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Bourges F, Genty D, Perrier F, Lartiges B, Régnier É, François A, Leplat J, Touron S, Bousta F, Massault M, Delmotte M, Dumoulin JP, Girault F, Ramonet M, Chauveau C, Rodrigues P. Hydrogeological control on carbon dioxide input into the atmosphere of the Chauvet-Pont d'Arc cave. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:136844. [PMID: 32059316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (CDC) is an essential parameter of underground atmospheres for safety and cave heritage preservation. In the Chauvet cave (South France), a world heritage site hosting unique paintings dated 36,000 years BP, a high-sensitivity monitoring, ongoing since 1997, revealed: 1) two compartments with a spatially uniform CDC, a large volume (A) (40,000 to 80,000 m3) with a mean value of 2.20 ± 0.01% vol. in 2016, and a smaller remote room (B) (2000 m3), with a higher mean value of 3.42 ± 0.01%; 2) large CDC annual variations with peak-to-peak amplitude of 2% and 1.6% in A and B, respectively; 3) long-term changes, with an increase of CDC and of its annual amplitude since 1997, then faster since 2013, reaching a maximum of 4.4% in B in 2017, decreasing afterwards. While a large effect of seasonal ventilation is ruled out, monitoring of seepage at two dripping points indicated that the main control of CDC seasonal reduction was transient infiltration. During periods of water deficit, calculated from surface temperature and rainfall, CDC systematically increased. The carbon isotopic composition of CO2, correlated with water excess, is consistent with a time-varying component of CO2 seeping from above. The CO2 flux, which is the primary driver of CDC in A and B, inferred using box modelling, was found to confirm the relationship between water excess and reduced CO2 flux into A, compatible with a more constant flux into B. A buoyancy-driven horizontal CO2 flow model in the vadose zone, hindered by water infiltration, is proposed. Similarly, pluri-annual and long-term CDC changes can likely be attributed to variations of water excess, but also to increasing vegetation density above the cave. As CDC controls the carbonate geochemistry, an increased variability of CDC raises concern for the preservation of the Chauvet cave paintings.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bourges
- Géologie Environnement Conseil, 30 rue de la République, F-09200 Saint-Girons, France
| | - Dominique Genty
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, UVSQ, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Perrier
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université de Paris, 1 rue Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Bruno Lartiges
- Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Géosciences Environnement-Toulouse, 14 av. Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Édouard Régnier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, UVSQ, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexandre François
- Laboratoire de Recherches des Monuments Historiques (CRC, USR3224), Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Ministère de la Culture, CRNS, 29 rue de Paris, F-77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Johann Leplat
- Laboratoire de Recherches des Monuments Historiques (CRC, USR3224), Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Ministère de la Culture, CRNS, 29 rue de Paris, F-77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Stéphanie Touron
- Laboratoire de Recherches des Monuments Historiques (CRC, USR3224), Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Ministère de la Culture, CRNS, 29 rue de Paris, F-77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Faisl Bousta
- Laboratoire de Recherches des Monuments Historiques (CRC, USR3224), Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Ministère de la Culture, CRNS, 29 rue de Paris, F-77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Marc Massault
- Géosciences Paris-Sud (GEOPS), Université de Paris Saclay, Rue du Belvédère Bâtiment 504, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Marc Delmotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, UVSQ, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Pascal Dumoulin
- Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14 (LMC14), LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Girault
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université de Paris, 1 rue Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Michel Ramonet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, UVSQ, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Charles Chauveau
- Service de la Conservation de la Grotte Chauvet, Ministère de la Culture, F-07150 Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, France
| | - Paulo Rodrigues
- Service de la Conservation de la Grotte Chauvet, Ministère de la Culture, F-07150 Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, France
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Perrier F, Le Mouël JL. Stationary and transient thermal states of barometric pumping in the access pit of an underground quarry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:1044-1056. [PMID: 26855357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The transition zone between free and underground atmospheres hosts spectacular phenomena, as demonstrated by temperature measurements performed in the 4.6m diameter and 20m deep vertical access pit of an abandoned underground quarry located in Vincennes, near Paris. In summer, a stable stratification of the atmosphere is maintained, with coherent temperature variations associated with atmospheric pressure changes, with a barometric tide S2 larger than 0.1°C peak to peak. When the winter regime of turbulent cold air avalanches is initiated, stratification with pressure induced signals can be restored transiently in the upper part of the