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Li Z, Chen HYT, Schouteden K, Lauwaet K, Janssens E, Van Haesendonck C, Pacchioni G, Lievens P. Lateral manipulation of atomic vacancies in ultrathin insulating films. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5318-5325. [PMID: 25769024 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During the last 20 years, using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy, scientists have successfully achieved vertical and lateral repositioning of individual atoms on and in different types of surfaces. Such atom manipulation allows the bottom-up assembly of novel nanostructures that can otherwise not be fabricated. It is therefore surprising that controlled repositioning of virtual atoms, i.e., atomic vacancies, across atomic lattices has not yet been achieved experimentally. Here we use STM at liquid helium temperature (4.5 K) to create individual Cl vacancies and subsequently to laterally manipulate them across the surface of ultrathin sodium chloride films. This allows monitoring the interactions between two neighboring vacancies with different separations. Our findings are corroborated by density functional theory calculations and STM image simulations. The lateral manipulation of atomic vacancies opens up a new playground for the investigation of fundamental physical properties of vacancy nanostructures of any size and shape and their coupling with the supporting substrate, and of the interaction of various deposits with charged vacancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- †Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 d, Box 2414, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hsin-Yi Tiffany Chen
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Koen Schouteden
- †Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 d, Box 2414, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Lauwaet
- †Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 d, Box 2414, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ewald Janssens
- †Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 d, Box 2414, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Haesendonck
- †Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 d, Box 2414, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Peter Lievens
- †Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 d, Box 2414, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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KCl ultra-thin films with polar and non-polar surfaces grown on Si(111)7 × 7. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8223. [PMID: 25650038 PMCID: PMC4316162 DOI: 10.1038/srep08223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of ultra-thin KCl films on the Si(111)7 × 7 reconstructed surface has been investigated as a function of KCl coverage and substrate temperature. The structure and morphology of the films were characterized by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. Detailed analysis of the atomically resolved STM images of islands grown at room and high temperatures (400 K–430 K) revealed the presence of KCl(001) and KCl(111) islands with the ratio between both structures depending on the growth temperature. At room temperature, the growth of the first layer, which covers the initial Si(111)7 × 7 surface, contains double/triple atomic layers of KCl(001) with a small fraction of KCl(111) islands. The high temperature growth promotes the appearance of large KCl(111) areas, which are built up by three atomic layers. At room and high temperatures, flat and atomically well-defined ultra-thin KCl films can be grown on the Si(111)7 × 7 substrate. The formation of the above mentioned (111) polar films is interpreted as a result of the thermally activated dissociative adsorption of KCl molecules on Si(111)7 × 7, which produces an excess of potassium on the Si surface.
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Wagner M, Negreiros FR, Sementa L, Barcaro G, Surnev S, Fortunelli A, Netzer FP. Nanostripe pattern of NaCl layers on Cu(110). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:216101. [PMID: 23745897 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.216101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A sodium chloride monolayer on a Cu(110) surface gives rise to a highly corrugated periodic nanostripe pattern of the (100) lattice as observed by scanning tunneling microscopy and low-energy electron diffraction. As revealed by density-functional calculations, this pattern is a consequence of the frustration of the overlayer-substrate chemical bonding produced by epitaxial mismatch. The coexistence of regions of strong Cu-Cl covalent and weak nonbonding interactions leads to a chemically induced topographic modulation here realized in a two-dimensional dielectric. The carpetlike growth of the NaCl layer across Cu step edges induces a distinct contrast inversion in the stripe pattern as a result of the change in epitaxial relationship due to the stacking sequence of the (110) Cu layers. It is demonstrated that the competition between local substrate-overlayer and intraoverlayer interactions can support a well-defined heteroepitaxial relationship of a ionic dielectric film and a metal surface, with important consequences for the nanoscale morphology and related properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wagner
- Surface and Interface Physics, Institute of Physics, Karl-Franzens University Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Masini F, Ning Y, Li Z, Lægsgaard E, Besenbacher F, Linderoth TR. Adsorption of the organic salt TAB(HCl)4 on Cu(111) studied using STM and XPS. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:8665-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43851a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Lauwaet K, Schouteden K, Janssens E, Van Haesendonck C, Lievens P. Dependence of the NaCl/Au(111) interface state on the thickness of the NaCl layer. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:475507. [PMID: 23110874 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/47/475507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the growth and the electronic properties of crystalline NaCl layers on Au(111) surfaces by means of cryogenic scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Deposition of NaCl on Au(111) at room temperature yields bilayer NaCl islands, which can be transformed into trilayer NaCl islands by post-annealing. Upon NaCl adsorption, the Au(111) Shockley surface state becomes an interface state (IS) at the NaCl/Au(111) interface. Using Fourier-transform images of maps of the local density of states, the energy versus wave vector dispersions of the IS and the Au(111) bulk states are determined. The dispersion of both states is found to depend strongly on the thickness of the adsorbed NaCl layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Lauwaet
