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Chen L, Lowder DT, Bakali E, Andrews AM, Schrenk W, Waas M, Svagera R, Eguchi G, Prochaska L, Wang Y, Setty C, Sur S, Si Q, Paschen S, Natelson D. Shot noise in a strange metal. Science 2023; 382:907-911. [PMID: 37995251 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq6100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Strange-metal behavior has been observed in materials ranging from high-temperature superconductors to heavy fermion metals. In conventional metals, current is carried by quasiparticles; although it has been suggested that quasiparticles are absent in strange metals, direct experimental evidence is lacking. We measured shot noise to probe the granularity of the current-carrying excitations in nanowires of the heavy fermion strange metal YbRh2Si2. When compared with conventional metals, shot noise in these nanowires is strongly suppressed. This suppression cannot be attributed to either electron-phonon or electron-electron interactions in a Fermi liquid, which suggests that the current is not carried by well-defined quasiparticles in the strange-metal regime that we probed. Our work sets the stage for similar studies of other strange metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Chen
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Rice University, TX 77005, USA
| | - Dale T Lowder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Emine Bakali
- Institute of Solid State Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Aaron Maxwell Andrews
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Gebäude CH, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Schrenk
- Center for Micro and Nanostructures, TU Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Gebäude CH, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Waas
- Institute of Solid State Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Svagera
- Institute of Solid State Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gaku Eguchi
- Institute of Solid State Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Prochaska
- Institute of Solid State Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Chandan Setty
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Shouvik Sur
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Qimiao Si
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Silke Paschen
- Institute of Solid State Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Douglas Natelson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice Center for Quantum Materials, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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2
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Denisov A, Bubis A, Piatrusha S, Titova N, Nasibulin A, Becker J, Treu J, Ruhstorfer D, Koblmüller G, Tikhonov E, Khrapai V. Heat-Mode Excitation in a Proximity Superconductor. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1461. [PMID: 35564170 PMCID: PMC9101060 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mesoscopic superconductivity deals with various quasiparticle excitation modes, only one of them-the charge-mode-being directly accessible for conductance measurements due to the imbalance in populations of quasi-electron and quasihole excitation branches. Other modes carrying heat or even spin, valley etc. currents populate the branches equally and are charge-neutral, which makes them much harder to control. This noticeable gap in the experimental studies of mesoscopic non-equilibrium superconductivity can be filled by going beyond the conventional DC transport measurements and exploiting spontaneous current fluctuations. Here, we perform such an experiment and investigate the transport of heat in an open hybrid device based on a superconductor proximitized InAs nanowire. Using shot noise measurements, we investigate sub-gap Andreev heat guiding along the superconducting interface and fully characterize it in terms of the thermal conductance on the order of Gth∼e2/h, tunable by a back gate voltage. Understanding of the heat-mode also uncovers its implicit signatures in the non-local charge transport. Our experiments open a direct pathway to probe generic charge-neutral excitations in superconducting hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Denisov
- Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (A.D.); (A.B.); (S.P.); (E.T.)
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Anton Bubis
- Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (A.D.); (A.B.); (S.P.); (E.T.)
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Street 3, 121205 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Stanislau Piatrusha
- Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (A.D.); (A.B.); (S.P.); (E.T.)
| | - Nadezhda Titova
- Institute of Physics, Technology, and Informational Systems, Moscow Pedagogical State University, 29 Malaya Pirogovskaya St, 119435 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Albert Nasibulin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Street 3, 121205 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Jonathan Becker
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials, Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany; (J.B.); (J.T.); (D.R.); (G.K.)
| | - Julian Treu
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials, Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany; (J.B.); (J.T.); (D.R.); (G.K.)
| | - Daniel Ruhstorfer
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials, Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany; (J.B.); (J.T.); (D.R.); (G.K.)
| | - Gregor Koblmüller
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials, Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany; (J.B.); (J.T.); (D.R.); (G.K.)
| | - Evgeny Tikhonov
- Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (A.D.); (A.B.); (S.P.); (E.T.)
| | - Vadim Khrapai
- Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (A.D.); (A.B.); (S.P.); (E.T.)
