2
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Kabacinski A, Tissandier F, Gautier J, Goddet JP, Tafzi A, Sebban S. Monitoring shot-to-shot variations of soft x-ray sources using aluminum foils. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:103001. [PMID: 33138578 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a straightforward beam splitter in the soft x-ray spectral range using a thin oxidized aluminum foil. As it allows us to monitor reliably shot-to-shot variations in energy and in energy distribution, this beam splitter is of high interest for the simultaneous use of diagnostics for soft x-rays sources. We measure a transmission of 0.5 and a reflectivity of 0.018 at 22.5° of incidence with a soft x-ray laser working at 32.8 nm. These values are in good agreement with the theory. As the theory predicts a reflectivity and a transmission of both 12% at 52.5° of incidence for 32.8 nm, it can also be useful for experiments that require the division and recombination of a beam, for instance, interferometry or pump-probe technique with an intense soft x-ray source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Kabacinski
- Laboratoire D'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA-Paristech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Bv des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - Fabien Tissandier
- Laboratoire D'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA-Paristech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Bv des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - Julien Gautier
- Laboratoire D'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA-Paristech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Bv des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Goddet
- Laboratoire D'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA-Paristech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Bv des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - Amar Tafzi
- Laboratoire D'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA-Paristech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Bv des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphane Sebban
- Laboratoire D'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA-Paristech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Bv des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
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3
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Valdivia MP, Stutman D, Stoeckl C, Mileham C, Zou J, Muller S, Kaiser K, Sorce C, Keiter PA, Fein JR, Trantham M, Drake RP, Regan SP. Implementation of a Talbot-Lau x-ray deflectometer diagnostic platform for the OMEGA EP laser. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:023511. [PMID: 32113451 DOI: 10.1063/1.5123919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A Talbot-Lau X-ray Deflectometer (TXD) was implemented in the OMEGA EP laser facility to characterize the evolution of an irradiated foil ablation front by mapping electron densities >1022 cm-3 by means of Moiré deflectometry. The experiment used a short-pulse laser (30-100 J, 10 ps) and a foil copper target as an x-ray backlighter source. In the first experimental tests performed to benchmark the diagnostic platform, grating survival was demonstrated and x-ray backlighter laser parameters that deliver Moiré images were described. The necessary modifications to accurately probe the ablation front through TXD using the EP-TXD diagnostic platform are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Valdivia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - D Stutman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - C Stoeckl
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Mileham
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J Zou
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - S Muller
- General Atomics, Inertial Fusion Technology, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - K Kaiser
- Microworks GmbH, 76137 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C Sorce
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - P A Keiter
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA
| | - J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M Trantham
- Climate and Space Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - R P Drake
- Climate and Space Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - S P Regan
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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4
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Davidson ZE, Gonzalez-Izquierdo B, Higginson A, Lancaster KL, Williamson SDR, King M, Farley D, Neely D, McKenna P, Gray RJ. An optically multiplexed single-shot time-resolved probe of laser-plasma dynamics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:4416-4423. [PMID: 30876060 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.004416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new approach to temporally resolve ultrafast micron-scale processes via the use of a multi-channel optical probe. We demonstrate that this technique enables highly precise time-resolved, two-dimensional spatial imaging of intense laser pulse propagation dynamics, plasma formation and laser beam filamentation within a single pulse over four distinct time frames. The design, development and optimization of the optical probe system is presented, as are representative experimental results from the first implementation of the multi-channel probe with a high-power laser pulse interaction with a helium gas jet target.
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Crandall
- Director of the Office of Inertial Fusion and the NIF Defense Programs Department of Energy Washington DC 20585
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6
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Kettle B, Dzelzainis T, White S, Li L, Dromey B, Zepf M, Lewis CLS, Williams G, Künzel S, Fajardo M, Dacasa H, Zeitoun P, Rigby A, Gregori G, Spindloe C, Heathcote R, Riley D. Experimental measurements of the collisional absorption of XUV radiation in warm dense aluminium. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:023203. [PMID: 27627403 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.023203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The collisional (or free-free) absorption of soft x rays in warm dense aluminium remains an unsolved problem. Competing descriptions of the process exist, two of which we compare to our experimental data here. One of these is based on a weak scattering model, another uses a corrected classical approach. These two models show distinctly different behaviors with temperature. Here we describe experimental evidence for the absorption of 26-eV photons in solid density warm aluminium (T_{e}≈1 eV). Radiative x-ray heating from palladium-coated CH foils was used to create the warm dense aluminium samples and a laser-driven high-harmonic beam from an argon gas jet provided the probe. The results indicate little or no change in absorption upon heating. This behavior is in agreement with the prediction of the corrected classical approach, although there is not agreement in absolute absorption value. Verifying the correct absorption mechanism is decisive in providing a better understanding of the complex behavior of the warm dense state.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kettle
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - T Dzelzainis
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - S White
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - L Li
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - B Dromey
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - M Zepf
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - C L S Lewis
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - G Williams
- Group of Lasers and Plasmas, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Künzel
- Group of Lasers and Plasmas, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Fajardo
- Group of Lasers and Plasmas, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - H Dacasa
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 Boulevard des Marchaux, 91762 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Ph Zeitoun
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 Boulevard des Marchaux, 91762 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - A Rigby
- Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - G Gregori
- Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - C Spindloe
- Central Laser Facility, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - R Heathcote
- Central Laser Facility, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - D Riley
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
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7
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Wang Y, Yin L, Wang S, Marconi MC, Dunn J, Gullikson E, Rocca JJ. Single-shot soft x-ray laser linewidth measurement using a grating interferometer. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:5004-5007. [PMID: 24281495 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.005004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The linewidth of a 14.7 nm wavelength Ni-like Pd soft x-ray laser was measured in a single shot using a soft x-ray diffraction grating interferometer. The instrument uses the time delay introduced by the gratings across the beam to measure the temporal coherence. The spectral linewidth of the 4d1S0-4p1P1 Ni-like Pd lasing line was measured to be Δλ/λ=3×10(-5) from the Fourier transform of the fringe visibility. This single shot linewidth measurement technique provides a rapid and accurate way to determine the temporal coherence of soft x-ray lasers that can contribute to the development of femtosecond plasma-based soft x-ray lasers.
