1
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Bertram C, Auburger P, Bockstedte M, Stähler J, Bovensiepen U, Morgenstern K. Impact of Electron Solvation on Ice Structures at the Molecular Scale. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1310-1316. [PMID: 31985230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electron attachment and solvation at ice structures are well-known phenomena. The energy liberated in such events is commonly understood to cause temporary changes at such ice structures, but it may also trigger permanent modifications to a yet unknown extent. We determine the impact of electron solvation on D2O structures adsorbed on Cu(111) with low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, two-photon photoemission, and ab initio theory. Solvated electrons, generated by ultraviolet photons, lead not only to transient but also to permanent structural changes through the rearrangement of individual molecules. The persistent changes occur near sites with a high density of dangling OD groups that facilitate electron solvation. We conclude that energy dissipation during solvation triggers permanent molecular rearrangement via vibrational excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cord Bertram
- Physical Chemistry I , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , D-44780 Bochum , Germany
- Faculty of Physics , University of Duisburg-Essen , Lotharstr. 1 , D-47048 Duisburg , Germany
| | - Philipp Auburger
- Solid State Theory , Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstr. 7B2 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Michel Bockstedte
- Solid State Theory , Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstr. 7B2 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials , University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a , A-5020 Salzburg , Austria
| | - Julia Stähler
- Department of Physical Chemistry , Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
- Department of Physics , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Uwe Bovensiepen
- Faculty of Physics , University of Duisburg-Essen , Lotharstr. 1 , D-47048 Duisburg , Germany
- Department of Physics , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Physical Chemistry I , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , D-44780 Bochum , Germany
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2
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Sun H, Zheng Q, Lu W, Zhao J. Ultrafast dynamics of solvated electrons at anatase TiO 2/H 2O interface. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:114004. [PMID: 30625440 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aafcf6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Solvated electrons are known to be the lowest energy charge transfer pathways at oxide/aqueous interface and the understanding of the electron transfer dynamics at the interface is fundamental for photochemical and photocatalytic processes. Taking anatase TiO2/H2O interface as a prototypical system, we perform time-dependent ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics calculations to study the charge transfer dynamics of solvated electrons. For the static electronic properties, we find that the dangling H atoms can stabilize solvated electrons. A solvated electron band can be formed with one monolayer H2O adsorption. The energies of the solvated electron band minimum (SEBM) decrease when H2O adsorbs dissociatively. Moreover, the surface oxygen vacancies are also helpful for stabilizing the solvated electron band. For the dynamics behaviour, we find that the ultrafast charge transfer from SEBM to anatase TiO2 (1 0 1) surface at 100 K is mainly contributed by nonadiabatic mechanism. Comparing with rutile TiO2 (1 1 0) surface, the lifetime of solvated electron on anatase TiO2 (1 0 1) surface is longer, suggesting a better photocatalytic properties. Our results provide essential insights into the understanding of the charge transfer dynamics and the possible photocatalytic mechanism at oxide/aqueous interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Sun
- College of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
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3
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Therrien AJ, Kale MJ, Yuan L, Zhang C, Halas NJ, Christopher P. Impact of chemical interface damping on surface plasmon dephasing. Faraday Discuss 2019; 214:59-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00151k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the change in photon absorption and scattering properties of plasmonic Au nanoparticles by chemical interface damping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Therrien
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of California
- Santa Barbara
- USA
| | - Matthew J. Kale
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Chemistry
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics
| | - Naomi J. Halas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Rice University
- Houston
- USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
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4
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Auburger P, Kemeny I, Bertram C, Ligges M, Bockstedte M, Bovensiepen U, Morgenstern K. Microscopic Insight into Electron-Induced Dissociation of Aromatic Molecules on Ice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:206001. [PMID: 30500234 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.206001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We use scanning tunneling microscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy, and ab initio calculations to investigate the electron-induced dissociation of halogenated benzene molecules adsorbed on ice. Dissociation of halobenzene is triggered by delocalized excess electrons attaching to the π^{*} orbitals of the halobenzenes from where they are transferred to σ^{*} orbitals. The latter orbitals provide a dissociative potential surface. Adsorption on ice sufficiently lowers the energy barrier for the transfer between the orbitals to facilitate dissociation of bromo- and chloro- but not of flourobenzene at cryogenic temperatures. Our results shed light on the influence of environmentally important ice particles on the reactivity of halogenated aromatic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Auburger