- Faculty of Physics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, 101000 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Maslova NS, Arseyev PI, Mantsevich VN. Tunneling current and noise of entangled electrons in correlated double quantum dot. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9336. [PMID: 33927283 PMCID: PMC8085215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed general approach for the analysis of tunneling current and its zero frequency noise for a wide class of systems where electron transport occurs through the intermediate structure with localized electrons. Proposed approach opens the possibility to study electron transport through multi-electron correlated states and allows to reveal the influence of spatial and spin symmetry of the total system on the electron transport. This approach is based on Keldysh diagram technique in pseudo-particle representation taking into account the operator constraint on the number of pseudo-particles, which gives the possibility to exclude non-physical states. It was shown that spatial and spin symmetry of the total system can block some channels for electron transport through the correlated quantum dots. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the stationary tunneling current and zero frequency noise in correlated coupled quantum dots depend on initial state of the system. In the frame of the proposed approach it was also shown that for the parallel coupling of two correlated quantum dots to the reservoirs tunneling current and its zero frequency noise are suppressed if tunneling occurs through the entangled triplet state with zero total spin projection on the z axis or enhanced for the tunneling through the singlet state in comparison with electron transport through the uncorrelated localized single-electron state. Obtained results demonstrate that two-electron entangled states in correlated quantum dots give the possibility to tune the zero frequency noise amplitude by blocking some channels for electron transport that is very promising in the sense of two-electron entangled states application in quantum communication and logic devices. The obtained nonmonotonic behavior of Fano factor as a function of applied bias is the direct manifestation of the possibility to control the noise to signal ration in correlated quantum dots. We also provide detailed calculations of current and noise for both single type of carriers and two different types of carriers in the presence and in the absence of Coulomb interaction in Supplementary materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Maslova
- Quantum Technology Center and Quantum electronics department, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - P I Arseyev
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute RAS, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - V N Mantsevich
- Quantum Technology Center and department of Semiconductor physics and Cryoelectronics, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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4
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Yuan S, Gao T, Cao W, Pan Z, Liu J, Shi J, Hong W. The Characterization of Electronic Noise in the Charge Transport through Single-Molecule Junctions. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2001064. [PMID: 34927823 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202001064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the goal of creating single-molecule devices and integrating them into circuits, the emergence of single-molecule electronics provides various techniques for the fabrication of single-molecule junctions and the investigation of charge transport through such junctions. Among the techniques for characterization of charge transport through molecular junctions, electronic noise characterization is an effective strategy with which issues from molecule-electrode interfaces, mechanisms of charge transport, and changes in junction configurations are studied. Electronic noise analysis in single-molecule junctions can be used to identify molecular conformations and even monitor reaction kinetics. This review summarizes the various types of electronic noise that have been characterized during single-molecule electrical detection, including the functions of random telegraph signal (RTS) noise, flicker noise, shot noise, and their corresponding applications, which provide some guidelines for the future application of these techniques to problems of charge transport through single-molecule junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Tengyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhichao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Junyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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5
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Denisov AO, Tikhonov ES, Piatrusha SU, Khrapach IN, Rossella F, Rocci M, Sorba L, Roddaro S, Khrapai VS. Strategy for accurate thermal biasing at the nanoscale. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:324004. [PMID: 32325444 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab8c74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the benefits and shortcomings of a thermal control in nanoscale electronic conductors by means of the contact heating scheme. Ideally, this straightforward approach allows one to apply a known thermal bias across nanostructures directly through metallic leads, avoiding conventional substrate intermediation. We show, by using the average noise thermometry and local noise sensing technique in InAs nanowire-based devices, that a nanoscale metallic constriction on a SiO2 substrate acts like a diffusive conductor with negligible electron-phonon relaxation and non-ideal leads. The non-universal impact of the leads on the achieved thermal bias-which depends on their dimensions, shape and material composition-is hard to minimize, but is possible to accurately calibrate in a properly designed nano-device. Our results allow to reduce the issue of the thermal bias calibration to the knowledge of the heater resistance and pave the way for accurate thermoelectric or similar measurements at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem O Denisov