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8
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Sobierajski R, Loch RA, van de Kruijs RWE, Louis E, von Blanckenhagen G, Gullikson EM, Siewert F, Wawro A, Bijkerk F. Mo/Si multilayer-coated amplitude-division beam splitters for XUV radiation sources. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2013; 20:249-57. [PMID: 23412481 PMCID: PMC3573871 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049512049990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Amplitude-division beam splitters for XUV radiation sources have been developed and extensively characterized. Mo/Si multilayer coatings were deposited on 50 nm-thick SiN membranes. By changing the multilayer structure (periodicity, number of bilayers, etc.) the intensity of the reflected and transmitted beams were optimized for selected incident radiation parameters (wavelength, incident angle). The developed optical elements were characterized by means of XUV reflectometry and transmission measurements, atomic force microscopy and optical interferometry. Special attention was paid to the spatial homogeneity of the optical response and reflected beam wavefront distortions. Here the results of the characterization are presented and improvements required for advanced applications at XUV free-electron lasers are identified. A flatness as low as 4 nm r.m.s. on 3 × 3 mm beam splitters and 22 nm r.m.s. on 10 × 10 mm beam splitters has been obtained. The high-spatial-frequency surface roughness was about 0.7-1 nm r.m.s. The middle-spatial-frequency roughness was in the range 0.2-0.8 nm r.m.s. The reflection and transmission of the beam splitters were found to be very homogeneous, with a deviation of less than 2% across the full optical element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Sobierajski
- FOM-Institute DIFFER, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rolf Antonie Loch
- FOM-Institute DIFFER, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eric Louis
- FOM-Institute DIFFER, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eric M. Gullikson
- Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Frank Siewert
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin/BESSY-II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrzej Wawro
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Fred Bijkerk
- FOM-Institute DIFFER, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology at the University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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9
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Zhang C, Yao J, Umran FA, Ni J, Zeng B, Li G, Lin D. Enhanced narrow-bandwidth emission during high-order harmonic generation from aligned molecules. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:3259-3264. [PMID: 23481785 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.003259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the selective enhancement of high-harmonic generation (HHG) in a small spectral range when an orthogonal-polarized two-color laser field interacts with aligned O(2) molecules. It is shown clearly that the enhanced narrow-bandwidth emission near the cutoff of the HHG spectrum can be effectively controlled by the molecular alignment angle, laser intensity and the relative phase of two-color laser fields. Furthermore, the strong dependence of narrow-bandwidth HHG on molecular alignment angle indicates that it encodes information about O(2) molecular orbitals, so it may be an alternative method for reconstruction of O(2) molecular orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojin Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China.
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10
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Daido H, Nishiuchi M, Pirozhkov AS. Review of laser-driven ion sources and their applications. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2012; 75:056401. [PMID: 22790586 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/5/056401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
For many years, laser-driven ion acceleration, mainly proton acceleration, has been proposed and a number of proof-of-principle experiments have been carried out with lasers whose pulse duration was in the nanosecond range. In the 1990s, ion acceleration in a relativistic plasma was demonstrated with ultra-short pulse lasers based on the chirped pulse amplification technique which can provide not only picosecond or femtosecond laser pulse duration, but simultaneously ultra-high peak power of terawatt to petawatt levels. Starting from the year 2000, several groups demonstrated low transverse emittance, tens of MeV proton beams with a conversion efficiency of up to several percent. The laser-accelerated particle beams have a duration of the order of a few picoseconds at the source, an ultra-high peak current and a broad energy spectrum, which make them suitable for many, including several unique, applications. This paper reviews, firstly, the historical background including the early laser-matter interaction studies on energetic ion acceleration relevant to inertial confinement fusion. Secondly, we describe several implemented and proposed mechanisms of proton and/or ion acceleration driven by ultra-short high-intensity lasers. We pay special attention to relatively simple models of several acceleration regimes. The models connect the laser, plasma and proton/ion beam parameters, predicting important features, such as energy spectral shape, optimum conditions and scalings under these conditions for maximum ion energy, conversion efficiency, etc. The models also suggest possible ways to manipulate the proton/ion beams by tailoring the target and irradiation conditions. Thirdly, we review experimental results on proton/ion acceleration, starting with the description of driving lasers. We list experimental results and show general trends of parameter dependences and compare them with the theoretical predictions and simulations. The fourth topic includes a review of scientific, industrial and medical applications of laser-driven proton or ion sources, some of which have already been established, while the others are yet to be demonstrated. In most applications, the laser-driven ion sources are complementary to the conventional accelerators, exhibiting significantly different properties. Finally, we summarize the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Daido
- Applied Laser Technology Institute, Tsuruga Head Office, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Kizaki, Tsuruga-shi, Fukui-ken 914-8585, Japan.