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Karacuban H, Koch S, Fendrich M, Wagner T, Möller R. PTCDA on Cu(111) partially covered with NaCl. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:295305. [PMID: 21693798 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/29/295305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The organic molecule 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) was studied by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) on thin insulating NaCl films grown on a Cu(111) single crystal. The deposition of approximately two monolayers (ML) of sodium chloride onto a Cu(111) substrate at a sample temperature of about 350 K causes a rather rough growth of (100)-oriented NaCl islands up to a local height of 4 ML. For submonolayer coverages (0.1 and 0.4 ML) of PTCDA on a Cu(111) surface partly covered with NaCl, two different rod structures of PTCDA were found on the copper surface, which are in contrast to previously published data for PTCDA on Cu(111) showing a herringbone-like arrangement. These findings can be explained by the formation of a Na(x)-PTCDA complex. On NaCl covered areas, single PTCDA molecules adsorb at vacancies of [010] and [001] oriented steps of the NaCl(100) islands. In this case, the electrostatic forces between the polar step edges and the PTCDA molecules are dominant. The terraces of the alkali halide surface are free of PTCDA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Karacuban
- Department of Physics, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany.
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Barth C, Foster AS, Henry CR, Shluger AL. Recent trends in surface characterization and chemistry with high-resolution scanning force methods. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:477-501. [PMID: 21254251 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201002270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The current status and future prospects of non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) for studying insulating surfaces and thin insulating films in high resolution are discussed. The rapid development of these techniques and their use in combination with other scanning probe microscopy methods over the last few years has made them increasingly relevant for studying, controlling, and functionalizing the surfaces of many key materials. After introducing the instruments and the basic terminology associated with them, state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical studies of insulating surfaces and thin films are discussed, with specific focus on defects, atomic and molecular adsorbates, doping, and metallic nanoclusters. The latest achievements in atomic site-specific force spectroscopy and the identification of defects by crystal doping, work function, and surface charge imaging are reviewed and recent progress being made in high-resolution imaging in air and liquids is detailed. Finally, some of the key challenges for the future development of the considered fields are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Barth
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France.
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Rasool HI, Song EB, Allen MJ, Wassei JK, Kaner RB, Wang KL, Weiller BH, Gimzewski JK. Continuity of graphene on polycrystalline copper. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:251-256. [PMID: 21117698 DOI: 10.1021/nl1036403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The atomic structure of graphene on polycrystalline copper substrates has been studied using scanning tunneling microscopy. The graphene overlayer maintains a continuous pristine atomic structure over atomically flat planes, monatomic steps, edges, and vertices of the copper surface. We find that facets of different identities are overgrown with graphene's perfect carbon honeycomb lattice. Our observations suggest that growth models including a stagnant catalytic surface do not apply to graphene growth on copper. Contrary to current expectations, these results reveal that the growth of macroscopic pristine graphene is not limited by the underlying copper structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider I Rasool
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
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9
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Swart I, Gross L, Liljeroth P. Single-molecule chemistry and physics explored by low-temperature scanning probe microscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9011-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11404b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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STM Manipulation of Single Atoms and Molecules on Insulating Films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-096355-6.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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11
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Bombis C, Kalashnyk N, Xu W, Laegsgaard E, Besenbacher F, Linderoth TR. Hydrogen-bonded molecular networks of melamine and cyanuric acid on thin films of NaCl on Au(111). SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:2177-2182. [PMID: 19517481 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of organized molecular structures on insulators is technologically very relevant, but in general rather challenging to achieve due to the comparatively weak molecule-substrate interactions. Here the self-assembly of a bimolecular hydrogen-bonded network formed by melamine (M) and cyanuric acid (CA) on ultrathin NaCl films grown on a Au(111) surface is reported. Using scanning tunneling microscopy under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions it is demonstrated that it is possible to exploit strong intermolecular forces in the M-CA system, resulting from complementary triple hydrogen bonds, to grow 2D bimolecular networks on an ultrathin NaCl film that are stable at a relatively high temperature of approximately 160 K and at a coverage below saturation of the first molecular monolayer. These hydrogen-bonded structures on NaCl are identical to the self-assembled structures observed for the M-CA system on Au(111), which indicates that the molecular self-assembly is not significantly affected by the isolating NaCl substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bombis
