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Feng X, Bai H, Fan X, Guo M, Zhang Z, Chai G, Wang T, Xue D, Song C, Fan X. Incommensurate Spin Density Wave in Antiferromagnetic RuO_{2} Evinced by Abnormal Spin Splitting Torque. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:086701. [PMID: 38457714 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.086701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Since the discovery of antiferromagnetism, metallic oxide RuO_{2} has exhibited numerous intriguing spintronics properties such as the anomalous Hall effect and anisotropic spin splitting effect. However, the microscopic origin of its antiferromagnetism remains unclear. By investigating the spin splitting torque in RuO_{2}/Py, we found that metallic RuO_{2} exhibits a spatially periodic spin structure which interacts with the spin waves in Py through interfacial exchange coupling. The wavelength of such structure is evaluated within 14-20 nm depending on the temperature, which is evidence of an incommensurate spin density wave state in RuO_{2}. Our work not only provides a dynamics approach to characterize the antiferromagnetic ordering in RuO_{2}, but also offers fundamental insights into the spin current generation due to anisotropic spin splitting effect associated with spin density wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (MOE), School of Physics Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (MOE), School of Physics Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Muhan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (MOE), School of Physics Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (MOE), School of Physics Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guozhi Chai
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (MOE), School of Physics Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (MOE), School of Physics Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Desheng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (MOE), School of Physics Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Cheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (MOE), School of Physics Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Jiang J, Ding W, Li W, Wei Z. Freestanding Single-Atom-Layer Pd-Based Catalysts: Oriented Splitting of Energy Bands for Unique Stability and Activity. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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3
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Geng D, Yang HY. Recent Advances in Growth of Novel 2D Materials: Beyond Graphene and Transition Metal Dichalcogenides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800865. [PMID: 30063268 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of graphene just over a decade ago, 2D materials have been a central focus of materials research and engineering because of their unique properties and potential of revealing intriguing new phenomena. In the past few years, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have also attracted considerable attention because of the intrinsically opened bandgap. The exceptional properties and potential applications of graphene and TMDs have inspired explosive efforts to discover novel 2D materials. Here, emerging novel 2D materials are summarized and recent progress in the preparation, characterization, and application of 2D materials is highlighted. The experimental realization methods for these materials are emphasized, while the large-area growth and controlled patterning for industrial productions are discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges and potential applications of 2D materials are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechao Geng
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Hui Ying Yang
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
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4
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Coexistence of charge and ferromagnetic order in fcc Fe. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10949. [PMID: 26971713 PMCID: PMC4793077 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase coexistence phenomena have been intensively studied in strongly correlated materials where several ordered states simultaneously occur or compete. Material properties critically depend on external parameters and boundary conditions, where tiny changes result in qualitatively different ground states. However, up to date, phase coexistence phenomena have exclusively been reported for complex compounds composed of multiple elements. Here we show that charge- and magnetically ordered states coexist in double-layer Fe/Rh(001). Scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy measurements reveal periodic charge-order stripes below a temperature of 130 K. Close to liquid helium temperature, they are superimposed by ferromagnetic domains as observed by spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy. Temperature-dependent measurements reveal a pronounced cross-talk between charge and spin order at the ferromagnetic ordering temperature about 70 K, which is successfully modelled within an effective Ginzburg-Landau ansatz including sixth-order terms. Our results show that subtle balance between structural modifications can lead to competing ordering phenomena.
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5
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Reduced-dimensionality-induced helimagnetism in iron nanoislands. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5183. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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6
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Zhao J, Deng Q, Bachmatiuk A, Sandeep G, Popov A, Eckert J, Rummeli MH. Free-Standing Single-Atom-Thick Iron Membranes Suspended in Graphene Pores. Science 2014; 343:1228-32. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1245273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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7
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Amemiya K. Sub-nm resolution depth profiling of the chemical state and magnetic structure of thin films by a depth-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy technique. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:10477-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41085k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Enders A, Skomski R, Honolka J. Magnetic surface nanostructures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:433001. [PMID: 21403321 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/43/433001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent trends in the emerging field of surface-supported magnetic nanostructures are reviewed. Current strategies for nanostructure synthesis are summarized, followed by a predominantly theoretical description of magnetic phenomena in surface magnetic structures and a review of experimental research in this field. Emphasis is on Fe- or Co-based nanostructures in various low-dimensional geometries, which are studied as model systems to explore the effects of dimensionality, atomic coordination, chemical bonds, alloying and, most importantly, interactions with the supporting substrate on the magnetism. This review also includes a discussion of closely related systems, such as 3d element impurities integrated into organic networks, surface-supported Fe-based molecular magnets, Kondo systems or 4d element nanostructures that exhibit emergent magnetism, thereby bridging the traditional areas of surface science, molecular physics and nanomagnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Enders
