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MEDVEDKIN GA, GOLOSHCHAPOV SI, VOEVODIN VG, SATO K, ISHIBASHI T, MITANI S, TAKANASHI K, FUJIMORI A, ISHIDA Y, OKABAYASHI J, SARMA DD, AKAI H, KAMATANI T. NOVEL SPINTRONIC MATERIALS BASED ON FERROMAGNETIC SEMICONDUCTOR CHALCOPYRITES. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x04001791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ternary diamond-like compounds in II–IV–V2 semiconductor system heavily-doped with transition d-element Mn have been recently prepared. The materials grown in both forms — single crystal layers and polycrystalline bulks — exhibit well defined ferromagnetic hysteresis with a saturation behavior in the magnetization curve up to above room temperature. Curie temperatures are of TC=310 K to 320 K for ( Cd 1-x Mn x) GeP 2 and ( Zn 1-x Mn x) GeP 2 compounds. The chemical states in the bulk of ZnGeP 2: Mn and interface of Mn -doped ferromagnetic layer on ZnGeP 2 (001) crystal, have been clarified by electron paramagnetic resonance and in situ photoemission spectroscopy. The as-prepared surface consists of Ge -rich, metallic Mn -compound. In and below the sub-surface region, dilute Mn 2+ species as precursors of the DMS phase exist. Mn 2+ ions are paramagnetic active on Zn 2+ sites in the bulk and show five EPR sets of equidistant peaks. Theoretical band-gap calculation suggests a predominant antiferromagnetic order in stoichiometric ( Cd , Mn ) GeP 2 but the systems with vacancies as ( Cd , V C , Mn ) GeP 2 or ( Cd , Ge , Mn ) GeP 2 are ferromagnetic and energetically stable. These materials are of great promise for room-temperature spintronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. A. MEDVEDKIN
- Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Polytechnicheskaya Street 26, Sankt-Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - S. I. GOLOSHCHAPOV
- Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Polytechnicheskaya Street 26, Sankt-Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - V. G. VOEVODIN
- Siberian Physico-Technical Institute, Tomsk State University, Novosobornaya Square, 1, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - K. SATO
- Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - T. ISHIBASHI
- Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - S. MITANI
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - K. TAKANASHI
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - A. FUJIMORI
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Y. ISHIDA
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - J. OKABAYASHI
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - D. D. SARMA
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - H. AKAI
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - T. KAMATANI
- Department of Physics, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Appelbaum I. Introduction to spin-polarized ballistic hot electron injection and detection in silicon. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2011; 369:3554-3574. [PMID: 21859721 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ballistic hot electron transport overcomes the well-known problems of conductivity and spin lifetime mismatch that plague spin injection attempts in semiconductors using ferromagnetic ohmic contacts. Through the spin dependence of the mean free path in ferromagnetic thin films, it also provides a means for spin detection after transport. Experimental results using these techniques (consisting of spin precession and spin-valve measurements) with silicon-based devices reveals the exceptionally long spin lifetime and high spin coherence induced by drift-dominated transport in the semiconductor. An appropriate quantitative model that accurately simulates the device characteristics for both undoped and doped spin transport channels is described; it can be used to recover the transit-time distribution from precession measurements and determine the spin current velocity, diffusion constant and spin lifetime, constituting a spin 'Haynes-Shockley' experiment without time-of-flight techniques. A perspective on the future of these methods is offered as a summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Appelbaum
- Department of Physics, Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Abstract
Semiconductor spintronicsSpintronics refers commonly to phenomena in which the spin of electrons in a solid state environment plays the determining role. In a more narrow sense spintronics is an emerging research field of electronics: spintronics devices are based on a spin control of electronics, or on an electrical and optical control of spin or magnetism. While metal spintronics has already found its niche in the computer industry—giant magnetoresistance systems are used as hard disk read heads—semiconductor spintronics is yet to demonstrate its full potential. This review presents selected themes of semiconductor spintronics, introducing important concepts in spin transport, spin injection, Silsbee-Johnson spin-charge coupling, and spin-dependent tunneling, as well as spin relaxation and spin dynamics. The most fundamental spin-dependent interaction in nonmagnetic semiconductors is spin-orbit coupling. Depending on the crystal symmetries of the material, as well as on the structural properties of semiconductor based heterostructures, the spin-orbit coupling takes on different functional forms, giving a nice playground of effective spin-orbit Hamiltonians. The effective Hamiltonians for the most relevant classes of materials and heterostructures are derived here from realistic electronic band structure descriptions. Most semiconductor device systems are still theoretical concepts, waiting for experimental demonstrations. A review of selected proposed, and a few demonstrated devices is presented, with detailed description of two important classes: magnetic resonant tunnel structures and bipolar magnetic diodes and transistors. In view of the importance of ferromagnetic semiconductor materials, a brief discussion of diluted magnetic semiconductors is included. In most cases the presentation is of tutorial style, introducing the essential theoretical formalism at an accessible level, with case-study-like illustrations of actual experimental results, as well as with brief reviews of relevant recent achievements in the field.
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Zutić I, Fabian J, Erwin SC. Spin injection and detection in silicon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:026602. [PMID: 16907469 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.026602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Spin injection and detection in silicon is a difficult problem, in part because the weak spin-orbit coupling and indirect gap preclude using standard optical techniques. Two ways to overcome this difficulty are proposed, both based on spin-polarized transport across a heterojunction. Using a realistic transport model incorporating the relevant spin dynamics of both electrons and holes, it is argued that symmetry properties of the charge current can be exploited to detect electrical spin injection in silicon using currently available techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Zutić
- Department of Physics, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14260, USA
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