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Loppacher C, Zerweck U, Eng LM, Gemming S, Seifert G, Olbrich C, Morawetz K, Schreiber M. Adsorption of PTCDA on a partially KBr covered Ag(111) substrate. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 17:1568-1573. [PMID: 26558560 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/17/6/006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ordered growth of 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride (PTCDA) on Ag(111) partially covered by one or two monolayers of KBr was investigated by non-contact AFM with molecular resolution. Different adsorption patterns are found on the pure substrate, the one covered by a single monolayer, and the one covered by two monolayers KBr. Simulations with an extended Ising-type model reproduce these experimental patterns very well. The adsorbate-adsorbate and the adsorbate-substrate interaction parameters obtained from the simulation are discussed with respect to the interactions at the Ag(111)|KBr interface. As a result, alkali halide covered metals can be used for tuning the interactions and designing adsorption systems, which opens up new possibilities in the control of self-assembled nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Loppacher
- Institute of Applied Photophysics, TU Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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Maheshwari R, Bhavani R, Dhathathreyan A. Solid–liquid interfacial energy as a tool to estimate shifts in isoelectric points of adsorbed proteins on solid surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 293:500-4. [PMID: 16102778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the estimation of isoelectric points (pIs) of adsorbed amino acids and proteins on solid surfaces in the pH range between 3.5-11.0 from a measurement of solid/liquid interfacial energy. The values thus obtained are compared with the pIs determined in solution phase by other methods. Both glass and Teflon have been chosen as model solid surfaces. Close agreement between the reference pI values, obtained by the capillary isoelectric focusing and those obtained at solid/liquid interface is observed within an average difference of 0.04-0.08 pH unit when the pIs are above the pI of glass. For systems whose pIs are far away from that of glass (either in the acidic or highly alkaline range), a large shift in the isoelectric point is observed. In case of Teflon the pIs are closer to the reported values than at glass/liquid interface. This could be due to the fact that Teflon being a hydrophobic surface, its surface is dominated by dispersive forces, which may not be seriously affected by pH changes. The shift in the values at solid/liquid interface compared to that in solution have been examined using an 'image charge approach.'
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maheshwari
- Chemical Laboratory, CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
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Repp J, Meyer G, Paavilainen S, Olsson FE, Persson M. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of Cl vacancies in NaCl films: strong electron-phonon coupling in double-barrier tunneling junctions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:225503. [PMID: 16384232 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.225503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Broad Gaussian line shapes are observed in scanning tunneling spectroscopy of single, localized electronic states induced by Cl vacancies in ultrathin NaCl films on Cu surfaces. Using a simple inelastic resonance tunneling model, we show that the observed broad line shapes are caused by a strong coupling between the localized state and the optical phonons in the film. The parameters for the model are obtained from density functional calculations, in which the occupation of the vacancy state temporarily taking place in the experiment has also been accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jascha Repp
- IBM Research, Zurich Research Laboratory, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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Repp J, Meyer G, Stojković SM, Gourdon A, Joachim C. Molecules on insulating films: scanning-tunneling microscopy imaging of individual molecular orbitals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:026803. [PMID: 15698209 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.026803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin insulating NaCl films have been employed to decouple individual pentacene molecules electronically from the metallic substrate. This allows the inherent electronic structure of the free molecule to be preserved and studied by means of low-temperature scanning-tunneling microscopy. Thereby direct images of the unperturbed molecular orbitals of the individual pentacene molecules are obtained. Elastic scattering quantum chemistry calculations substantiate the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jascha Repp
- IBM Research, Zurich Research Laboratory, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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Repp J, Meyer G, Olsson FE, Persson M. Controlling the Charge State of Individual Gold Adatoms. Science 2004; 305:493-5. [PMID: 15273388 DOI: 10.1126/science.1099557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The nature and control of individual metal atoms on insulators are of great importance in emerging atomic-scale technologies. Individual gold atoms on an ultrathin insulating sodium chloride film supported by a copper surface exhibit two different charge states, which are stabilized by the large ionic polarizability of the film. The charge state and associated physical and chemical properties such as diffusion can be controlled by adding or removing a single electron to or from the adatom with a scanning tunneling microscope tip. The simple physical mechanism behind the charge bistability in this case suggests that this is a common phenomenon for adsorbates on polar insulating films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jascha Repp
- IBM, Zurich Research Laboratory, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland.