- Solid State Theory, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudstr. 7B2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ishita Kemeny
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Cord Bertram
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
- Physical Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Manuel Ligges
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Michel Bockstedte
- Solid State Theory, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudstr. 7B2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Uwe Bovensiepen
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Physical Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
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5
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Wang Y, Guo H, Zheng Q, Saidi WA, Zhao J. Tuning Solvated Electrons by Polar-Nonpolar Oxide Heterostructure. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3049-3056. [PMID: 29767527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solvated electron states at the oxide/aqueous interface represent the lowest energy charge-transfer pathways, thereby playing an important role in photocatalysis and electronic device applications. However, their energies are usually higher than the conduction band minimum (CBM), which makes the solvated electrons difficult to utilize in charge-transfer processes. Thus it is essential to stabilize the energy of the solvated electron states. Taking LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (LAO/STO) oxide heterostructure with H2O-adsorbed monolayer as a prototypical system, we show using DFT and ab initio time-dependent nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulation that the energy and dynamics of solvated electrons can be tuned by the electric field in the polar-nonpolar oxide heterostructure. In particular, for LAO/STO with p-type interface, the CBM is contributed by the solvated electron state when LAO is thicker than four unit cells. Furthermore, the solvated electron band minimum can be partially occupied when LAO is thicker than eight unit cells. We propose that the tunability of solvated electron states can be achieved on polar-nonpolar oxide heterostructure surfaces as well as on ferroelectric oxides, which is important for charge and proton transfer at oxide/aqueous interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- ICQD/Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Department of Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Hongli Guo
- ICQD/Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Department of Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
- School of Physics and Technology, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Qijing Zheng
- ICQD/Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Department of Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Wissam A Saidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Jin Zhao
- ICQD/Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Key Laboratory of Strongly-Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Department of Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15260 , United States
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
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6
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Heidorn SC, Lucht K, Bertram C, Morgenstern K. Preparation-Dependent Orientation of Crystalline Ice Islands on Ag(111). J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:479-484. [PMID: 28537397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We observe the transformation of fractal ice islands grown at 96 K to compact ones annealed at 118 K and compare those to compact islands grown directly at 118 K. The low-temperature grown islands form a four bilayer high wetting layer. The annealing causes a crystallization and reshaping of the islands and a substantial increase in height and roughness in particular at higher coverage. Moreover, it leads to a dewetting of the ice film. The islands grown at the higher temperature show qualitative similarities to the annealed ones at smaller nucleation density. However, their orientation with respect to the surface differs by 30° as compared to the annealed islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Charlotta Heidorn
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Lucht
- Lehrstuhl für physikalische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Cord Bertram
- Lehrstuhl für physikalische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Lehrstuhl für physikalische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
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7
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Liriano ML, Gattinoni C, Lewis EA, Murphy CJ, Sykes ECH, Michaelides A. Water-Ice Analogues of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Water Nanoclusters on Cu(111). J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6403-6410. [PMID: 28418246 PMCID: PMC5432957 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Water has an incredible ability to
form a rich variety of structures,
with 16 bulk ice phases identified, for example, as well as numerous
distinct structures for water at interfaces or under confinement.
