1
|
Siddiki MAKA, Nrishimhamurty M, Kumar K, Mukherjee J, Tribedi LC, Khan A, Misra D. Development of a cold target recoil ion momentum spectrometer and a projectile charge state analyzer setup to study electron transfer processes in highly charged ion-atom/molecule collisions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:113313. [PMID: 36461444 DOI: 10.1063/5.0100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the development and performance of a cold target recoil ion momentum spectrometer (COLTRIMS) setup at TIFR, which is built to study various atomic and molecular processes involving the interaction of slow, highly charged ions from an electron cyclotron resonance based ion accelerator. We give a detailed description of the experimental setup, as well as report some initial results on the electron-capture process in collisions of Ar8+ ions with helium and carbon monoxide targets. Here, we present the longitudinal momentum transfer and the sub-shell resolved Q-value spectrum in the case of 2, 4, and 6 keV/u Ar8+ beams in collision with helium. A longitudinal momentum resolution of 0.27 a.u. is achieved in the present system. We also report the state-selective scattering angle distributions for all the collision systems under investigation. We further discuss the fragmentation of the CO2+ molecular ions for different electron capture channels for the 5 keV/u Ar8+ beam. The combination of the COLTRIMS, along with the beam cleaner, the electrostatic deflectors, and the charge state analyzer, is shown to have certain advantages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Abul Kalam Azad Siddiki
- Department of Nuclear and Atomic Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - M Nrishimhamurty
- Department of Nuclear and Atomic Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Department of Nuclear and Atomic Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Jibak Mukherjee
- Department of Nuclear and Atomic Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Lokesh C Tribedi
- Department of Nuclear and Atomic Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Arnab Khan
- Department of Nuclear and Atomic Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Deepankar Misra
- Department of Nuclear and Atomic Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Armenta Butt S, Price SD. Bimolecular reactions of CH 2CN 2+ with Ar, N 2 and CO: reactivity and dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15824-15839. [PMID: 35758308 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01523d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity, energetics and dynamics of bimolecular reactions between CH2CN2+ and three neutral species (Ar, N2 and CO) have been studied using a position sensitive coincidence methodology at centre-of-mass collision energies of 4.3-5.0 eV. This is the first study of bimolecular reactions involving CH2CN2+, a species relevant to the ionospheres of planets and satellites, including Titan. All of the collision systems investigated display two collision-induced dissociation (CID) channels, resulting in the formation of C+ + CH2N+ and H+ + HC2N+. Evidence for channels involving further dissociation of the CID product HC2N+, forming H + CCN+, were detected in the N2 and CO systems. Proton-transfer from the dication to the neutral species occurs in all three of the systems via a direct mechanism. Additionally, there are product channels resulting from single electron transfer following collisions of CH2CN2+ with both N2 and CO, but interestingly no electron transfer following collisions with Ar. Electronic structure calculations of the lowest energy electronic states of CH2CN2+ reveal six local geometric minima: both doublet and quartet spin states for cyclic, linear (CH2CN), and linear isocyanide (CH2NC) molecular geometries. The lowest energy electronic state was determined to be the doublet state of the cyclic dication. The ready generation of C+ ions by collision-induced dissociation suggests that the cyclic or linear isocyanide dication geometries are present in the [CH2CN]2+ beam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Armenta Butt
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Stephen D Price
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Falcinelli S, Rosi M. Production and Characterization of Molecular Dications: Experimental and Theoretical Efforts. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184157. [PMID: 32932839 PMCID: PMC7571021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dications are doubly charged cations of importance in flames, plasma chemistry and physics and in the chemistry of the upper atmosphere of Planets. Furthermore, they are exotic species able to store a considerable amount of energy at a molecular level. This high energy content of several eV can be easily released as translational energy of the two fragment monocations generated by their Coulomb explosion. For such a reason, they were proposed as a new kind of alternative propellant. The present topic review paper reports on an overview of the main contributions made by the authors’ research groups in the generation and characterization of simple molecular dications during the last 40 years of coupling experimental and theoretical efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Falcinelli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (M.R.); Tel.: +39-075-585-3862 (S.F.); +39-075-585-3858 (M.R.)
