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Wang Y, Chen Y, Bui HT, Wolf C, Haze M, Mier C, Kim J, Choi DJ, Lutz CP, Bae Y, Phark SH, Heinrich AJ. An atomic-scale multi-qubit platform. Science 2023; 382:87-92. [PMID: 37797000 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade5050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Individual electron spins in solids are promising candidates for quantum science and technology, where bottom-up assembly of a quantum device with atomically precise couplings has long been envisioned. Here, we realized atom-by-atom construction, coherent operations, and readout of coupled electron-spin qubits using a scanning tunneling microscope. To enable the coherent control of "remote" qubits that are outside of the tunnel junction, we complemented each electron spin with a local magnetic field gradient from a nearby single-atom magnet. Readout was achieved by using a sensor qubit in the tunnel junction and implementing pulsed double electron spin resonance. Fast single-, two-, and three-qubit operations were thereby demonstrated in an all-electrical fashion. Our angstrom-scale qubit platform may enable quantum functionalities using electron spin arrays built atom by atom on a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Korea
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yi Chen
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Korea
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong T Bui
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Christoph Wolf
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Korea
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Masahiro Haze
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Korea
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8581, Japan
| | - Cristina Mier
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Korea
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jinkyung Kim
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Deung-Jang Choi
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Korea
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Yujeong Bae
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Soo-Hyon Phark
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Korea
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Andreas J Heinrich
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03760, Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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2
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Banchi L, Fernández-Rossier J, Hirjibehedin CF, Bose S. Gating Classical Information Flow via Equilibrium Quantum Phase Transitions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:147203. [PMID: 28430458 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.147203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of communication channels at the ultimate size limit of atomic scale physical dimensions will make the use of quantum entities an imperative. In this regime, quantum fluctuations naturally become prominent and are generally considered to be detrimental. Here, we show that for spin-based information processing, these fluctuations can be uniquely exploited to gate the flow of classical binary information across a magnetic chain in thermal equilibrium. Moreover, this information flow can be controlled with a modest external magnetic field that drives the system through different many-body quantum phases in which the orientation of the final spin does or does not reflect the orientation of the initial input. Our results are general for a wide class of anisotropic spin chains that act as magnetic cellular automata and suggest that quantum phase transitions play a unique role in driving classical information flow at the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Banchi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Rossier
- Quantalab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
- Departamento de Fsica Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Cyrus F Hirjibehedin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, UCL, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sougato Bose
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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3
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San-Miguel MA, Amorim EPM, da Silva EZ. Adsorption of Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, and Au monomers on NiAl(110) surface: a comparative study from DFT calculations. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:5748-55. [PMID: 24219765 DOI: 10.1021/jp405877k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
First principles calculations based on periodic density functional theory (DFT) have been used to investigate the structural, energetic and electronic properties of different transition metal atoms (Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, and Au) on the NiAl(110) surface at low coverages (0.08 and 0.25 monolayer). All adatoms prefer to adsorb on 4-fold coordinated sites interacting with two Al and two Ni atoms and forming polar and covalent bonds, respectively. The calculated negative work function changes are explained by the effect of positive surface image created after adsorption, which induces the polarization of the negatively charged adsorbates. Consequently, for metals with similar electronegativity as Ni (Ag and Cu), this polarization effect becomes more significant and leads to larger negative work function changes, but the charge transferred is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A San-Miguel
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Seville , E41012 Seville, Spain
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4
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Li Z, Chen HYT, Schouteden K, Lauwaet K, Giordano L, Trioni MI, Janssens E, Iancu V, Van Haesendonck C, Lievens P, Pacchioni G. Self-doping of ultrathin insulating films by transition metal atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:026102. [PMID: 24484029 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.026102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Single magnetic Co atoms are deposited on atomically thin NaCl films on Au(111). Two different adsorption sites are revealed by high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), i.e., at Na and at Cl locations. Using density functional based simulations of the STM images, we show that the Co atoms substitute with either a Na or Cl atom of the NaCl surface, resulting in cationic and anionic Co dopants with a high thermal stability. The dependence of the magnetic coupling between neighboring Co atoms on their separation is investigated via spatially resolved measurement of the local density of states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - H-Y T Chen
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125 Milano, Italy
| | - K Schouteden
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Lauwaet
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125 Milano, Italy
| | - M I Trioni
- CNR-National Research Council of Italy, ISTM, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - E Janssens
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - V Iancu
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Van Haesendonck
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Lievens
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Pacchioni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125 Milano, Italy
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5
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Bryant B, Spinelli A, Wagenaar JJT, Gerrits M, Otte AF. Local control of single atom magnetocrystalline anisotropy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:127203. [PMID: 24093296 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.127203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Individual Fe atoms on a Cu(2)N/Cu(100) surface exhibit strong magnetic anisotropy due to the crystal field. We show that we can controllably enhance or reduce this anisotropy by adjusting the relative position of a second nearby Fe atom, with atomic precision, in a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. Local inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy, combined with a qualitative first-principles model, reveal that the change in uniaxial anisotropy is driven by local strain due to the presence of the second Fe atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bryant
- Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
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6
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Experimental observation of two-dimensional charge polarization in unisized platinum cluster disk bonded to silicon(1 1 1) surface. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Björk J, Matena M, Dyer MS, Enache M, Lobo-Checa J, Gade LH, Jung TA, Stöhr M, Persson M. STM fingerprint of molecule–adatom interactions in a self-assembled metal–organic surface coordination network on Cu(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:8815-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c003660a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Meier F, Zhou L, Wiebe J, Wiesendanger R. Revealing Magnetic Interactions from Single-Atom Magnetization Curves. Science 2008; 320:82-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1154415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Focko Meier
- Institute of Applied Physics and Microstructure Research Center, University of Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 11, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lihui Zhou
- Institute of Applied Physics and Microstructure Research Center, University of Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 11, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Wiebe
- Institute of Applied Physics and Microstructure Research Center, University of Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 11, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Wiesendanger
- Institute of Applied Physics and Microstructure Research Center, University of Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 11, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Hirjibehedin CF, Lin CY, Otte AF, Ternes M, Lutz CP, Jones BA, Heinrich AJ. Large Magnetic Anisotropy of a Single Atomic Spin Embedded in a Surface Molecular Network. Science 2007; 317:1199-203. [PMID: 17761877 DOI: 10.1126/science.1146110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic anisotropy allows magnets to maintain their direction of magnetization over time. Using a scanning tunneling microscope to observe spin excitations, we determined the orientation and strength of the anisotropies of individual iron and manganese atoms on a thin layer of copper nitride. The relative intensities of the inelastic tunneling processes are consistent with dipolar interactions, as seen for inelastic neutron scattering. First-principles calculations indicate that the magnetic atoms become incorporated into a polar covalent surface molecular network in the copper nitride. These structures, which provide atom-by-atom accessibility via local probes, have the potential for engineering anisotropies large enough to produce stable magnetization at low temperatures for a single atomic spin.
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10
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Lagoute J, Nacci C, Fölsch S. Doping of monatomic Cu chains with single Co atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:146804. [PMID: 17501302 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.146804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Close-packed Co-Cu chains of various length and composition were assembled from single Co and Cu atoms on Cu(111) by atom manipulation in a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. Local spectroscopy reveals significant electronic Co-Cu coupling leading to confined quantum states delocalized along the heteroatomic chain. Composite Co-Cu chains provide a model case in which the quantum state of an atomic-scale host structure can be tuned by the controlled incorporation of foreign atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Lagoute
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Yulikov M, Sterrer M, Heyde M, Rust HP, Risse T, Freund HJ, Pacchioni G, Scagnelli A. Binding of single gold atoms on thin MgO(001) films. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:146804. [PMID: 16712109 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.146804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present Letter the first electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of single metal atoms on a single crystalline oxide surface are presented. For Au atoms on a MgO(001) film investigated here an analysis of the angular dependent resonance positions and the hyperfine coupling to (17)O shows that the atoms are bound on top of oxygen ions on the terrace of the film. This result is in perfect agreement with scanning tunneling microscopy measurements at 5 K presented here. The measured hyperfine matrix components allow an experimental verification of the theoretically proposed binding mechanism of Au atoms on MgO. In particular, the large reduction of the isotropic hyperfine coupling constant of supported Au as compared to free atoms is not due to a charge transfer at the interface but a hybridization of orbitals and a resulting polarization of the unpaired electron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Yulikov
- Department of Chemical Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Abstract
We used a scanning tunneling microscope to probe the interactions between spins in individual atomic-scale magnetic structures. Linear chains of 1 to 10 manganese atoms were assembled one atom at a time on a thin insulating layer, and the spin excitation spectra of these structures were measured with inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy. We observed excitations of the coupled atomic spins that can change both the total spin and its orientation. Comparison with a model spin-interaction Hamiltonian yielded the collective spin configuration and the strength of the coupling between the atomic spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus F Hirjibehedin
- IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, CA 95120, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Microwave of known amplitude and frequency, irradiating the junction of a low temperature scanning tunneling microscope, was found to induce a dc signal. This rectification current is spatially localized and exhibits chemical sensitivity at the atomic scale. Dependence of the rectification current on the sample bias voltage reveals spin splitting in the electronic state of a single Mn atom and vibrations of single MnCO molecule. These results demonstrate the feasibility of atomic scale nonlinear spectroscopy and the potential for the detection of resonance phenomena excited with a spatially extended electromagnetic wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- X W Tu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA
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14
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Costa AT, Muniz RB, Mills DL. Ground state of magnetic dimers on metal surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:137203. [PMID: 15904024 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.137203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We present model studies of the ground state for magnetic dimers on metal surfaces. We find it can be neither ferromagnetic nor antiferromagnetic, but is often canted for nearest neighbors. Thus, the system cannot be described using bilinear exchange. We give a criterion which can be used quite generally to interrogate the local stability of ferromagnetically or antiferromagnetically aligned dimers, and which also may be used to infer the canting angle when canted states are stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-000 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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