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11
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Börner M, Fils J, Frank A, Blažević A, Hessling T, Pelka A, Schaumann G, Schökel A, Schumacher D, Basko MM, Maruhn J, Tauschwitz A, Roth M. Development of a Nomarski-type multi-frame interferometer as a time and space resolving diagnostics for the free electron density of laser-generated plasma. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:043501. [PMID: 22559530 DOI: 10.1063/1.3701366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This article reports on the development and set-up of a Nomarski-type multi-frame interferometer as a time and space resolving diagnostics of the free electron density in laser-generated plasma. The interferometer allows the recording of a series of 4 images within 6 ns of a single laser-plasma interaction. For the setup presented here, the minimal accessible free electron density is 5 × 10(18) cm(-3), the maximal one is 2 × 10(20) cm(-3). Furthermore, it provides a resolution of the electron density in space of 50 μm and in time of 0.5 ns for one image with a customizable magnification in space for each of the 4 images. The electron density was evaluated from the interferograms using an Abel inversion algorithm. The functionality of the system was proven during first experiments and the experimental results are presented and discussed. A ray tracing procedure was realized to verify the interferometry pictures taken. In particular, the experimental results are compared to simulations and show excellent agreement, providing a conclusive picture of the evolution of the electron density distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Börner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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12
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Gartside LMR, Tallents GJ, Rossall AK, Wagenaars E, Whittaker DS, Kozlová M, Nejdl J, Sawicka M, Polan J, Kalal M, Rus B. Extreme ultraviolet interferometry of warm dense matter in laser plasmas. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:3820-3822. [PMID: 21082008 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.003820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that interferometric probing with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) laser light enables determination of the degree of ionization of the "warm dense matter" produced between the critical and ablation surfaces of laser plasmas. Interferometry has been utilized to measure both transmission and phase information for an EUV laser beam at the photon energy of 58.5 eV, probing longitudinally through laser-irradiated plastic (parylene-N) targets (thickness 350 nm) irradiated by a 300 ps duration pulse of wavelength 438 nm and peak irradiance 10(12) W cm(-2). The transmission of the EUV probe beam provides a measure of the rate of target ablation, as ablated plasma becomes close to transparent when the photon energy is less than the ionization energy of the predominant ion species. We show that refractive indices η below the solid parylene N (η(solid) = 0.946) and expected plasma values are produced in the warm dense plasma created by laser irradiation due to bound-free absorption in C(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- L M R Gartside
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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13
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Purvis MA, Grava J, Filevich J, Ryan DP, Moon SJ, Dunn J, Shlyaptsev VN, Rocca JJ. Collimation of dense plasma jets created by low-energy laser pulses and studied with soft x-ray laser interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:036408. [PMID: 20365883 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.036408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The physical mechanisms driving the collimation of dense plasma jets created by low-energy ( approximately 0.6 J) laser pulse irradiation of triangular grooves were studied for different target materials using soft-x-ray interferometry and hydrodynamic code simulations. The degree of collimation of jets created by irradiating C, Al, Cu, and Mo targets at intensities of I=1x10(12) W cm(-2) with 120 ps laser pulses was observed to increase significantly with the atomic number. Radiation cooling is found to be the cause of the increased collimation, while the main effect of the increase in mass is to slow the jet evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Purvis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, NSF ERC for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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14
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Zastrau U, Fortmann C, Fäustlin RR, Cao LF, Döppner T, Düsterer S, Glenzer SH, Gregori G, Laarmann T, Lee HJ, Przystawik A, Radcliffe P, Reinholz H, Röpke G, Thiele R, Tiggesbäumker J, Truong NX, Toleikis S, Uschmann I, Wierling A, Tschentscher T, Förster E, Redmer R. Bremsstrahlung and line spectroscopy of warm dense aluminum plasma heated by xuv free-electron-laser radiation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 78:066406. [PMID: 19256961 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.78.066406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the creation of solid-density aluminum plasma using free-electron laser (FEL) radiation at 13.5nm wavelength. Ultrashort pulses were focused on a bulk Al target, yielding an intensity of 2x10;{14}Wcm;{2} . The radiation emitted from the plasma was measured using an xuv spectrometer. Bremsstrahlung and line intensity ratios yield consistent electron temperatures of about 38eV , supported by radiation hydrodynamics simulations. This shows that xuv FELs heat up plasmas volumetrically and homogeneously at warm-dense-matter conditions, which are accurately characterized by xuv spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Zastrau
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Max-Wien Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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15