| | - Marzio Rosi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
- SCITEC, CNR, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (M.R.); Tel.: +39-075-585-3862 (S.F.); +39-075-585-3858 (M.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Falcinelli S, Rosi M, Pirani F, Bassi D, Alagia M, Schio L, Richter R, Stranges S, Balucani N, Lorent V, Vecchiocattivi F. Angular Distribution of Ion Products in the Double Photoionization of Propylene Oxide. Front Chem 2019; 7:621. [PMID: 31572712 PMCID: PMC6749015 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A photoelectron-photoion-photoion coincidence technique, using an ion imaging detector and tunable synchrotron radiation in the 18.0–37.0 eV photon energy range, inducing the ejection of molecular valence electrons, has been applied to study the double ionization of the propylene oxide, a simple prototype chiral molecule. The experiment performed at the Elettra Synchrotron Facility (Trieste, Italy) allowed to determine angular distributions for ions produced by the two-body dissociation reactions following the Coulomb explosion of the intermediate (C3H6O)2+ molecular dication. The analysis of the coincidence spectra recorded at different photon energies was done in order to determine the dependence of the β anisotropy parameter on the photon energy for the investigated two-body fragmentation channels. In particular, the reaction leading to CH3+ + C2H3O+ appears to be characterized by an increase of β, from β ≈ 0.00 up to β = 0.59, as the photon energy increases from 29.7 to 37.0 eV, respectively. This new observation confirms that the dissociation channel producing CH3+ and C2H3O+ final ions can occur with two different microscopic mechanisms as already indicated by the bimodality obtained in the kinetic energy released (KER) distributions as a function of the photon energy in a recent study. Energetic considerations suggest that experimental data are compatible with the formation of two different stable isomers of C2H3O+: acetyl and oxiranyl cations. These new experimental data are inherently relevant and are mandatory information for further experimental and theoretical investigations involving oriented chiral molecules and linearly or circularly polarized radiation. This work is in progress in our laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Falcinelli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marzio Rosi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fernando Pirani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Davide Bassi
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Luca Schio
- IOM-CNR Tasc, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (SBAI), University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Stranges
- IOM-CNR Tasc, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Balucani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vincent Lorent
- Laboratoire de physique des lasers, Université Paris 13 (UP13) - Institut Galilée - CNRS LPL UMR7538, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Franco Vecchiocattivi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rajput J, Severt T, Berry B, Jochim B, Feizollah P, Kaderiya B, Zohrabi M, Ablikim U, Ziaee F, Raju P K, Rolles D, Rudenko A, Carnes KD, Esry BD, Ben-Itzhak I. Native Frames: Disentangling Sequential from Concerted Three-Body Fragmentation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:103001. [PMID: 29570318 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A key question concerning the three-body fragmentation of polyatomic molecules is the distinction of sequential and concerted mechanisms, i.e., the stepwise or simultaneous cleavage of bonds. Using laser-driven fragmentation of OCS into O^{+}+C^{+}+S^{+} and employing coincidence momentum imaging, we demonstrate a novel method that enables the clear separation of sequential and concerted breakup. The separation is accomplished by analyzing the three-body fragmentation in the native frame associated with each step and taking advantage of the rotation of the intermediate molecular fragment, CO^{2+} or CS^{2+}, before its unimolecular dissociation. This native-frame method works for any projectile (electrons, ions, or photons), provides details on each step of the sequential breakup, and enables the retrieval of the relevant spectra for sequential and concerted breakup separately. Specifically, this allows the determination of the branching ratio of all these processes in OCS^{3+} breakup. Moreover, we find that the first step of sequential breakup is tightly aligned along the laser polarization and identify the likely electronic states of the intermediate dication that undergo unimolecular dissociation in the second step. Finally, the separated concerted breakup spectra show clearly that the central carbon atom is preferentially ejected perpendicular to the laser field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rajput
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - T Severt
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Ben Berry
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Bethany Jochim
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Peyman Feizollah
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Balram Kaderiya
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - M Zohrabi
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - U Ablikim
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Farzaneh Ziaee
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Kanaka Raju P
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - D Rolles
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - A Rudenko
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - K D Carnes
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - B D Esry
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - I Ben-Itzhak