- Institute of Solid State Physics Russian Academy of Sciences 142432 Chernogolovka Russian Federation. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology Dolgoprudny 141700 Russian Federation
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6
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Pinsolle E, Houle S, Lupien C, Reulet B. Non-Gaussian Current Fluctuations in a Short Diffusive Conductor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:027702. [PMID: 30085754 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.027702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the measurement of the third moment of current fluctuations in a short metallic wire at low temperature. The data are deduced from the statistics of voltage fluctuations across the conductor using a careful determination of environmental contributions. Our results at low bias agree very well with theoretical predictions for coherent transport with no fitting parameter. By increasing the bias voltage we explore the crossover from elastic to inelastic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Pinsolle
- Institut Quantique, Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Samuel Houle
- Institut Quantique, Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Christian Lupien
- Institut Quantique, Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Bertrand Reulet
- Institut Quantique, Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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7
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Kargovsky AV, Chikishev AY, Chichigina OA. Effect of multiplicative noise on stationary stochastic process. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:032112. [PMID: 29776098 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.032112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An open system that can be analyzed using the Langevin equation with multiplicative noise is considered. The stationary state of the system results from a balance of deterministic damping and random pumping simulated as noise with controlled periodicity. The dependence of statistical moments of the variable that characterizes the system on parameters of the problem is studied. A nontrivial decrease in the mean value of the main variable with an increase in noise stochasticity is revealed. Applications of the results in several physical, chemical, biological, and technical problems of natural and humanitarian sciences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kargovsky
- Faculty of Physics and International Laser Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A Yu Chikishev
- Faculty of Physics and International Laser Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - O A Chichigina
- Faculty of Physics and International Laser Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Weng Q, Komiyama S, Yang L, An Z, Chen P, Biehs SA, Kajihara Y, Lu W. Imaging of nonlocal hot-electron energy dissipation via shot noise. Science 2018; 360:775-778. [PMID: 29599192 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam9991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In modern microelectronic devices, hot electrons accelerate, scatter, and dissipate energy in nanoscale dimensions. Despite recent progress in nanothermometry, direct real-space mapping of hot-electron energy dissipation is challenging because existing techniques are restricted to probing the lattice rather than the electrons. We realize electronic nanothermometry by measuring local current fluctuations, or shot noise, associated with ultrafast hot-electron kinetic processes (~21 terahertz). Exploiting a scanning and contact-free tungsten tip as a local noise probe, we directly visualize hot-electron distributions before their thermal equilibration with the host gallium arsenide/aluminium gallium arsenide crystal lattice. With nanoconstriction devices, we reveal unexpected nonlocal energy dissipation at room temperature, which is reminiscent of ballistic transport of low-temperature quantum conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianchun Weng
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, PR China.,Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Susumu Komiyama
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, PR China.,Department of Basic Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonics Structures (Ministry of Education), Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zhenghua An
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonics Structures (Ministry of Education), Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Pingping Chen
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, PR China
| | - Svend-Age Biehs
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Yusuke Kajihara
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Wei Lu
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, PR China.