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Liu Y, Tan X, Liu Z, Xu X, Hong Y, Fu S. Soft X-ray holographic grating beam splitter including a double frequency grating for interferometer pre-alignment. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:14761-14770. [PMID: 18795013 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.014761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Grating beam splitters have been fabricated for soft X-ray Mach- Zehnder interferometer using holographic interference lithography. The grating beam splitter consists of two gratings, one works at X-ray laser wavelength of 13.9 nm with the spatial frequency of 1000 lines/mm as the operation grating, the other works at visible wavelength of 632.8 nm for pre-aligning the X-ray interferometer with the spatial frequency of 22 lines/mm as the pre-alignment grating. The two gratings lie vertically on the same substrate. The main feature of the beam splitter is the use of low-spatial- frequency beat grating of a holographic double frequency grating as the pre-alignment grating of the X-ray interferometer. The grating line parallelism between the two gratings can be judged by observing the diffraction patterns of the pre-alignment grating directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Grava J, Purvis MA, Filevich J, Marconi MC, Rocca JJ, Dunn J, Moon SJ, Shlyaptsev VN. Dynamics of a dense laboratory plasma jet investigated using soft x-ray laser interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 78:016403. [PMID: 18764063 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.78.016403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The formation and evolution of a collisional aluminum plasma jet created by optical laser irradiation of triangular grooves with pulses of 120ps duration at an intensity of 1x10(12)W cm(-2) were studied with experiments and simulations. Series of high-contrast soft x-ray laser interferograms obtained with a 46.9nm laser mapped the plasma density evolution of an initially narrow plasma jet that expands along the symmetry plane and evolves into a broader plasma plume with significant side lobes. Two-dimensional simulations performed using the radiation hydrodynamic code HYDRA reveal that the jet formation is initiated by accelerated material ablated from the vertex and is augmented by the continual sequential arrival of wall material along the symmetry plane, where it collides and is redirected outward. Radiative cooling is identified as an important process in maintaining the collimation of the jet. These results demonstrate that well collimated collisional plasma jets with parameters in a range of interest can be generated with low-energy laser pulses (<1J) , opening the possibility of studying relevant plasma phenomena in a small laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Grava
- NSF ERC for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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17
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Filevich J, Grava J, Purvis M, Marconi MC, Rocca JJ, Nilsen J, Dunn J, Johnson WR. Prediction and observation of tin and silver plasmas with index of refraction greater than one in the soft x-ray range. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 74:016404. [PMID: 16907195 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.74.016404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We present the calculated prediction and the experimental confirmation that doubly ionized Ag and Sn plasmas can have an index of refraction greater than one for soft x-ray wavelengths. Interferometry experiments conducted using a capillary discharge soft x-ray laser operating at a wavelength of confirm that in few times ionized laser-created plasmas of these elements the anomalous dispersion from bound electrons can dominate the free electron contribution, making the index of refraction greater than one. The results confirm that bound electrons can strongly influence the index of refraction of numerous plasmas over a broad range of soft x-ray wavelengths confirming recent observations. The understanding of index of refraction at short wavelengths will become even more essential during the next decade as x-ray free electron lasers will become available to probe a wider variety of plasmas at higher densities and shorter wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Filevich
- Department of Physics, National Science Foundation ERC for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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18
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Nilsen J, Johnson WR. Plasma interferometry and how the bound-electron contribution can bend fringes in unexpected ways. APPLIED OPTICS 2005; 44:7295-301. [PMID: 16353798 DOI: 10.1364/ao.44.007295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing a new average atom code, we calculate the index of refraction in C, Al, Ti, and Pd plasmas and show many conditions over which the bound-electron contribution dominates the free electrons as we explore photon energies from the optical to 100 eV (12 nm) soft x rays. For decades measurement of the electron density in plasmas by interferometers has relied on the approximation that the index of refraction in a plasma is due solely to the free electrons and therefore is less than 1. Recent measurements of Al plasmas using x-ray laser interferometers observed fringes bending in the opposite direction than expected due to the bound-electron contribution causing the index of refraction to be larger than 1. During the next decade x-ray free-electron lasers and other sources will be available to probe a wider variety of plasmas at higher densities and shorter wavelengths, so understanding the index of refraction in plasmas is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Nilsen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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19