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
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Pickel M, Schmidt AB, Weinelt M, Donath M. Magnetic exchange splitting in Fe above the Curie temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:237204. [PMID: 20867266 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.237204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic exchange splitting of electronic states in a 7 monolayer Fe film on Cu(001) was investigated below and above the Curie temperature T(C), using image-potential surface states as sensor. At T(C), the long-range magnetic order breaks down as reflected by a vanishing spin splitting and vanishing spin polarization. The exchange splitting, in contrast, does not change abruptly at T(C) but persists up to T=1.2T(C). Equally, the spin-integrated linewidth shows no signature of the magnetic phase transition but smoothly decreases with increasing temperature. Our experimental results confirm theoretical expectations that, at T(C), the long-range magnetic order disappears but the local magnetic moments and, in particular, the valence electronic structure are unaffected by the phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pickel
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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10
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Miyawaki J, Chainani A, Takata Y, Mulazzi M, Oura M, Senba Y, Ohashi H, Shin S. Out-of-plane nesting driven spin spiral in ultrathin Fe/Cu(001) films. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:066407. [PMID: 20366842 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.066407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial ultrathin Fe films on fcc Cu(001) exhibit a spin spiral (SS), in contrast to the ferromagnetism of bulk bcc Fe. We study the in-plane (IP) and out-of-plane (OP) Fermi surfaces (FSs) of the SS in 8 monolayer Fe/Cu(001) films using energy-dependent soft-x-ray momentum-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. We show that the SS originates in nested regions confined to OP FSs, which are drastically modified compared to IP FSs. From precise reciprocal-space maps in successive zones, we obtain the associated real space compressive strain of 1.5+/-0.5% along c axis. An autocorrelation analysis quantifies the incommensurate ordering vector q=(2pi/a)(0,0, approximately 0.86), favoring a SS and consistent with magneto-optic Kerr effect experiments. The results reveal the importance of IP and OP FS mapping for ultrathin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Miyawaki
- Excitation Order Research Team, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
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11
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Meyerheim HL, Tonnerre JM, Sandratskii L, Tolentino HCN, Przybylski M, Gabi Y, Yildiz F, Fu XL, Bontempi E, Grenier S, Kirschner J. New model for magnetism in ultrathin fcc Fe on Cu(001). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:267202. [PMID: 20366339 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.267202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Using soft-x-ray resonant magnetic scattering in combination with first-principles calculations for noncollinear magnetic configurations we present a new model of the magnetism in ultrathin fcc Fe films on Cu(001). We find the presence of blocks with robust magnetic structure, while the relative directions of the moments of different blocks are sensitive to the detailed atomic structure and temperature. The magnetic noncollinearity is directly demonstrated, which has not been possible so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Meyerheim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
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12
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Donath M, Pickel M, Schmidt AB, Weinelt M. Ferromagnetic Fe on Cu(001) throughout the fcc-like phase: arguing from the viewpoint of the electronic structure. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:134004. [PMID: 21817479 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/13/134004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The scientific enthusiasm for ultrathin Fe films on Cu(001) has now lasted for more than 20 years. Is there ferromagnetic iron with a face-centred cubic (fcc) structure? Does ferromagnetism in Fe hinge on the body-centred cubic (bcc) structure? In this contribution, we try to establish that the electron system gives evidence of ferromagnetic behaviour with fcc-like electronic bands. We examine a crystal-induced surface state, which is characteristic of fcc surface order. Furthermore, we compare electronic signatures of fcc and bcc: the d-band exchange splitting, image-potential-state energies and the work function. We conclude that, from the viewpoint of the electronic structure, Fe on Cu(001) is found to be ferromagnetic throughout the fcc-like phase. This result raises a new question: how much deviation from the relaxed fcc order is acceptable without losing the electronic signature of fcc?
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Affiliation(s)
- M Donath
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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13
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Growth Mode and Surface Structure of Cr Ultrathin Film on Fe/Cu(001). E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2008.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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von Bergmann K, Heinze S, Bode M, Vedmedenko EY, Bihlmayer G, Blügel S, Wiesendanger R. Observation of a complex nanoscale magnetic structure in a hexagonal Fe monolayer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:167203. [PMID: 16712267 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.167203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We have observed a novel magnetic structure in the pseudomorphic Fe monolayer on Ir(111). Using spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy we find a nanometer-sized two-dimensional magnetic unit cell. A collinear magnetic structure is proposed consisting of 15 Fe atoms per unit cell with 7 magnetic moments pointing in one and 8 moments in the opposite direction. First-principles calculations verify that such an unusual magnetic state is indeed lower in energy than all solutions of the classical Heisenberg model. We demonstrate that the complex magnetic structure is induced by the strong Fe-Ir hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K von Bergmann
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Hamburg, Germany.