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9
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Dubkov AA, Rudenko OV, Gurbatov SN. Probability characteristics of nonlinear dynamical systems driven by δ-pulse noise. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:062125. [PMID: 27415226 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.062125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
For a nonlinear dynamical system described by the first-order differential equation with Poisson white noise having exponentially distributed amplitudes of δ pulses, some exact results for the stationary probability density function are derived from the Kolmogorov-Feller equation using the inverse differential operator. Specifically, we examine the "effect of normalization" of non-Gaussian noise by a linear system and the steady-state probability density function of particle velocity in the medium with Coulomb friction. Next, the general formulas for the probability distribution of the system perturbed by a non-Poisson δ-pulse train are derived using an analysis of system trajectories between stimuli. As an example, overdamped particle motion in the bistable quadratic-cubic potential under the action of the periodic δ-pulse train is analyzed in detail. The probability density function and the mean value of the particle position together with average characteristics of the first switching time from one stable state to another are found in the framework of the fast relaxation approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Dubkov
- Radiophysics Department, Lobachevsky State University, Gagarin Ave. 23, 603950 Nizhni Novgorod, Russia
| | - Oleg V Rudenko
- Radiophysics Department, Lobachevsky State University, Gagarin Ave. 23, 603950 Nizhni Novgorod, Russia.,Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.,Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia.,Schmidt Institute of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. B. Gruzinskaya 10, 123242 Moscow, Russia.,Blekinge Institute of Technology, SE-371 Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Sergey N Gurbatov
- Radiophysics Department, Lobachevsky State University, Gagarin Ave. 23, 603950 Nizhni Novgorod, Russia
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10
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McKitterick CB, Prober DE, Vora H, Du X. Ultrasensitive graphene far-infrared power detectors. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:164203. [PMID: 25835056 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/16/164203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe the properties of ultrasensitive graphene photon detectors for use in the far-infrared/terahertz spectral region and present theoretical predictions for their power detection sensitivity. These predictions are based on two graphene contacting schemes with superconducting contacts: contacts with a thin insulating barrier, and direct superconducting contacts. To quantitatively assess these predictions, we perform thermal measurements of graphene at low temperatures and analyse them to extract information on electron-phonon cooling in graphene. These new results for the electron-phonon cooling channel allow reliable prediction of the noise equivalent power (NEP) that can be expected from an optimized graphene detector, using measurement of the Johnson noise emission as the thermometry method. We find that an NEP of 2 × 10(-19) W Hz(-1/2) should be achievable under certain biasing conditions with an ideal device.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B McKitterick
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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11
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Roche B, Roulleau P, Jullien T, Jompol Y, Farrer I, Ritchie DA, Glattli DC. Harvesting dissipated energy with a mesoscopic ratchet. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6738. [PMID: 25828578 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new efficient thermoelectric devices converting waste heat into electrical energy is of major importance. The physics of mesoscopic electronic transport offers the possibility to develop a new generation of nanoengines with high efficiency. Here we describe an all-electrical heat engine harvesting and converting dissipated power into an electrical current. Two capacitively coupled mesoscopic conductors realized in a two-dimensional conductor form the hot source and the cold converter of our device. In the former, controlled Joule heating generated by a voltage-biased quantum point contact results in thermal voltage fluctuations. By capacitive coupling the latter creates electric potential fluctuations in a cold chaotic cavity connected to external leads by two quantum point contacts. For unequal quantum point contact transmissions, a net electrical current is observed proportional to the heat produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Roche
- Nanoelectronics Group, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé, IRAMIS/DSM (CNRS UMR 3680), CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P Roulleau
- Nanoelectronics Group, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé, IRAMIS/DSM (CNRS UMR 3680), CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - T Jullien
- Nanoelectronics Group, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé, IRAMIS/DSM (CNRS UMR 3680), CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Y Jompol
- Nanoelectronics Group, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé, IRAMIS/DSM (CNRS UMR 3680), CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - I Farrer
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - D A Ritchie
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - D C Glattli
- Nanoelectronics Group, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé, IRAMIS/DSM (CNRS UMR 3680), CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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12
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Presnov DE, Amitonov SV, Krutitskii PA, Kolybasova VV, Devyatov IA, Krupenin VA, Soloviev II. A highly pH-sensitive nanowire field-effect transistor based on silicon on insulator. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 4:330-335. [PMID: 23766958 PMCID: PMC3678403 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.4.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An experimental and theoretical study of a silicon-nanowire field-effect transistor made of silicon on insulator by CMOS-compatible methods is presented. RESULTS A maximum Nernstian sensitivity to pH change of 59 mV/pH was obtained experimentally. The maximum charge sensitivity of the sensor was estimated to be on the order of a thousandth of the electron charge in subthreshold mode. CONCLUSION The sensitivity obtained for our sensor built in the CMOS-compatible top-down approach does not yield to the one of sensors built in bottom-up approaches. This provides a good background for the development of CMOS-compatible probes with primary signal processing on-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis E Presnov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Laboratory of Cryoelectronics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey V Amitonov