pit, while the lower part remains fully mixed and insensitive to pressure variations. The amplitude of the pressure to temperature transfer function increases with frequency below 5×10(-4)Hz, with values at 3×10(-5)Hz varying from 0.1°C·hPa(-1) at the bottom up to 2°C·hPa(-1) towards the top of the pit. These temperature variations are accounted for by cave breathing, which is pressure induced motion of air amplified by the large volume of the quarry. This understanding is supported by a numerical model including advective heat transport, heat diffusion, and heat exchange with the pit walls. Mean lifetime in the pit is of the order of 9 to 13h, and barometric pumping results in an effective ventilation rate of the quarry of the order of 10(-7)s(-1). This study illustrates the important role of barometric pumping in heat and matter transport between atmosphere and lithosphere. The resulting stationary and transient states, revealed in this pit, are probably a general feature of functioning interface systems, and therefore are an important aspect to consider in problems of contaminant transport, or the preservation of precious heritage such as rare ecosystems or painted caves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Perrier
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Jean-Louis Le Mouël
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
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Rusaouen E, Riedinger X, Tisserand JC, Seychelles F, Salort J, Castaing B, Chillà F. Laminar and intermittent flow in a tilted heat pipe. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2014; 37:4. [PMID: 24464137 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2014-14004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Heat transfer measurements performed by Riedinger et al. (Phys. Fluids, 25, 015117 (2013)) showed that in an inclined channel, heated from below and cooled from above with adiabatic walls, the flow is laminar or intermittent (local bursts can occur in the laminar flow) when the inclination angle is sufficiently high and the applied power sufficiently low. In this case, gravity plays a crucial role in the characteristics of the flow. In this paper, we present velocity measurements, and their derived tensors, obtained with Particle Image Velocimetry inside the channel. We, also, propose a model derived from a jet interpretation of the flow. Comparison between experiment and model shows a fair agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rusaouen
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon UMR5672, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Chillà F, Schumacher J. New perspectives in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2012; 35:58. [PMID: 22791306 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2012-12058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental, numerical and theoretical advances in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection are presented. Particular emphasis is given to the physics and structure of the thermal and velocity boundary layers which play a key role for the better understanding of the turbulent transport of heat and momentum in convection at high and very high Rayleigh numbers. We also discuss important extensions of Rayleigh-Bénard convection such as non-Oberbeck-Boussinesq effects and convection with phase changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chillà
- Laboratoire de Physique, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Richon P, Perrier F, Koirala BP, Girault F, Bhattarai M, Sapkota SN. Temporal signatures of advective versus diffusive radon transport at a geothermal zone in Central Nepal. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2011; 102:88-102. [PMID: 21093127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Temporal variation of radon-222 concentration was studied at the Syabru-Bensi hot springs, located on the Main Central Thrust zone in Central Nepal. This site is characterized by several carbon dioxide discharges having maximum fluxes larger than 10 kg m(-2) d(-1). Radon concentration was monitored with autonomous Barasol™ probes between January 2008 and November 2009 in two small natural cavities with high CO(2) concentration and at six locations in the soil: four points having a high flux, and two background reference points. At the reference points, dominated by radon diffusion, radon concentration was stable from January to May, with mean values of 22 ± 6.9 and 37 ± 5.5 kBq m(-3), but was affected by a large increase, of about a factor of 2 and 1.6, respectively, during the monsoon season from June to September. At the points dominated by CO(2) advection, by contrast, radon concentration showed higher mean values 39.0 ± 2.6 to 78 ± 1.4 kBq m(-3), remarkably stable throughout the year with small long-term variation, including a possible modulation of period around 6 months. A significant difference between the diffusion dominated reference points and the advection-dominated points also emerged when studying the diurnal S(1) and semi-diurnal S(2) periodic components. At the advection-dominated points, radon concentration did not exhibit S(1) or S(2) components. At the reference points, however, the S(2) component, associated with barometric tide, could be identified during the dry season, but only when the probe was installed at shallow depth. The S(1) component, associated with thermal and possibly barometric diurnal forcing, was systematically observed, especially during monsoon season. The remarkable short-term and long-term temporal stability of the radon concentration at the advection-dominated points, which suggests a strong pressure source at depth, may be an important asset to detect possible temporal variations associated with the seismic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Richon
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, DAM, DIF, Arpajon, France.