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar H, Bhatt P, Safvan CP, Rajput J. Three-body dissociation of OCS 3+: Separating sequential and concerted pathways. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:064302. [PMID: 29448789 DOI: 10.1063/1.5001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Events from the sequential and concerted modes of the fragmentation of OCS3+ that result in coincident detection of fragments C+, O+, and S+ have been separated using a newly proposed representation. An ion beam of 1.8 MeV Xe9+ is used to make the triply charged molecular ion, with the fragments being detected by a recoil ion momentum spectrometer. By separating events belonging exclusively to the sequential mode of breakup, the electronic states of the intermediate molecular ion (CO2+ or CS2+) involved are determined, and from the kinetic energy release spectra, it is shown that the low lying excited states of the parent OCS3+ are responsible for this mechanism. An estimate of branching ratios of events coming from sequential versus concerted mode is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herendra Kumar
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pragya Bhatt
- Inter University Accelerator Centre, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - C P Safvan
- Inter University Accelerator Centre, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Jyoti Rajput
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ding X, Haertelt M, Schlauderer S, Schuurman MS, Naumov AY, Villeneuve DM, McKellar ARW, Corkum PB, Staudte A. Ultrafast Dissociation of Metastable CO^{2+} in a Dimer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:153001. [PMID: 28452539 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.153001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We triply ionize the van der Waals bound carbon monoxide dimer with intense ultrashort pulses and study the breakup channel (CO)_{2}^{3+}→C^{+}+O^{+}+CO^{+}. The fragments are recorded in a cold target recoil ion momentum spectrometer. We observe a fast CO^{2+} dissociation channel in the dimer, which does not exist for the monomer. We found that a nearby charge breaks the symmetry of a X^{3}Π state of CO^{2+} and induces an avoided crossing that allows a fast dissociation. Calculation on the full dimer complex shows the coupling of different charge states, as predicted from excimer theory, gives rise to electronic state components not present in the monomer, thereby enabling fast dissociation with higher kinetic energy release. These results demonstrate that the electronic structure of molecular cluster complexes can give rise to dynamics that is qualitatively different from that observed in the component monomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ding
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, National Research Council and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - M Haertelt
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, National Research Council and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - S Schlauderer
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, National Research Council and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - M S Schuurman
- National Research Council, 100 Sussex Dr., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - A Yu Naumov
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, National Research Council and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - D M Villeneuve
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, National Research Council and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - A R W McKellar
- National Research Council, 100 Sussex Dr., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - P B Corkum
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, National Research Council and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - A Staudte
- Joint Attosecond Science Laboratory, National Research Council and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The escape of O+ ions from the atmosphere: An explanation of the observed ion density profiles on Mars. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
9
|
Falcinelli S, Alagia M, Farrar JM, Kalogerakis KS, Pirani F, Richter R, Schio L, Stranges S, Rosi M, Vecchiocattivi F. Angular and energy distributions of fragment ions in dissociative double photoionization of acetylene molecules in the 31.9-50.0 eV photon energy range. J Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4962915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Falcinelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, Università di Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - James M. Farrar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | | | - Fernando Pirani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Robert Richter
- Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Schio
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Stranges
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, 34012 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Roma “La Sapienza,” 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marzio Rosi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, Università di Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Vecchiocattivi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, Università di Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Eland J, Plogmaker S, Lablanquie P, Penent F, Palaudoux J, Nicolas C, Robert E, Miron C, Feifel R. Wide range double photoionisation spectra of N2 and CO2. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
12
|