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16
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Zeng C, Kent PRC, Varela M, Eisenbach M, Stocks GM, Torija M, Shen J, Weitering HH. Epitaxial stabilization of ferromagnetism in the nanophase of FeGe. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:127201. [PMID: 16605951 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.127201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial nanocrystals of FeGe have been stabilized on Ge(111). The nanocrystals assume a quasi-one-dimensional shape as they grow exclusively along the <110> direction of the Ge(111) substrate, culminating in a compressed monoclinic modification of FeGe. Whereas monoclinic FeGe is antiferromagnetic in the bulk, the nanowires are surprisingly strong ferromagnets below approximately 200 K with an average magnetic moment of 0.8 microB per Fe atom. Density functional calculations indicate an unusual stabilization mechanism for the observed ferromagnetism: lattice compression destabilizes the antiferromagnetic Peierls-like ground state observed in the bulk while increased p-d hybridization suppresses the magnetic moments and stabilizes ferromagnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgan Zeng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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17
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Torija MA, Gai Z, Myoung N, Plummer EW, Shen J. Frozen low-spin interface in ultrathin Fe films on Cu(111). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:027201. [PMID: 16090711 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.027201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In ultrathin film systems, it is a major challenge to understand how a thickness-driven phase transition proceeds along the cross-sectional direction of the films. We use ultrathin Fe films on Cu(111) as a prototype system to demonstrate how to obtain such information using an in situ scanning tunneling microscope and the surface magneto-optical Kerr effect. The magnetization depth profile of a thickness-driven low-spin to high-spin magnetic phase transition is deduced from the experimental data, which leads us to conclude that a low-spin Fe layer at the Fe/Cu interface stays live upon the phase transition. The magnetically live low-spin phase is believed to be induced by a frozen fcc Fe layer that survives a thickness-driven fcc-->bcc structural transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Torija
- Condensed Matter Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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18
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Tian CS, Qian D, Wu D, He RH, Wu YZ, Tang WX, Yin LF, Shi YS, Dong GS, Jin XF, Jiang XM, Liu FQ, Qian HJ, Sun K, Wang LM, Rossi G, Qiu ZQ, Shi J. Body-centered-cubic Ni and its magnetic properties. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:137210. [PMID: 15904031 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.137210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The body-centered-cubic (bcc) phase of Ni, which does not exist in nature, has been achieved as a thin film on GaAs(001) at 170 K via molecular beam epitaxy. The bcc Ni is ferromagnetic with a Curie temperature of 456 K and possesses a magnetic moment of 0.52+/-0.08 micro(B)/atom. The cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy of bcc Ni is determined to be +4.0x10(5) ergs x cm(-3), as opposed to -5.7x10(4) ergs x cm(-3) for the naturally occurring face-centered-cubic (fcc) Ni. This sharp contrast in the magnetic anisotropy is attributed to the different electronic band structures between bcc Ni and fcc Ni, which are determined using angle-resolved photoemission with synchrotron radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Tian
- Surface Physics Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Kubetzka A, Ferriani P, Bode M, Heinze S, Bihlmayer G, von Bergmann K, Pietzsch O, Blügel S, Wiesendanger R. Revealing antiferromagnetic order of the Fe monolayer on W(001): spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy and first-principles calculations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:087204. [PMID: 15783926 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.087204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We prove that the magnetic ground state of a single monolayer Fe on W(001) is c(2x2) antiferromagnetic, i.e., a checkerboard arrangement of antiparallel magnetic moments. Real space images of this magnetic structure have been obtained with spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy. An out-of-plane easy magnetization axis is concluded from measurements in an external magnetic field. The magnetic ground state and anisotropy axis are explained based on first-principles calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kubetzka
- Institute of Applied Physics and Microstructure Research Center, University of Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 11, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
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Enders A, Peterka D, Repetto D, Lin N, Dmitriev A, Kern K. Temperature dependence of the surface anisotropy of Fe ultrathin films on Cu(001). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:217203. [PMID: 12786584 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.217203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental approach to separate temperature dependent reversible and irreversible contributions to the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of Fe films grown at low temperatures on Cu(001) substrates. The surface anisotropy K(S)(T) is found to decrease linearly with temperature, causing a thermally induced spin reorientation into the plane. The irreversible shift of the spin reorientation transition and the coercivity of the iron films are directly correlated to the increasing Fe island size during annealing. The increased coercivity is discussed in terms of domain wall energy inhomogeneities provided by the islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Enders
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Razee SSA, Staunton JB, Szunyogh L, Gyorffy BL. Onset of magnetic order in fcc-Fe films on Cu(100). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:147201. [PMID: 11955172 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.147201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of an ab initio theory of metallic magnetism in layered materials, we investigate the onset of magnetic order in thin (2-8 layers) fcc-Fe films on and embedded in Cu(100) substrates. In particular, we find an oscillatory dependence of the Curie temperatures on embedding depth, in excellent agreement with experimental data. The thermally induced spin fluctuations are treated within a mean-field disordered local moment picture and give rise to layer-dependent "local exchange splittings" in the electronic structure even in the paramagnetic phase. These features determine the magnetic intralayer and interlayer interactions which are strongly influenced by the presence and extent of the Cu cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S A Razee
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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