Many of these structures are built from hexagonal motifs of water
molecules, and indeed, for water on metal surfaces, individual hexamers
of just six water molecules have been observed. Here, we report the
results of low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy experiments
and density functional theory calculations which reveal a host of
new structures for water–ice nanoclusters when adsorbed on
an atomically flat Cu surface. The H-bonding networks within the nanoclusters
resemble the resonance structures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
and water–ice analogues of inene, naphthalene, phenalene, anthracene,
phenanthrene, and triphenylene have been observed. The specific structures
identified and the H-bonding patterns within them reveal new insight
about water on metals that allows us to refine the so-called “2D
ice rules”, which have so far proved useful in understanding
water–ice structures at solid surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Liriano
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Chiara Gattinoni
- Thomas Young Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Emily A Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Colin J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.,Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E Charles H Sykes
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Thomas Young Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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8
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Henzl J, Boom K, Morgenstern K. Influence of water on supra-molecular assembly of 4, 4'-dihydroxy azobenzene on Ag(111). J Chem Phys 2015; 142:101920. [PMID: 25770509 DOI: 10.1063/1.4907368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore co-deposition of water and 4, 4'-dihydroxy azobenzene on Ag(111) by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy at different water-to-azobenzene ratios. At all ratios, the water interacts with the hydroxyl end groups of the molecule replacing the direct hydrogen bonding. The change in bonding reduces the azobenzene density as compared to the one in the closed-packed waterless azobenzene structure. At intermediate water-to-azobenzene ratios, pores are formed in the azobenzene layer at nanometer distance from the water. At high water-to-azobenzene ratios, a water superstructure with a 1.4 nm × 1.4 nm unit cell develops. Our results point to a method to vary the density of an organic layer by tuning the amount of an inorganic additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Henzl
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Abteilung für atomare und molekulare Strukturen (ATMOS), Appelstr. 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Konrad Boom
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Abteilung für atomare und molekulare Strukturen (ATMOS), Appelstr. 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karina Morgenstern
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Lehrstuhl für physikalische Chemie I, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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9
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Stähler J, Deinert JC, Wegkamp D, Hagen S, Wolf M. Real-time measurement of the vertical binding energy during the birth of a solvated electron. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:3520-4. [PMID: 25611976 DOI: 10.1021/ja511571y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Using femtosecond time-resolved two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy, we determine (i) the vertical binding energy (VBE = 0.8 eV) of electrons in the conduction band in supported amorphous solid water (ASW) layers, (ii) the time scale of ultrafast trapping at pre-existing sites (22 fs), and (iii) the initial VBE (1.4 eV) of solvated electrons before significant molecular reorganization sets in. Our results suggest that the excess electron dynamics prior to solvation are representative for bulk ASW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stähler
- Abteilung Physikalische Chemie, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan-Christoph Deinert
- Abteilung Physikalische Chemie, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Wegkamp
- Abteilung Physikalische Chemie, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hagen
- Abteilung Physikalische Chemie, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wolf
- Abteilung Physikalische Chemie, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Yamamoto YI, Suzuki YI, Tomasello G, Horio T, Karashima S, Mitríc R, Suzuki T. Time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of hydrated electrons near a liquid water surface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:187603. [PMID: 24856723 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.187603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of trapped electrons near liquid surfaces. Photoemission from the ground state of a hydrated electron at 260 nm is found to be isotropic, while anisotropic photoemission is observed for the excited states of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane and I- in aqueous solutions. Our results indicate that surface and subsurface species create hydrated electrons in the bulk side. No signature of a surface-bound electron has been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshi-Ichi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan and RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Gaia Tomasello
- Institut für Physikalishce und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Takuya Horio
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan and RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan and Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Shutaro Karashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Roland Mitríc
- Institut für Physikalishce und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan and RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan and Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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11
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Visualizing cyclic peptide hydration at the single-molecule level. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2461. [PMID: 23955234 PMCID: PMC3746206 DOI: 10.1038/srep02461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of water molecules in the selective transport of potassium ions across cell membranes is important. Experimental investigations of valinomycin–water interactions remain huge challenge due to the poor solubility of valinomycin in water. Herein, we removed this experimental obstacle by introducing gaseous water and valinomycin onto a Cu(111) surface to investigate the hydration of valinomycin. By combining scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we revealed that water could affect the adsorption structure of valinomycin. Hydrogen bond interactions occurred primarily at the carbonyl oxygen of valinomycin and resulted in the formation of valinomycin hydrates. The single-molecule perspective revealed in our investigation could provide new insight into the role of water on the conformation transition of valinomycin, which might provide a new molecular basis for the ion transport mechanism at the water/membrane interface.