Liekhus-Schmaltz CE, Tenney I, Osipov T, Sanchez-Gonzalez A, Berrah N, Boll R, Bomme C, Bostedt C, Bozek JD, Carron S, Coffee R, Devin J, Erk B, Ferguson KR, Field RW, Foucar L, Frasinski LJ, Glownia JM, Gühr M, Kamalov A, Krzywinski J, Li H, Marangos JP, Martinez TJ, McFarland BK, Miyabe S, Murphy B, Natan A, Rolles D, Rudenko A, Siano M, Simpson ER, Spector L, Swiggers M, Walke D, Wang S, Weber T, Bucksbaum PH, Petrovic VS. Ultrafast isomerization initiated by X-ray core ionization. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8199. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
13
|
Pandey A, Bapat B, Shamasundar KR. Charge symmetric dissociation of doubly ionized N2 and CO molecules. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:034319. [PMID: 25669391 DOI: 10.1063/1.4861665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a comparative study of the features in dissociative double ionization by high energy electron impact of N2 and CO molecules. The ratio of cross-section of charge symmetric dissociative ionization to non-dissociative ionization (CSD-to-ND ratio) and the kinetic energy release (KER) spectra of dissociation are experimentally measured and carefully corrected for various ion transmission losses and detector inefficiencies. Given that the double ionization cross sections of these iso-electronic diatomics are very similar, the large difference in the CSD-to-ND ratios must be attributable to the differences in the evolution dynamics of the dications. To understand these differences, potential energy curves (PECs) of dications have been computed using multi-reference configuration interaction method. The Franck-Condon factors and tunneling life times of vibrational levels of dications have also been computed. While the KER spectrum of N2 (++) can be readily explained by considering dissociation via repulsive states and tunneling of meta-stable states, indirect dissociation processes such as predissociation and autoionization have to be taken into account to understand the major features of the KER spectrum of CO(++). Direct and indirect processes identified on the basis of the PECs and experimental KER spectra also provide insights into the differences in the CSD-to-ND ratios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pandey
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - B Bapat
- Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - K R Shamasundar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Thissen R, Witasse O, Dutuit O, Wedlund CS, Gronoff G, Lilensten J. Doubly-charged ions in the planetary ionospheres: a review. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:18264-87. [PMID: 21931881 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21957j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of the current knowledge on the doubly-charged atomic and molecular positive ions in the planetary atmospheres of the Solar System. It is focused on the terrestrial planets which have a dense atmosphere of N(2) or CO(2), i.e. Venus, the Earth and Mars, but also includes Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, which has a dense atmosphere composed mainly of N(2) and a few percent of methane. Given the composition of these neutral atmospheres, the following species are considered: C(++), N(++), O(++), CH(4)(++), CO(++), N(2)(++), NO(++), O(2)(++), Ar(++) and CO(2)(++). We first discuss the status of their detection in the atmospheres of planets. Then, we provide a comprehensive review of their complex and original photochemistry, production and loss processes. Synthesis tables are provided for those ions, while a discussion on individual species is also provided. Methods for detecting doubly-charged ions in planetary atmospheres are presented, namely with mass-spectrometry, remote sensing and fine plasma density measurements. A section covers some original applications, like the possible effect of the presence of doubly-charged ions on the escape of an atmosphere, which is a key topic of ongoing planetary exploration, related to the evolution of a planet. The results of models, displayed in a comparative way for Venus, Earth, Mars and Titan, are discussed, as they can predict the presence of doubly-charged ions and will certainly trigger new investigations. Finally we give our view concerning next steps, challenges and needs for future studies, hoping that new scientific results will be achieved in the coming years and feed the necessary interdisciplinary exchanges amongst different scientific communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Thissen
- Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, UMR 5274, Grenoble, F-38041, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brites V, Franzreb K, Harvey JN, Sayres SG, Ross MW, Blumling DE, Castleman AW, Hochlaf M. Oxygen-containing gas-phase diatomic trications and tetracations: ReOz+, NbOz+ and HfOz+ (z = 3, 4). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:15233-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21566c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
16
|
Wu Z, Wu C, Liu X, Deng Y, Gong Q, Song D, Su H. Double Ionization of Nitrogen from Multiple Orbitals. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:6751-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1018197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
