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Lotnyk D, Eyal A, Zhelev N, Abhilash TS, Smith EN, Terilli M, Wilson J, Mueller E, Einzel D, Saunders J, Parpia JM. Thermal transport of helium-3 in a strongly confining channel. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4843. [PMID: 32973182 PMCID: PMC7515880 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of transport properties in normal liquid helium-3 and its topological superfluid phases provides insights into related phenomena in electron fluids, topological materials, and putative topological superconductors. It relies on the measurement of mass, heat, and spin currents, due to system neutrality. Of particular interest is transport in strongly confining channels of height approaching the superfluid coherence length, to enhance the relative contribution of surface excitations, and suppress hydrodynamic counterflow. Here we report on the thermal conduction of helium-3 in a 1.1 μm high channel. In the normal state we observe a diffusive thermal conductivity that is approximately temperature independent, consistent with interference of bulk and boundary scattering. In the superfluid, the thermal conductivity is only weakly temperature dependent, requiring detailed theoretical analysis. An anomalous thermal response is detected in the superfluid which we propose arises from the emission of a flux of surface excitations from the channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lotnyk
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - A Eyal
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Physics Department, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - N Zhelev
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - T S Abhilash
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland
| | - E N Smith
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - M Terilli
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - J Wilson
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- SUNY Geneseo, Geneseo, NY, 14454, USA
| | - E Mueller
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - D Einzel
- Walther Meissner Institut, Garching, Germany
| | - J Saunders
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK
| | - J M Parpia
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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2
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Zhelev N, Abhilash TS, Bennett RG, Smith EN, Ilic B, Parpia JM, Levitin LV, Rojas X, Casey A, Saunders J. Fabrication of microfluidic cavities using Si-to-glass anodic bonding. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:073902. [PMID: 30068088 DOI: 10.1063/1.5031837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the fabrication of ∼1.08 μm deep microfluidic cavities with characteristic size as large as 7 mm × 11 mm or 11 mm diameter, using a silicon-glass anodic bonding technique that does not require posts to act as separators to define cavity height. Since the phase diagram of 3He is significantly altered under confinement, posts might act as pinning centers for phase boundaries. The previous generation of cavities relied on full wafer-bonding which is more prone to failure and requires dicing post-bonding, whereas these cavities are made by bonding a pre-cut piece of Hoya SD-2 glass to a patterned piece of silicon in which the cavity is defined by etching. Anodic bonding was carried out at 425 °C with 200 V, and we observe that pressurizing the cavity to failure (>30 bars pressure) results in glass breaking, rather than the glass-silicon bond separation. In this article, we discuss the detailed fabrication of the cavity, its edges, and details of the junction between the coin silver fill line and the silicon base of the cavity that enables a low internal-friction joint. This feature is important for mass coupling torsional oscillator experimental assays of the superfluid inertial contribution where a high quality factor (Q) improves frequency resolution. The surface preparation that yields well-characterized smooth surfaces to eliminate pinning sites, the use of transparent glass as a cover permitting optical access, low temperature capability, and attachment of pressure-capable ports for fluid access may be features that are important in other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zhelev
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - T S Abhilash
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - R G Bennett
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - E N Smith
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - B Ilic
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - J M Parpia
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - L V Levitin
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - X Rojas
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - A Casey
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - J Saunders
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, United Kingdom
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3
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Zheng P, Jiang WG, Barquist CS, Lee Y, Chan HB. Anomalous Damping of a Microelectromechanical Oscillator in Superfluid ^{3}He-B. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:195301. [PMID: 27858447 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.195301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical resonance properties of a microelectromechanical oscillator with a gap of 1.25 μm was studied in superfluid ^{3}He-B at various pressures. The oscillator was driven in the linear damping regime where the damping coefficient is independent of the oscillator velocity. The quality factor of the oscillator remains low (Q≈80) down to 0.1T_{c}, 4 orders of magnitude less than the intrinsic quality factor measured in vacuum at 4 K. In addition to the Boltzmann temperature dependent contribution to the damping, a damping proportional to temperature was found to dominate at low temperatures. We propose a multiple scattering mechanism of the surface Andreev bound states to be a possible cause for the anomalous damping.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zheng
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA
| | - W G Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA
| | - C S Barquist
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA
| | - Y Lee
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA
| | - H B Chan
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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4
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Oda T, Hieda M. Temperature-dependent pinning or depinning of a 3He overlayer in a 3He-4He mixture film. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:106101. [PMID: 25166682 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.106101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a quartz crystal microbalance experiment at 100 MHz for a 3He-4He mixture film on a planar gold substrate. The results reveal temperature-dependent pinning or depinning of 3He overlayers above a critical oscillation velocity and indicate that the appearance of a macroscopic condensed state in the underlying 4He layer possibly affects the interfacial friction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Oda
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Hieda
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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5
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González M, Zheng P, Garcell E, Lee Y, Chan HB. Comb-drive micro-electro-mechanical systems oscillators for low temperature experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:025003. [PMID: 23464242 DOI: 10.1063/1.4790196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have designed and characterized micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) for applications at low temperatures. The mechanical resonators were fabricated using a surface micromachining process. The devices consist of a pair of parallel plates with a well defined gap. The top plate can be actuated for shear motion relative to the bottom fixed plate through a set of comb-drive electrodes. Details on the operation and fabrication of the devices are discussed. The geometry was chosen to study the transport properties of the fluid entrained in the gap. An atomic force microscopy study was performed in order to characterize the surface. A full characterization of their resonance properties in air and at room temperature was conducted as a function of pressure, from 10 mTorr to 760 Torr, ranging from a highly rarefied gas to a hydrodynamic regime. We demonstrate the operation of our resonator at low temperatures immersed in superfluid (4)He and in the normal and superfluid states of (3)He down to 0.3 mK. These MEMS oscillators show potential for use in a wide range of low temperature experiments, in particular, to probe novel phenomena in quantum fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M González
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Sharma P, Córcoles A, Bennett RG, Parpia JM, Cowan B, Casey A, Saunders J. Quantum transport in mesoscopic 3He films: experimental study of the interference of bulk and boundary scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:196805. [PMID: 22181634 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.196805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the mass transport of a degenerate Fermi liquid ^{3}He film over a rough surface, and the film momentum relaxation time, in the framework of theoretical predictions. In the mesoscopic regime, the anomalous temperature dependence of the relaxation time is explained in terms of the interference between elastic boundary scattering and inelastic quasiparticle-quasiparticle scattering within the film. We exploit a quasiclassical treatment of quantum size effects in the film in which the surface roughness, whose power spectrum is experimentally determined, is mapped into an effective disorder potential within a film of uniform thickness. Confirmation is provided by the introduction of elastic scattering centers within the film. The improved understanding of surface roughness scattering may impact on enhancing the conductivity in thin metallic films.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sharma
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX Surrey, United Kingdom
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Dimov S, Bennett RG, Córcoles A, Levitin LV, Ilic B, Verbridge SS, Saunders J, Casey A, Parpia JM. Anodically bonded submicron microfluidic chambers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:013907. [PMID: 20113113 DOI: 10.1063/1.3291107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of anodic bonding to fabricate cells with characteristic size as large as 7 x 10 mm(2), with height of approximately 640 nm, and without any internal support structure. The cells were fabricated from Hoya SD-2 glass and silicon wafers, each with 3 mm thickness to maintain dimensional stability under internal pressure. Bonding was carried out at 350 degrees C and 450 V with an electrode structure that excluded the electric field from the open region. We detail fabrication and characterization steps and also discuss the design of the fill line for access to the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dimov
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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