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Smith RF, Dunn J, Filevich J, Moon S, Nilsen J, Keenan R, Shlyaptsev VN, Rocca JJ, Hunter JR, Marconi MC. Plasma conditions for improved energy coupling into the gain region of the Ni-like Pd transient collisional x-ray laser. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 72:036404. [PMID: 16241576 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.72.036404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have directly probed the conditions in which the Ni-like Pd transient collisional x-ray laser is generated and propagates by measuring the near-field image and by utilizing picosecond resolution soft x-ray laser interferometry of the preformed Pd plasma gain medium. The electron density and gain region of the plasma have been determined experimentally and are found to be in good agreement with simulations. We observe a strong dependence of the laser pump-gain medium coupling on the laser pump parameters. The most efficient coupling occurs with the formation of lower density gradients in the preformed plasma and when the duration of the main heating pulse is comparable to the gain lifetime (approximately 10 ps for mid- Z Ni-like schemes). This increases the output intensity by more than an order of magnitude relative to the commonly utilized case where the same pumping energy is delivered within a shorter heating pulse duration (<3 ps) . In contrast, the higher intensity heating pulses are observed to be absorbed at higher electron densities and in regions where steep density gradients limit the effective length of the gain medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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20
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Filevich J, Rocca JJ, Marconi MC, Moon SJ, Nilsen J, Scofield JH, Dunn J, Smith RF, Keenan R, Hunter JR, Shlyaptsev VN. Observation of a multiply ionized plasma with index of refraction greater than one. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:035005. [PMID: 15698278 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.035005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present clear experimental evidence showing that the contribution of bound electrons can dominate the index of refraction of laser-created plasmas at soft x-ray wavelengths. We report anomalous fringe shifts in soft x-ray laser interferograms of Al laser-created plasmas. The comparison of measured and simulated interferograms shows that this results from the dominant contribution of low charge ions to the index of refraction. This usually neglected bound electron contribution can affect the propagation of soft x-ray radiation in plasmas and the interferometric diagnostics of plasmas for many elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Filevich
- NSF ERC for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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21
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Nilsen J, Scofield JH. Plasmas with an index of refraction greater than 1. OPTICS LETTERS 2004; 29:2677-2679. [PMID: 15552682 DOI: 10.1364/ol.29.002677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, x-ray lasers in the wavelength range 14-47 nm have been used for interferometry of plasmas. As in optical interferometry of plasmas, the experimental analysis assumed that the index of refraction is due only to free electrons. This makes the index of refraction less than 1. Recent experiments in A1 plasmas have shown fringe lines bending the wrong way as though the electron density were negative. We show how the bound electrons can dominate the index of refraction in many plasmas and make the index greater than 1 or enhance the index such that one would greatly overestimate the density of the plasma using interferometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Nilsen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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22
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Filevich J, Rocca JJ, Marconi MC, Smith RF, Dunn J, Keenan R, Hunter JR, Moon SJ, Nilsen J, Ng A, Shlyaptsev VN. Picosecond-resolution soft-x-ray laser plasma interferometry. APPLIED OPTICS 2004; 43:3938-3946. [PMID: 15250561 DOI: 10.1364/ao.43.003938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe a soft-x-ray laser interferometry technique that allows two-dimensional diagnosis of plasma electron density with picosecond time resolution. It consists of the combination of a robust high-throughput amplitude-division interferometer and a 14.7-nm transient-inversion soft-x-ray laser that produces approximately 5-ps pulses. Because of its picosecond resolution and short-wavelength scalability, this technique has the potential for extending the high inherent precision of soft-x-ray laser interferometry to the study of very dense plasmas of significant fundamental and practical interest, such as those investigated for inertial confinement fusion. Results of its use in the diagnostics of dense large-scale laser-created plasmas are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Filevich
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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23
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Lucianetti A, Janulewicz KA, Kroemer R, Priebe G, Tümmler J, Sandner W, Nickles PV, Redkorechev VI. Transverse spatial coherence of a transient nickellike silver soft-x-ray laser pumped by a single picosecond laser pulse. OPTICS LETTERS 2004; 29:881-883. [PMID: 15119409 DOI: 10.1364/ol.29.000881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The degree of spatial coherence in the direction perpendicular to the target surface is reported for a transient nickellike silver x-ray laser at 13.9 nm. An x-ray laser plasma column was produced by irradiating a slab silver target with a single shaped picosecond laser pulse with energy less than 3 J. Young's double-slit method was applied to measure the fringe visibility as a function of the slit separation for different target lengths. The diameter of the equivalent incoherent source and the coherence radius of the output radiation were determined as well.