- Laboratory of Cryoelectronics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | | | - Igor A Devyatov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Krupenin
- Laboratory of Cryoelectronics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Igor I Soloviev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow 119991, Russia
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13
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Betz AC, Vialla F, Brunel D, Voisin C, Picher M, Cavanna A, Madouri A, Fève G, Berroir JM, Plaçais B, Pallecchi E. Hot electron cooling by acoustic phonons in graphene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:056805. [PMID: 23006198 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.056805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the energy loss of hot electrons in metallic graphene by means of GHz noise thermometry at liquid helium temperature. We observe the electronic temperature T ∝ V at low bias in agreement with the heat diffusion to the leads described by the Wiedemann-Franz law. We report on T ∝ √V behavior at high bias, which corresponds to a T(4) dependence of the cooling power. This is the signature of a 2D acoustic phonon cooling mechanism. From a heat equation analysis of the two regimes we extract accurate values of the electron-acoustic phonon coupling constant Σ in monolayer graphene. Our measurements point to an important effect of lattice disorder in the reduction of Σ, not yet considered by theory. Moreover, our study provides a strong and firm support to the rising field of graphene bolometric detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Betz
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, ENS-CNRS UMR, Universités P. et M. Curie and Paris-Diderot, France
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14
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Gutman DB, Gefen Y, Mirlin AD. Full counting statistics of a Luttinger liquid conductor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:256802. [PMID: 21231608 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.256802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nonequilibrium bosonization technique is used to study current fluctuations of interacting electrons in a single-channel quantum wire representing a Luttinger liquid (LL) conductor. An exact expression for the time resolved full counting statistics of the transmitted charge is derived. It is given by the Fredholm determinant of the counting operator with a time-dependent scattering phase. The result has a form of counting statistics of noninteracting particles with fractional charges, induced by scattering off the boundaries between the LL wire and the noninteracting leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Gutman
- Department of Physics, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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15
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Phase-preserving amplification near the quantum limit with a Josephson ring modulator. Nature 2010; 465:64-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature09035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Heikkilä TT, Nazarov YV. Statistics of temperature fluctuations in an electron system out of equilibrium. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:130605. [PMID: 19392343 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.130605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We study the statistics of the fluctuating electron temperature in a metallic island coupled to reservoirs via resistive contacts and driven out of equilibrium by either a temperature or voltage difference between the reservoirs. The fluctuations of temperature are well defined provided that the energy relaxation rate inside the island exceeds the rate of energy exchange with the reservoirs. We quantify these fluctuations in the regime beyond the Gaussian approximation and elucidate their dependence on the nature of the electronic contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Heikkilä
- Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, Post Office Box 5100 FIN-02015 TKK, Finland.
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17
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Schull G, Néel N, Johansson P, Berndt R. Electron-plasmon and electron-electron interactions at a single atom contact. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:057401. [PMID: 19257550 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.057401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The transition from tunneling to contact is investigated by detecting light emitted from Au(111) in a scanning tunneling microscope. Optical spectra reflect single and multielectron processes and their distinct evolutions as a single-atom contact is formed. The experimental data are analyzed in terms of plasmon excitation and hot-hole processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Schull
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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18
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Danneau R, Wu F, Craciun MF, Russo S, Tomi MY, Salmilehto J, Morpurgo AF, Hakonen PJ. Shot noise in ballistic graphene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:196802. [PMID: 18518472 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.196802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated shot noise in graphene field effect devices in the temperature range of 4.2-30 K at low frequency (f=600-850 MHz). We find that for our graphene samples with a large width over length ratio W/L, the Fano factor F reaches a maximum F ~ 1/3 at the Dirac point and that it decreases strongly with increasing charge density. For smaller W/L, the Fano factor at Dirac point is significantly lower. Our results are in good agreement with the theory describing that transport at the Dirac point in clean graphene arises from evanescent electronic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Danneau
- Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland.