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Perrier F, Richon P. Spatiotemporal variation of radon and carbon dioxide concentrations in an underground quarry: coupled processes of natural ventilation, barometric pumping and internal mixing. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2010; 101:279-296. [PMID: 20106571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Radon-222 and carbon dioxide concentrations have been measured during several years at several points in the atmosphere of an underground limestone quarry located at a depth of 18 m in Vincennes, near Paris, France. Both concentrations showed a seasonal cycle. Radon concentration varied from 1200 to 2000 Bq m(-3) in summer to about 800-1400 Bq m(-3) in winter, indicating winter ventilation rates varying from 0.6 to 2.5 x 10(-6) s(-1). Carbon dioxide concentration varied from 0.9 to 1.0% in summer, to about 0.1-0.3% in winter. Radon concentration can be corrected for natural ventilation using temperature measurements. The obtained model also accounts for the measured seasonal variation of carbon dioxide. After correction, radon concentrations still exhibit significant temporal variation, mostly associated with the variation of atmospheric pressure, with coupling coefficients varying from -7 to -26 Bq m(-3) hPa(-1). This variation can be accounted for using a barometric pumping model, coupled with natural ventilation in winter, and including internal mixing as well. After correction, radon concentrations exhibit residual temporal variation, poorly correlated between different points, with standard deviations varying from 3 to 6%. This study shows that temporal variation of radon concentrations in underground cavities can be understood to a satisfactory level of detail using non-linear and time-dependent modelling. It is important to understand the temporal variation of radon concentrations and the limitations in their modelling to monitor the properties of natural or artificial underground settings, and to be able to assess the existence of new processes, for example associated with the preparatory phases of volcanic eruptions or earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Perrier
- Equipe de Géomagnétisme, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris UMR7154 et université Paris Diderot, 4, Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Crouzeix C, Le Mouël JL, Perrier F, Shnirman MG, Blanter E. Long-term persistence of the spatial organization of temperature fluctuation lifetime in turbulent air avalanches. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 74:036308. [PMID: 17025744 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.74.036308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been recently proposed that some natural phenomena, such as sunspot occurrence, can be represented by a modulated Markov jitter, which is a high-frequency Markov signal multiplied by a long-term component. The two parameters of this model can be estimated using a nonlinear method based on absolute derivatives. This analysis is applied here to a different physical system: the temperature time series measured during air avalanches in the vertical access pit of an underground quarry. The thermal fluctuations associated with these turbulent flows, driven by the external temperature forcing, actually appear as another practical realization of a modulated Markov jitter. One parameter of the model provides the lifetime of the temperature fluctuations, which can be estimated as a function of time and position. The obtained lifetime is of the order of 10 to 25 min , and is remarkably constant in time for each sensor, independently of the amplitude of the forcing. Furthermore, a significant and persistent spatial structure is observed, revealing a long-term intrinsic organization of the turbulent air flows in the pit. Such a stable spatial organization may reflect a general feature of turbulent phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Crouzeix
- Equipe de géomagnétisme, Institut de physique du Globe, Boîte Postale 89, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
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Gibert M, Pabiou H, Chillà F, Castaing B. High-rayleigh-number convection in a vertical channel. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:084501. [PMID: 16606185 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.084501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We measure the relation between convective heat flux and temperature gradient in a vertical channel filled with water, the average vertical mass flux being zero. Compared to the classical Rayleigh-Bénard case, this situation has the advantage of avoiding plates and, thus, their neighborhood, in which is usually concentrated most of the temperature gradient. Consequently, inertial processes should control the convection, with poor influence of the viscosity. This idea gives a good account of our observations, if we consider that a natural vertical length, different from the channel width, appears. Our results also suggest that heat fluxes can be deduced from velocity measurements in free convective flows. This confers to our results a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gibert
- Laboratoire de Physique, CNRS UMR 5672, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
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Perrier F, Richon P, Crouzeix C, Morat P, Le Mouël JL. Radon-222 signatures of natural ventilation regimes in an underground quarry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2004; 71:17-32. [PMID: 14557034 DOI: 10.1016/s0265-931x(03)00117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Radon-222 activity concentration has been monitored since 1999 in an underground limestone quarry located in Vincennes, near Paris, France. It is homogeneous in summer, with an average value of 1700 Bq m(-3), and varies from 730 to 1450 Bq m(-3) in winter, indicating natural ventilation with a rate ranging from 0.5 to 2.4 x 10(-6) s(-1) (0.04-0.22 day(-1)). This hypothesis is supported by measurements in the vertical access pit where, in winter, a turbulent air current produces a stable radon profile, smoothly decreasing from 700 Bq m(-3) at 20 m depth to 300 Bq m(-3) at surface. In summer, a thermal stratification is maintained in the pit, but the radon-222 concentration jumps repeatedly between 100 and 2000 Bq m(-3). These jumps are due to atmospheric pressure pumping, which induces ventilation in the quarry at a rate of about 0.1 x 10(-6) s(-1) (0.009 day(-1)). Radon-222 monitoring thus provides a dynamical characterisation of ventilation regimes, which is important for the assessment of the long-term evolution of underground systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Perrier
- Service Radioanalyses, Chimie, Environnement, Département Analyse Surveillance Environnement, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, B.P. 12, 91680 Bruyères-le-Châtel, France.
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