Neumann N, Hant D, Schmidt LPH, Titze J, Jahnke T, Czasch A, Schöffler MS, Kreidi K, Jagutzki O, Schmidt-Böcking H, Dörner R. Fragmentation dynamics of CO(2)(3+) investigated by multiple electron capture in collisions with slow highly charged ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:103201. [PMID: 20366421 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.103201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fragmentation of highly charged molecular ions or clusters consisting of more than two atoms can proceed in a one step synchronous manner where all bonds break simultaneously or sequentially by emitting one ion after the other. We separated these decay channels for the fragmentation of CO(2)(3+) ions by measuring the momenta of the ionic fragments. We show that the total energy deposited in the molecular ion is a control parameter which switches between three distinct fragmentation pathways: the sequential fragmentation in which the emission of an O(+) ion leaves a rotating CO(2+) ion behind that fragments after a time delay, the Coulomb explosion and an in-between fragmentation--the asynchronous dissociation. These mechanisms are directly distinguishable in Dalitz plots and Newton diagrams of the fragment momenta. The CO(2)(3+) ions are produced by multiple electron capture in collisions with 3.2 keV/u Ar(8+) ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Neumann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str.1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- Felicja Mrugała
- Institute of Physics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, PL 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Baková R, Fišer J, Šedivcová-Uhlíková T, Špirko V. Computed lifetimes of metastable states of the NO2+ dication. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:144301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2898495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
|
20
|
Alagia M, Candori P, Falcinelli S, Lavollée M, Pirani F, Richter R, Stranges S, Vecchiocattivi F. Anisotropy of the angular distribution of fragment ions in dissociative double photoionization of N2O molecules in the 30–50eV energy range. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:201101. [PMID: 17552744 DOI: 10.1063/1.2743616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The double photoionization of N2O molecules by linearly polarized light in the 30-50 eV energy range has been studied by coupling ion imaging technique and electron-ion-ion coincidence. For the two possible dissociative processes, leading to N++NO+ and O++N2+, angular distributions of ionic fragments have been measured, finding an evident anisotropy. This indicates that the molecules ionize when their axis is parallel to the light polarization vector and the fragments are separating in a time shorter than the dication rotational period. The analysis of results provides, in addition to the total kinetic energy of ionic fragments, crucial information about the double photoionization dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Alagia
- ISMN-CNR, Sezione di Roma 1, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sedivcová T, Zdánská PR, Spirko V, Fiser J. Computed lifetimes of metastable states of CO2+. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:214303. [PMID: 16774403 DOI: 10.1063/1.2198835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly correlated internally contracted multireference configuration interaction wave functions are used to calculate the potential energy and spin-orbit coupling functions for the lowest electronic states of CO2+ dication. Using these functions, the positions and lifetimes of the corresponding vibronic states are evaluated by means of log-phase-amplitude, stabilization, and complex-scaling methods within the framework of a multichannel Schrodinger analysis. For the first time in the literature, the calculated lifetimes are in good agreement with the experiment, thereby proving the reliability of the predicted characteristics and adequacy of the used theory for a theoretical study of other molecular dications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Sedivcová
- Department of Molecular Modeling, Center for Biomolecules and Complex Molecular Systems, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo námesti 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Metastable dissociation of doubly charged ions produced from toluene: Kinetic energy release upon charge separation and H2 elimination. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
23
|
Slattery AE, Field TA, Ahmad M, Hall RI, Lambourne J, Penent F, Lablanquie P, Eland JHD. Spectroscopy and metastability of CO22+ molecular ions. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:84317. [PMID: 15836049 DOI: 10.1063/1.1850895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectroscopy and metastability of the carbon dioxide doubly charged ion, the CO(2) (2+) dication, have been studied with photoionization experiments: time-of-flight photoelectron photoelectron coincidence (TOF-PEPECO), threshold photoelectrons coincidence (TPEsCO), and threshold photoelectrons and ion coincidence (TPEsCO ion coincidence) spectroscopies. Vibrational structure is observed in TOF-PEPECO and TPEsCO spectra of the ground and first two excited states. The vibrational structure is dominated by the symmetric stretch except in the TPEsCO spectrum of the ground state where an antisymmetric stretch progression is observed. All three vibrational frequencies are deduced for the ground state and symmetric stretch and bending frequencies are deduced for the first two excited states. Some vibrational structure of higher electronic states is also observed. The threshold for double ionization of carbon dioxide is reported as 37.340+/-0.010 eV. The fragmentation of energy selected CO(2) (2+) ions has been investigated with TPEsCO ion coincidence spectroscopy. A band of metastable states from approximately 38.7 to approximately 41 eV above the ground state of neutral CO(2) has been observed in the experimental time window of approximately 0.1-2.3 mus with a tendency towards shorter lifetimes at higher energies. It is proposed that the metastability is due to slow spin forbidden conversion from bound excited singlet states to unbound continuum states of the triplet ground state. Another result of this investigation is the observation of CO(+)+O(+) formation in indirect dissociative double photoionization below the threshold for formation of CO(2) (2+). The threshold for CO(+)+O(+) formation is found to be 35.56+/-0.10 eV or lower, which is more than 2 eV lower than previous measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Slattery