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19
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Dicarlo L, Williams JR, Zhang Y, McClure DT, Marcus CM. Shot noise in graphene. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:156801. [PMID: 18518138 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.156801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report measurements of current noise in single-layer and multilayer graphene devices. In four single-layer devices, including a p-n junction, the Fano factor remains constant to within +/-10% upon varying carrier type and density, and averages between 0.35 and 0.38. The Fano factor in a multilayer device is found to decrease from a maximal value of 0.33 at the charge-neutrality point to 0.25 at high carrier density. These results are compared to theories for shot noise in ballistic and disordered graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dicarlo
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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20
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Zakka-Bajjani E, Ségala J, Portier F, Roche P, Glattli DC, Cavanna A, Jin Y. Experimental test of the high-frequency quantum shot noise theory in a quantum point contact. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:236803. [PMID: 18233393 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.236803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report on direct measurements of the electronic shot noise of a quantum point contact at frequencies nu in the range 4-8 GHz. The very small energy scale used ensures energy independent transmissions of the few transmitted electronic modes and their accurate knowledge. Both the thermal energy and the quantum point contact drain-source voltage V_{ds} are comparable to the photon energy hnu leading to observation of the shot noise suppression when V_{ds}<hnu/e. Our measurements provide the first complete test of the finite frequency shot noise scattering theory without adjustable parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zakka-Bajjani
- Nanoelectronic Group, Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
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21
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Bomze Y, Gershon G, Shovkun D, Levitov LS, Reznikov M. Measurement of counting statistics of electron transport in a tunnel junction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:176601. [PMID: 16383849 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.176601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements of the time-dependent fluctuations of electrical current in a voltage-biased tunnel junction. We were able to simultaneously extract the first three moments of the current counting statistics. Detailed comparison of the second and the third moments reveals that the statistics is accurately described as Poissonian, expected for spontaneous current fluctuations due to electron charge discreteness, realized in tunneling transport at negligible coupling to environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bomze
- Department of Physics and Solid State Institute, Technion-IIT, Haifa 32000, Israel
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22
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Bagrets DA. Full current statistics of incoherent "cold electrons". PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:236803. [PMID: 15601186 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.236803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate the full current statistics (FCS) in the low-dimensional (1D and 2D) diffusive conductors in the incoherent regime eV>>E(Th)=D/L(2), E(Th) being the Thouless energy. It is shown that the Coulomb interaction substantially enhances the probability of big current fluctuations for short conductors with E(Th)>>1/tau(E), tau(E) being the energy relaxation time, leading to the exponential tails in the current distribution. The current fluctuations are most strong for low temperatures, provided E(Th) approximately [(eV)(2)/Dnu(2)(1)](1/3) for 1D and E(Th) approximately (eV/g)ln(g for 2D, where g is a dimensionless conductance and nu(1) is a 1D density of states. The FCS in the "hot electron" regime is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Bagrets
- Institut für Theoretische Festkörperphysik, Universität Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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23
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Safonov SS, Savchenko AK, Bagrets DA, Jouravlev ON, Nazarov YV, Linfield EH, Ritchie DA. Enhanced shot noise in resonant tunneling via interacting localized states. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:136801. [PMID: 14525327 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.136801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In a variety of mesoscopic systems shot noise is seen to be suppressed in comparison with its Poisson value. In this work we observe a considerable enhancement of shot noise in the case of resonant tunneling via localized states. We present a model of correlated transport through two localized states which provides both a qualitative and a quantitative description of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Safonov
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
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24
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Pilgram S, Jordan AN, Sukhorukov EV, Büttiker M. Stochastic path integral formulation of full counting statistics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:206801. [PMID: 12785912 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.206801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We derive a stochastic path integral representation of counting statistics in semiclassical systems. The formalism is introduced on the simple case of a single chaotic cavity with two quantum point contacts, and then further generalized to find the propagator for charge distributions with an arbitrary number of counting fields and generalized charges. The counting statistics is given by the saddle-point approximation to the path integral, and fluctuations around the saddle point are suppressed in the semiclassical approximation. We use this approach to derive the current cumulants of a chaotic cavity in the hot-electron regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pilgram
- Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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25
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Reydellet LH, Roche P, Glattli DC, Etienne B, Jin Y. Quantum partition noise of photon-created electron-hole pairs. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:176803. [PMID: 12786091 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.176803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We show experimentally that even when no bias voltage is applied to a quantum conductor, the electronic quantum partition noise can be investigated with GHz radio frequency excitation. Using a quantum point contact configuration as the ballistic conductor we are able to make an accurate determination of the partition noise Fano factor resulting from the photon-assisted shot noise. Applying both voltage bias and rf irradiation we are able to make a definitive quantitative test of the scattering theory of photon-assisted shot noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-H Reydellet
- Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
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26
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Anthore A, Pierre F, Pothier H, Esteve D. Magnetic-field-dependent quasiparticle energy relaxation in mesoscopic wires. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:076806. [PMID: 12633262 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.076806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to find out if magnetic impurities can mediate interactions between quasiparticles in metals, we have measured the effect of a magnetic field B on the energy distribution function f(E) of quasiparticles in two silver wires driven out of equilibrium by a bias voltage U. In a sample showing sharp distributions at B=0, no magnetic field effect is found, whereas, in the other sample, rounded distributions at low magnetic field get sharper as B is increased, with a characteristic field proportional to U. Comparison is made with recent calculations of the effect of magnetic-impurities-mediated interactions taking into account Kondo physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anthore
- Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé, Direction des Sciences de la Matière, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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27
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Oberholzer S, Sukhorukov EV, Strunk C, Schönenberger C, Heinzel T, Holland M. Shot noise by quantum scattering in chaotic cavities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 86:2114-2117. [PMID: 11289868 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have experimentally studied shot noise of chaotic cavities defined by two quantum point contacts in series. The cavity noise is determined as (1/4)2e/I/ in agreement with theory and can be well distinguished from other contributions to noise generated at the contacts. Subsequently, we have found that cavity noise decreases if one of the contacts is further opened and reaches nearly zero for a highly asymmetric cavity. Heating inside the cavity due to electron-electron interaction can slightly enhance the noise of large cavities and is also discussed quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Oberholzer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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28
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Naveh Y, Patel V, Averin DV, Likharev KK, Lukens JE. Universal distribution of transparencies in highly conductive Nb/AlO(x)/Nb junctions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 85:5404-5407. [PMID: 11136007 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.5404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of the universal distribution of transparencies, predicted by Schep and Bauer [Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3015 (1997)] for dirty sharp interfaces, in uniform Nb/AlO(x)/Nb junctions with high specific conductance (10(8) ohm(-1) cm(-2)). Experiments used the BCS density of states in superconducting niobium for transparency distribution probing. Experimental results for both the dc I-V curves at magnetic-field-suppressed supercurrent and the Josephson critical current in zero magnetic field coincide remarkably well with calculations based on the multimode theory of multiple Andreev reflections and the Schep-Bauer distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Naveh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
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29
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Mishchenko EG. Nonlinear voltage dependence of the shot noise in mesoscopic degenerate conductors with strong electron-electron scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 85:4144-4147. [PMID: 11056645 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.4144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is shown that measurements of zero-frequency shot noise can provide information on electron-electron interaction, because the strong interaction results in the nonlinear voltage dependence of the shot noise in metallic wires. This is due to the fact that the Wiedemann-Franz law is no longer valid in the case of considerable electron-electron interaction. The deviations from this law increase the noise power and make it strongly dependent on the ratio of electron-electron and electron-impurity scattering rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Mishchenko