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12
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Mehlhorn M, Schnur S, Groß A, Morgenstern K. Molecular-Scale Imaging of Water Near Charged Surfaces. ChemElectroChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201300063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Muller EA, Strader ML, Johns JE, Yang A, Caplins BW, Shearer AJ, Suich DE, Harris CB. Femtosecond Electron Solvation at the Ionic Liquid/Metal Electrode Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:10646-53. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3108593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Muller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California,
United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Matthew L. Strader
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - James E. Johns
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Aram Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California,
United States
| | - Benjamin W. Caplins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California,
United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Alex J. Shearer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California,
United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - David E. Suich
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California,
United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Charles B. Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California,
United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
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14
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Wang Z, Liu J, Zhang M, Cukier RI, Bu Y. Solvation and evolution dynamics of an excess electron in supercritical CO2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:207601. [PMID: 23003186 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.207601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present an ab initio molecular dynamics simulation of the dynamics of an excess electron solvated in supercritical CO2. The excess electron can exist in three types of states: CO2-core localized, dual-core localized, and diffuse states. All these states undergo continuous state conversions via a combination of long lasting breathing oscillations and core switching, as also characterized by highly cooperative oscillations of the excess electron volume and vertical detachment energy. All of these oscillations exhibit a strong correlation with the electron-impacted bending vibration of the core CO2, and the core-switching is controlled by thermal fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Wang
- The Center of Molecular Modeling & Simulation, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
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15
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Stähler J, Gahl C, Wolf M. Dynamics and reactivity of trapped electrons on supported ice crystallites. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:131-8. [PMID: 22185698 DOI: 10.1021/ar200170s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The solvation dynamics and reactivity of localized excess electrons in aqueous environments have attracted great attention in many areas of physics, chemistry, and biology. This manifold attraction results from the importance of water as a solvent in nature as well as from the key role of low-energy electrons in many chemical reactions. One prominent example is the electron-induced dissociation of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Low-energy electrons are also critical in the radiation chemistry that occurs in nuclear reactors. Excess electrons in an aqueous environment are localized and stabilized by the local rearrangement of the surrounding water dipoles. Such solvated or hydrated electrons are known to play an important role in systems such as biochemical reactions and atmospheric chemistry. Despite numerous studies over many years, little is known about the microscopic details of these electron-induced chemical processes, and interest in the fundamental processes involved in the reactivity of trapped electrons continues. In this Account, we present a surface science study of the dynamics and reactivity of such localized low-energy electrons at D(2)O crystallites that are supported by a Ru(001) single crystal metal surface. This approach enables us to investigate the generation and relaxation dynamics as well as dissociative electron attachment (DEA) reaction of excess electrons under well-defined conditions. They are generated by photoexcitation in the metal template and transferred to trapping sites at the vacuum interface of crystalline D(2)O islands. In these traps, the electrons are effectively decoupled from the electronic states of the metal template, leading to extraordinarily long excited state lifetimes on the order of minutes. Using these long-lived, low-energy electrons, we study the DEA to CFCl(3) that is coadsorbed at very low concentrations (∼10(12) cm(-2)). Using rate equations and direct measurement of the change of surface dipole moment, we estimated the electron surface density for DEA, yielding cross sections that are orders of magnitude higher than the electron density measured in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stähler
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelius Gahl
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Born-Institute Berlin, Max-Born-Str. 2 A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wolf
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Stähler J, Meyer M, Bovensiepen U, Wolf M. Solvation dynamics of surface-trapped electrons at NH3 and D2O crystallites adsorbed on metals: from femtosecond to minute timescales. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00644k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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17
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Denifl S, Zappa F, Mähr I, Mauracher A, Probst M, Urban J, Mach P, Bacher A, Bohme DK, Echt O, Märk TD, Scheier P. Ionization of doped helium nanodroplets: complexes of C60 with water clusters. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:234307. [PMID: 20572705 DOI: 10.1063/1.3436721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Water clusters are known to undergo an autoprotonation reaction upon ionization by photons or electron impact, resulting in the formation of (H(2)O)(n)H(3)O(+). Ejection of OH cannot be quenched by near-threshold ionization; it is only partly quenched when clusters are complexed with inert gas atoms. Mass spectra recorded by electron ionization of water-doped helium droplets show that the helium matrix also fails to quench OH loss. The situation changes drastically when helium droplets are codoped with C(60). Charged C(60)-water complexes are predominantly unprotonated; C(60)(H(2)O)(4)(+) and (C(60))(2)(H(2)O)(4)(+) appear with enhanced abundance. Another intense ion series is due to C(60)(H(2)O)(n)OH(+); dehydrogenation is proposed to be initiated by charge transfer between the primary He(+) ion and C(60). The resulting electronically excited C(60)(+*) leads to the formation of a doubly charged C(60)-water complex either via emission of an Auger electron from C(60)(+*), or internal Penning ionization of the attached water complex, followed by charge separation within {C(60)(H(2)O)(n)}(2+). This mechanism would also explain previous observations of dehydrogenation reactions in doped helium droplets. Mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy scans reveal spontaneous (unimolecular) dissociation of C(60)(H(2)O)(n)(+). In addition to the loss of single water molecules, a prominent reaction channel yields bare C(60)(+) for sizes n=3, 4, or 6. Ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations for C(60)-water complexes reveal negligible charge transfer within neutral complexes. Cationic complexes are well described as water clusters weakly bound to C(60)(+). For n=3, 4, or 6, fissionlike desorption of the entire water complex from C(60)(H(2)O)(n)(+) energetically competes with the evaporation of a single water molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Denifl