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, N. Ireland, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
|
26
|
Weber T, Weckenbrock M, Balser M, Schmidt L, Jagutzki O, Arnold W, Hohn O, Schöffler M, Arenholz E, Young T, Osipov T, Foucar L, De Fanis A, Díez Muiño R, Schmidt-Böcking H, Cocke CL, Prior MH, Dörner R. Auger electron emission from fixed-in-space CO. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:153003. [PMID: 12732032 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.153003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the angular distribution of carbon K-Auger electrons from fixed in space, core-ionized, CO molecules in coincidence with the kinetic energy release of the C+ and O+ fragments. We find a very narrow ejection of Auger electrons in the direction of the oxygen and an oscillatory diffraction pattern. Even for similar electron energies, the angular distribution strongly depends on the symmetry of the final state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Th Weber
- Institut für Kernphysik, University Frankfurt, August-Euler Strasse 6, D-60486 Frankfurt Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Głuch K, Fedor J, Matt-Leubner S, Echt O, Stamatovic A, Probst M, Scheier P, Märk TD. Kinetic-energy release in Coulomb explosion of metastable C3H52+. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1536978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
28
|
Eland JHD, Vieuxmaire O, Kinugawa T, Lablanquie P, Hall RI, Penent F. Complete two-electron spectra in double photoionization: the rare gases Ar, Kr, and Xe. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:053003. [PMID: 12633350 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.053003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new spectroscopic technique, giving complete two-dimensional e(-)-e(-) coincidence spectra in single photon double photoionization, is presented. The technique resolves the states of doubly charged ions and provides spectra of the individual electrons emitted in formation of each final dication state. Complete spectra for double photoionization of Xe, Kr, and Ar at photon energies up to 51 eV have been recorded. Overall and surprisingly, the np(4) 3P, 1D, and 1S states are populated according to their statistical weights. When the evident autoionization is excluded, the supposedly favored 3P states are in fact disfavored. Detailed information on the autoionization processes is also made available.
Collapse
|
29
|
Cossart D. New spectroscopic observations in electric discharges through carbon monoxide. Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(01)00573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
30
|
Vogel M, Hansen K, Herlert A, Schweikhard L. Determination of dissociation energies by use of energy-dependent decay pathway branching ratios. Chem Phys Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00935-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
31
|
Vogel M, Hansen K, Herlert A, Schweikhard L. Model-free determination of dissociation energies of polyatomic systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:013401. [PMID: 11461464 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.013401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe and apply a new procedure that allows a direct determination of dissociation energies of polyatomic systems (clusters, fullerenes, polymers, and other molecules) without any modeling of the systems under investigation. As an example, we have determined the dissociation energies of a series of gold clusters Au(+)n. A comparison with values obtained from statistical models of unimolecular dissociation shows that these models significantly fail to describe the data. In contrast, the new method yields values which are an order of magnitude more accurate, thus allowing one to experimentally set benchmarks for any theory which attempts to describe activated processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Vogel
- Institut für Physik, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Furuhashi O, Kinugawa T, Masuda S, Yamada C, Ohtani S. Double charge transfer spectroscopy of acetylene dication C2H22+ at vibrational resolution. Chem Phys Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
33
|
|
34
|
Lu W, Tosi P, Bassi D. Bond-forming reactions of molecular dications with rare gas atoms: Production of ArC2+ in the reaction CO2++Ar. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
35
|
Yencha A, King G, Lopes M, Bozek J, Berrah N. Photo-double ionization of deuterium chloride studied by threshold photoelectrons coincidence spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(99)01226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
36
|
|
37
|
|
38
|
|
39
|
Vékey K, Szilágyi Z. Kinetic energy release and intercharge distance of the protonitronium dication (HONO2+). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1176(97)00168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
40
|
|
41
|
Edvardsson D, Lundqvist M, Baltzer P, Wannberg B, Lunell S. Doppler-free kinetic energy release spectrum of NO2+ and ab initio CI calculations. Chem Phys Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(96)00485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
42
|
|
43
|
|
44
|
Fainelli E, Maracci F, Platania R, Avaldi L. Auger electron–ion coincidence experiment on nitric oxide molecule excited by electron impact. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|