- Instituut-Lorentz, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9506, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Covington M, Keller MW, Kautz RL, Martinis JM. Photon-assisted tunneling in electron pumps. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 84:5192-5195. [PMID: 10990900 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.5192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We measure photon-assisted tunneling in 4- and 6-junction electron pumps at photon frequencies up to 60 GHz. We determine the microwave voltage at the pumps using noise thermometry. The standard theory of leakage in the electron pump, modified to include photon-assisted tunneling, describes our experiments well. From this test of theory we argue that, in the absence of external microwaves, photon-assisted tunneling driven by 1/f noise is an important error mechanism in electron pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Covington
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
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31
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Abstract
Shot noise refers to the fluctuations in electrical current through a device arising from the discrete nature of the charge-carrying particles. Recent experiments have exploited the fact that the shot noise is proportional to the charge of the carriers to establish fractional quantization of quasiparticles in the fractional quantum Hall effect. By a similar argument, it is expected that when a superconducting reservoir emits Cooper pairs, (which have a charge twice that of an electron) into a short normal-metal wire, the shot noise should be double that obtained for a normal-metal reservoir. Although the charge of Cooper pairs has been well established by flux quantization and tunnel experiments, doubling of their shot noise has not yet been observed. Here we report a shot-noise experiment using a short diffusive normal-metal superconductor contact, in which we confirm the predicted noise behaviour for double charges. The measurements, taken over a large range of bias current, establish that phase coherence is not required to observe the effect.
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32
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Kozhevnikov AA, Schoelkopf RJ, Prober DE. Observation of photon-assisted noise in a diffusive normal metal-superconductor junction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 84:3398-3401. [PMID: 11019099 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.3398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report measurements of nonequilibrium noise in a diffusive normal metal-superconductor (N-S) junction in the presence of both dc bias and high-frequency ac excitation. We find that the shot noise of a diffusive N-S junction is doubled compared to a normal diffusive conductor. Under ac excitation of frequency nu the shot noise develops features at bias voltages |V| = hnu/(2e), which bear all the hallmarks of a photon-assisted process. Observation of these features provides clear evidence that the effective charge of the current carriers is 2e, due to Andreev reflection.
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Affiliation(s)
- AA Kozhevnikov
- Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8284, USA
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33
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Henny, Oberholzer, Strunk, Heinzel, Ensslin, Holland, Schonenberger. The fermionic hanbury brown and twiss experiment. Science 1999. [PMID: 10195890 DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5412.296\] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment for a beam of electrons has been realized in a two-dimensional electron gas in the quantum Hall regime. A metallic split gate serves as a tunable beam splitter to partition the incident beam into transmitted and reflected partial beams. In the nonequilibrium case the fluctuations in the partial beams are shown to be fully anticorrelated, demonstrating that fermions exclude each other. In equilibrium, the cross-correlation of current fluctuations at two different contacts is also found to be negative and nonzero, provided that a direct transmission exists between the contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henny
- Institute of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland. Department of Electronics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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34
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Henny M, Oberholzer S, Strunk C, Heinzel T, Ensslin K, Holland M, Schonenberger C. The fermionic hanbury brown and twiss experiment. Science 1999; 284:296-8. [PMID: 10195890 DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5412.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment for a beam of electrons has been realized in a two-dimensional electron gas in the quantum Hall regime. A metallic split gate serves as a tunable beam splitter to partition the incident beam into transmitted and reflected partial beams. In the nonequilibrium case the fluctuations in the partial beams are shown to be fully anticorrelated, demonstrating that fermions exclude each other. In equilibrium, the cross-correlation of current fluctuations at two different contacts is also found to be negative and nonzero, provided that a direct transmission exists between the contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Henny
- Institute of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Switzerland. Department of Electronics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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35
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Blanter Y, Langen S, Buttiker M. Exchange effects in shot noise in multi-terminal devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.3367/ufnr.0168.199802m.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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36
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Distribution of transmitted charge through a double-barrier junction. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:8144-8149. [PMID: 9984495 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.8144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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