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24
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Smith RF, Dunn J, Hunter JR, Nilsen J, Hubert S, Jacquemot S, Remond C, Marmoret R, Fajardo M, Zeitoun P, Vanbostal L, Lewis CLS, Ravet MF, Delmotte F. Longitudinal coherence measurements of a transient collisional x-ray laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2003; 28:2261-2263. [PMID: 14649961 DOI: 10.1364/ol.28.002261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present what is to our knowledge the first longitudinal coherence measurement of a transient inversion collisional x-ray laser. We investigated the picosecond output of a Ni-like Pd x-ray laser at 14.68 nm generated by the COMET laser facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Interference fringes were generated with a Michelson interferometer setup in which a thin multilayer membrane was used as a beam splitter. We determined the longitudinal coherence for the 4d1S0 --> 4p1P1 lasing transition to be approximately 400 microm (1/e half-width) by changing the length of one interferometer arm and measuring the resultant variation in fringe visibility. The inferred gain-narrowed linewidth of approximately 0.29 pm is a factor of 4 less than previously measured in quasi-steady-state x-ray laser schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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25
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Wang Z, Wu Y, Tang W, Qin S, Chen L, Xu X, Hong Y, Fu S, Zhu J, Cui M. Fabrication of the beam splitters for soft X-ray laser application. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03183980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Filevich J, Rocca JJ, Jankowska E, Hammarsten EC, Kanizay K, Marconi MC, Moon SJ, Shlyaptsev VN. Two-dimensional effects in laser-created plasmas measured with soft-x-ray laser interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2003; 67:056409. [PMID: 12786289 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.67.056409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soft-x-ray laser interferograms of laser-created plasmas generated at moderate irradiation intensities (1 x 10(11)-7 x 10(12) W cm(-2)) with lambda=1.06 microm light pulses of approximately 13-ns-FWHM (full width at half maximum) duration and narrow focus (approximately 30 microm) reveal the unexpected formation of an inverted density profile with a density minimum on axis and distinct plasma sidelobes. Model simulations show that this strong two-dimensional hydrodynamic behavior is essentially a universal phenomena that is the result of plasma radiation induced mass ablation and cooling in the areas surrounding the focal spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Filevich
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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27
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Baker KL, Brase J, Kartz M, Olivier SS, Sawvel B, Tucker J. Electron density characterization by use of a broadband x-ray-compatible wave-front sensor. OPTICS LETTERS 2003; 28:149-151. [PMID: 12656314 DOI: 10.1364/ol.28.000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The use of a Hartmann wave-front sensor to accurately measure the line-integrated electron density gradients formed in laser-produced and z-pinch plasma experiments is examined. This wave-front sensor may be used with a soft-x-ray laser as well as with incoherent line emission at multikilovolt x-ray energies. This diagnostic is significantly easier to use than interferometery and moiré deflectometry, both of which have been demonstrated with soft-x-ray lasers. This scheme is experimentally demonstrated in the visible region by use of a Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor and a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator to simulate a phase profile that could occur when an x-ray probe passes through a plasma. The merits of using a Hartmann sensor include a wide dynamic range, broadband or low-coherence-length light capability, high x-ray efficiency, two-dimensional gradient determination, multiplexing capability, and experimental simplicity. Hartmann sensors could also be utilized for wavelength testing of extreme-ultraviolet lithography components and x-ray phase imaging of biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Baker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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28
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Delmotte F, Ravet MF, Bridou F, Varnière F, Zeitoun P, Hubert S, Vanbostal L, Soullie G. X-ray-ultraviolet beam splitters for the Michelson interferometer. APPLIED OPTICS 2002; 41:5905-5912. [PMID: 12371548 DOI: 10.1364/ao.41.005905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of realizing a Michelson interferometer working at 13.9 nm, we have developed a symmetrical beam splitter with multilayers deposited on the front and back sides of a silicon nitride membrane. On the basis of the experimental optical properties of the membrane, simulations have been performed to define the multilayer structure that provides the highest reflectivity-transmission product. Optimized Mo-Si multilayers have been successfully deposited on both sides of t he membrane by use of the ion-beam sputtering technique, with a thickness-period reproducibility of 0.1 nm. Measurements by means of synchrotron radiation at 13.9 nm and at an angle of 45 degrees provide a reflectivity of 14.2% and a transmission of 15.2% for a 60% s-polarized light, close to the simulated values. Such a beam splitter has been used for x-ray laser Michelson interferometry at 13.9 nm. The first interferogram is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Delmotte
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry de l'Institut d'Optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orsay, France.