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Leopold Franzens Universität, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Schiros T, Takahashi O, Andersson KJ, Öström H, Pettersson LGM, Nilsson A, Ogasawara H. The role of substrate electrons in the wetting of a metal surface. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:094701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3292681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Vondrak T, Meech SR, Plane JMC. Photoelectric emission from the alkali metal doped vacuum-ice interface. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:054702. [PMID: 19206984 DOI: 10.1063/1.3063658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The photoelectron photoemission spectra and thresholds for low coverages of Li and K adsorbed on water-ice have been measured, compared with photoionization spectra of the gas-phase atoms, and modeled by quantum chemical calculations. For both alkali metals the threshold for photoemission is dramatically decreased and the cross section increased on adsorption to the water-ice surface. Quantum chemical calculations suggest that the initial state is formed by the metal atoms adsorbed into the water-ice surface, forming a state with a delocalized electron distribution. This state is metastable and decays on the hundreds of seconds time scale at 92 K. The decay is markedly faster for Li than for K, probably due to diffusion into the ice film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Vondrak
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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20
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Bertin M, Meyer M, Stähler J, Gahl C, Wolf M, Bovensiepen U. Reactivity of water–electron complexes on crystalline ice surfaces. Faraday Discuss 2009; 141:293-307; discussion 309-46. [DOI: 10.1039/b805198d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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21
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Mehlhorn M, Gawronski H, Morgenstern K. Electron damage to supported ice investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:196101. [PMID: 19113284 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.196101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We study the interaction of low-energy electrons with crystalline ice (D2O) on Cu(111) by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. Electrons induce dissociation of the molecules with a threshold of approximately 3 eV. The large dissociation yield of the order of 10(-8)/electron and the extended area of dissociation are attributed to a shift in conduction band during the dissociation. Voltage dependent differences in imaging of ice and dissociated ice are reflected in the spectroscopic signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mehlhorn
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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22
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Stähler J, Meyer M, Kusmierek DO, Bovensiepen U, Wolf M. Ultrafast Electron Transfer Dynamics at NH3/Cu(111) Interfaces: Determination of the Transient Tunneling Barrier. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:8797-803. [DOI: 10.1021/ja801682u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stähler
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela O. Kusmierek
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Bovensiepen
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wolf
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Stähler J, Bovensiepen U, Meyer M, Wolf M. A surface science approach to ultrafast electron transfer and solvation dynamics at interfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2008; 37:2180-90. [DOI: 10.1039/b800257f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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24
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Meyer M, Stähler J, Kusmierek DO, Wolf M, Bovensiepen U. Determination of the electron’s solvation site on D2O/Cu(111) using Xe overlayers and femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:4932-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b807314g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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Mehlhorn M, Morgenstern K. Faceting during the transformation of amorphous to crystalline ice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:246101. [PMID: 18233460 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.246101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We study the thermally activated transition from amorphous to crystalline ice (D2O) on Cu(111) with high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy. Annealing of amorphous solid water up to the desorption temperature of 149 K results subsequently in monomer decorated double bilayers with different superstructure, a faceted surface, pyramidal islands, and nanocrystallites of distinct height at different coverages. Though all structures are truncations from crystalline water ice, for none of them is the ice bilayer found to be the terminating surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mehlhorn
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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26
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Nordlund D, Ogasawara H, Bluhm H, Takahashi O, Odelius M, Nagasono M, Pettersson LGM, Nilsson A. Probing the electron delocalization in liquid water and ice at attosecond time scales. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:217406. [PMID: 18233257 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.217406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We determine electron delocalization rates in liquid water and ice using core-hole decay spectroscopy. The hydrogen-bonded network delocalizes the electrons in less than 500 as. Broken or weak hydrogen bonds--in the liquid or at the surface of ice--provide states where the electron remains localized longer than 20 fs. These asymmetrically bonded water species provide electron traps, acting as a strong precursor channel to the hydrated electron.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, P.O. Box 20450 Stanford, California 94309, USA
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