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Rieder KH, Meyer G, Hla SW, Moresco F, Braun KF, Morgenstern K, Repp J, Foelsch S, Bartels L. The scanning tunnelling microscope as an operative tool: doing physics and chemistry with single atoms and molecules. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2004; 362:1207-1216. [PMID: 15306472 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2004.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The scanning tunnelling microscope, initially invented to image surfaces down to the atomic scale, has been further developed in the last few years to an operative tool, with which atoms and molecules can be manipulated at will at low substrate temperatures in different manners to create and investigate artificial structures, whose properties can be investigated employing spectroscopic dI/dV measurements. The tunnelling current can be used to selectively break chemical bonds, but also to induce chemical association. These possibilities give rise to startling new opportunities for physical and chemical experiments on the single atom and single molecule level. Here we provide a short overview on recent results obtained with these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Rieder
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Repp J, Meyer G, Rieder KH. Snell's law for surface electrons: refraction of an electron gas imaged in real space. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:036803. [PMID: 14753892 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.036803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
On NaCl(100)/Cu(111) an interface state band is observed that descends from the surface-state band of the clean copper surface. This band exhibits a Moiré-pattern-induced one-dimensional band gap, which is accompanied by strong standing-wave patterns, as revealed in low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy images. At NaCl island step edges, one can directly see the refraction of these standing waves, which obey Snell's refraction law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jascha Repp
- IBM Research, Zurich Research Laboratory, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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BRAUN KF, MORESCO F, MORGENSTERN K, FÖLSCH S, REPP J, HLA SW, MEYER G, RIEDER KH. MANIPULATION OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF NANOSYSTEMS: THE SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE AS AN OPERATIVE TOOL. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2003. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x03001218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Controlled manipulations with scanning tunneling microscope (STM) down to the scale of small molecules and single atoms allow to build molecular and atomic nanosystems, leading to the fascinating possibility of creating manmade structures on atomic scale. Here we present a short review on investigations based on atomic scale manipulation. Upon soft lateral manipulation of adsorbed species, in which only tip/particle forces are used, three different manipulation modes can be discerned: pushing, pulling and sliding. Even the manipulation of strongly bound native substrate atoms is possible. We demonstrate applications as local analytic and synthetic chemistry tools, with important consequences on surface structure research. Vertical manipulation of Xe and CO leads to improved imaging with functionalized tips. With CO deliberately transferred to the tip, we have also succeeded to perform vibrational spectroscopy on single molecules. Furthermore, we describe how we have reproduced a full chemical reaction with single molecules, whereby all basic steps, namely preparation of the reactants, diffusion and association, are induced with the STM tip. Here also field and electron current effects are employed. Finally, we have extended the manipulation techniques to large specially designed molecules by performing lateral manipulation in constant height and realizing the principle of a conformational molecular switch. Artificial nanoscale structures built in atom by atom fashion can serve as quantum laboratories for investigations of various physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.-F. BRAUN
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. MORESCO
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - K. MORGENSTERN
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. FÖLSCH
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. REPP
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. W. HLA
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. MEYER
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - K. H. RIEDER
- Institute for Experimental Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Alkali Halides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56019-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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