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29
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Smith RF, Dunn J, Nilsen J, Shlyaptsev VN, Moon S, Filevich J, Rocca JJ, Marconi MC, Hunter JR, Barbee TW. Picosecond x-ray laser interferometry of dense plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:065004. [PMID: 12190592 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.065004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present the first results from picosecond interferometry of dense laser-produced plasmas using a soft x-ray laser. The picosecond duration and short wavelength of the 14.7 nm Ni-like Pd laser mitigates effects associated with motion blurring and refraction through millimeter-scale plasmas. This enables direct measurement of the electron-density profile to within 10 microm of the target surface. A series of high-quality two-dimensional (2D) density measurements provide unambiguous characterization of the time evolution in a fast-evolving plasma suitable for validation of existing 1D and 2D hydrodynamic codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California 94551, USA
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30
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Fu X, Guo H. Laser-plasma electron-density measurement using x-ray interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 65:067401. [PMID: 12188876 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.65.067401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2002] [Revised: 03/08/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the propagation of x-rays in laser-produced plasma is studied both analytically and numerically. The coupling relation between phase and amplitude of x-rays is derived, the solutions with higher-order corrections are given where the higher-order electron-density gradients have been taken into account. An important parameter eta was introduced, which is related to the errors of the electron-density measurement using x-ray interferometry. It is justified that so long as eta<1, the x-ray interferometry can be used for the measurement of electron density and for greater value of eta, higher-order modifications are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiquan Fu
- Laboratory of Light Transmission Optics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China
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31
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Le Pape S, Zeitoun P, Idir M, Dhez P, Rocca JJ, François M. Electromagnetic-field distribution measurements in the soft x-ray range: full characterization of a soft x-ray laser beam. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:183901. [PMID: 12005683 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.183901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report direct measurement of the electromagnetic-field spatial distribution in a neonlike Ar capillary discharge-driven soft x-ray laser beam. The wave front was fully characterized in a single shot using a Shack-Hartmann diffractive optics sensor. The wave front was observed to be dependent on the discharge pressure and capillary length, as a result of beam refraction variations in the capillary plasma. The results predict approximately 70% of the laser beam energy can be focused into an area 4 times the size of the diffraction-limited spot, reaching intensities of approximately 4 x 10(13) W/cm(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Le Pape
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique et Ionique, Bâtiment 350, Université Paris-sud, 91405 Orsay, France
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32
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Guo H, Liu TC, Fu X, Hu W, Yu S. Beam propagation of x rays in a laser-produced plasma and a modified relation of interferometry in measuring the electron density. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2001; 63:066401. [PMID: 11415229 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.63.066401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, using a quantum mechanical technique and introducing the so-called V representation (where the representation transformation is made by using the potential Hamiltonian V), we studied x-ray propagation in a linear plasma medium both analytically and numerically. A modified relation between the phase of the probe and the reference light and the electron density of the plasma is derived, in which the contribution of the gradient of the electron density has been taken into account. It is shown that this relation has the advantage in measurements of the electron density of a plasma using the x-ray interferometry technique of lessening the errors originating from the electron density gradient. The validity of x-ray interferometry is discussed in both mathematical and physical terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Guo
- Laboratory of Light Transmission Optics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.
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33
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Takahashi K, Kodama R, Tanaka KA, Hashimoto H, Kato Y, Mima K, Weber FA, Barbee TW. Laser-hole boring into overdense plasmas measured with soft X-Ray laser probing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 84:2405-2408. [PMID: 11018896 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A laser self-focused channel formation into overdense plasmas was observed using a soft x-ray laser probe system with a grid image refractometry (GIR) technique. 1.053 &mgr;m laser light with a 100 ps pulse duration was focused onto a preformed plasma at an intensity of 2x10(17) W/cm (2). Cross sections of the channel were obtained which show a 30 &mgr;m diameter in overdense plasmas. The channel width in the overdense region was kept narrow as a result of self-focusing. Conically diverging density ridges were also observed along the channel, indicating a Mach cone created by a shock wave due to the supersonic propagation of the channel front.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takahashi
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada Oka 2-6, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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34
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Filevich J, Kanizay K, Marconi MC, Chilla JL, Rocca JJ. Dense plasma diagnostics with an amplitude-division soft-x-ray laser interferometer based on diffraction gratings. OPTICS LETTERS 2000; 25:356-358. [PMID: 18059879 DOI: 10.1364/ol.25.000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report the demonstration of an amplitude-division soft-x-ray interferometer that can be used to generate high-contrast interferograms at the wavelength of any of the saturated soft-x-ray lasers (5.6-46.9 nm) that are available at present. The interferometer, which utilizes grazing-incidence diffraction gratings as beam splitters in a modified Mach-Zehnder configuration, was used in combination with a tabletop 46.9-nm laser to probe a large-scale (~2.7-mm-long) laser-created plasma.
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35
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Descamps D, Lyngå C, Norin J, L'huillier A, Wahlström CG, Hergott JF, Merdji H, Salières P, Bellini M, Hänsch TW. Extreme ultraviolet interferometry measurements with high-order harmonics. OPTICS LETTERS 2000; 25:135-137. [PMID: 18059807 DOI: 10.1364/ol.25.000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that high-order harmonics generated by short, intense laser pulses in gases provide an interesting radiation source for extreme ultraviolet interferometry, since they are tunable, coherent, of short pulse duration, and simple to manipulate. Harmonics from the 9th to the 15th are used to measure the thickness of an aluminum layer. The 11th harmonic is used to determine the spatial distribution of the electron density of a plasma produced by a 300-ps laser. Electronic densities higher than 2-10(20)electrons/cm>(3) are measured.
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36
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Moreno CH, Marconi MC, Kanizay K, Rocca JJ, Uspenskii YA, Vinogradov AV, Pershin YA. Soft-x-ray laser interferometry of a pinch discharge using a tabletop laser. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1999; 60:911-7. [PMID: 11969836 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.60.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/1998] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
We have used a tabletop soft-x-ray laser and a wave-front division interferometer to probe the plasma of a pinch discharge. A very compact capillary discharge-pumped Ne-like Ar laser emitting at 46.9 nm was combined with a wave division interferometer based on Lloyd's mirror and Sc-Si multilayer-coated optics to map the electron density in the cathode region of the discharge. This demonstration of the use of tabletop soft-x-ray laser in plasma interferometry could lead to the widespread use of these lasers in the diagnostics of dense plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Moreno
- Electrical Engineering Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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37
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Rocca JJ, Moreno CH, Marconi MC, Kanizay K. Soft-x-ray laser interferometry of a plasma with a tabletop laser and a Lloyd's mirror. OPTICS LETTERS 1999; 24:420-422. [PMID: 18071526 DOI: 10.1364/ol.24.000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report what is believed to be the first demonstration of soft-x-ray interferometry of a plasma with a tabletop soft-x-ray laser. A Lloyd's mirror interferometer was used in combination with a very compact lambda = 46.9 nm capillary-discharge-pumped laser to map the electron density in the cathode region of a pinch plasma.
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38
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Aglitskiy Y, Lehecka T, Obenschain S, Bodner S, Pawley C, Gerber K, Sethian J, Brown CM, Seely J, Feldman U, Holland G. High-resolution monochromatic x-ray imaging system based on spherically bent crystals. APPLIED OPTICS 1998; 37:5253-5261. [PMID: 18286004 DOI: 10.1364/ao.37.005253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an improved x-ray imaging system based on spherically curved crystals. It is designed and used for diagnostics of targets ablatively accelerated by the Nike KrF laser. A spherically curved quartz crystal (d = .?, R = mm) has been used to produce monochromatic backlit images with the He-like Si resonance line (1865 eV) as the source of radiation. The spatial resolution of the x-ray optical system is 1.7 mum in selected places and 2-3 mum over a larger area. Time-resolved backlit monochromatic images of polystyrene planar targets driven by the Nike facility have been obtained with a spatial resolution of 2.5 mum in selected places and 5 mum over the focal spot of the Nike laser.
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Cauble R, Barbee TW, Celliers P, Decker C, London RA, Moreno JC, Trebes JE, Wan AS, Weber F. Simultaneous Measurement of Local Gain and Electron Density in X-ray Lasers. Science 1996; 273:1093-6. [PMID: 8688093 DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5278.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
X-ray lasers (XRLs) have experimental average gains that are significantly less than calculated values and a persistently low level of spatial coherence. An XRL has been used both as an injected signal to a short XRL amplifier and as an interferometer beam to measure two-dimensional local gain and density profiles of the XRL plasma with a resolution near 1 micrometer. The measured local gain is in agreement with atomic models but is unexpectedly spatially inhomogeneous. This inhomogeneity is responsible for the low level of spatial coherence observed and helps explain the disparity between observed and simulated gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cauble
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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Zhang J, Zepf M, Norreys PA, Dangor AE, Bakarezos M, Danson CN, Dyson A, Fews AP, Gibbon P, Key MH, Lee P, Loukakos P, Moustaizis S, Neely D, Walsh FN, Wark JS. Coherence and bandwidth measurements of harmonics generated from solid surfaces irradiated by intense picosecond laser pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 54:1597-1603. [PMID: 9913631 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.54.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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41
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Chilla JL, Rocca JJ, Martinez OE, Marconi MC. Soft-x-ray interferometer for single-shot laser linewidth measurements. OPTICS LETTERS 1996; 21:955-957. [PMID: 19876216 DOI: 10.1364/ol.21.000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A soft-x-ray Mach-Zehnder interferometer configuration that makes use of the time delay introduced by diffraction gratings to conduct single-shot measurements of the linewidth of soft-x-ray laser amplifiers is proposed and analyzed. The scheme was experimentally demonstrated in the near-IR region of the spectrum by measurement of the mode separation of a semiconductor laser. A symmetric configuration with compensated time delays that can be implemented for plasma diagnostics and for evaluating soft-x-ray optics is also discussed.
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Wagner T, Eberl E, Frank K, Hartmann W, Hoffmann DH, Tkotz R. XUV amplification in a recombining z-pinch plasma. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 76:3124-3127. [PMID: 10060881 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Celliers P, Weber F, Da Silva LB, Barbee TW, Cauble R, Wan AS, Moreno JC. Fringe formation and coherence of a soft-x-ray laser beam illuminating a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. OPTICS LETTERS 1995; 20:1907-1909. [PMID: 19862198 DOI: 10.1364/ol.20.001907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the fringe visibility produced by a Mach-Zehnder interferometer illuminated by a collisionally pumped yttrium x-ray laser operating at 15.5 nm. Fringe visibility varied as a function both of relative path delay and of relative spatial overlap of the beams. This visibility information was extracted quantitatively from several interferograms and analyzed to produce a characterization of the temporal coherence, yielding a gain-narrowed linewidth of 1.3 pm for the 15.5-nm laser transition and spatial coherence consistent with an effective source size of approximately 220 microm +/- 50% at the x-ray laser output.
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