1
|
Argirò L, Laffont C, Moreau C, Moreau C, Su Y, Pervent M, Parrinello H, Blein T, Kohlen W, Lepetit M, Frugier F. The Compact Root Architecture 2 systemic pathway is required for the repression of cytokinins and miR399 accumulation in Medicago truncatula N-limited plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:5667-5680. [PMID: 38941269 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Legume plants can acquire mineral nitrogen (N) either through their roots or via a symbiotic interaction with N-fixing rhizobia bacteria housed in root nodules. To identify shoot-to-root systemic signals acting in Medicago truncatula plants at N deficit or N satiety, plants were grown in a split-root experimental design in which either high or low N was provided to half of the root system, allowing the analysis of systemic pathways independently of any local N response. Among the plant hormone families analyzed, the cytokinin trans-zeatin accumulated in plants at N satiety. Cytokinin application by petiole feeding led to inhibition of both root growth and nodulation. In addition, an exhaustive analysis of miRNAs revealed that miR2111 accumulates systemically under N deficit in both shoots and non-treated distant roots, whereas a miRNA related to inorganic phosphate (Pi) acquisition, miR399, accumulates in plants grown under N satiety. These two accumulation patterns are dependent on Compact Root Architecture 2 (CRA2), a receptor required for C-terminally Encoded Peptide (CEP) signaling. Constitutive ectopic expression of miR399 reduced nodule numbers and root biomass depending on Pi availability, suggesting that the miR399-dependent Pi-acquisition regulatory module controlled by N availability affects the development of the whole legume plant root system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Argirò
- Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay (IPS2), University of Paris-Saclay, CNRS, University of Paris-Cité, INRAE, Univ Evry, Bat 630, Avenue des Sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Carole Laffont
- Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay (IPS2), University of Paris-Saclay, CNRS, University of Paris-Cité, INRAE, Univ Evry, Bat 630, Avenue des Sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Corentin Moreau
- Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay (IPS2), University of Paris-Saclay, CNRS, University of Paris-Cité, INRAE, Univ Evry, Bat 630, Avenue des Sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Carol Moreau
- Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay (IPS2), University of Paris-Saclay, CNRS, University of Paris-Cité, INRAE, Univ Evry, Bat 630, Avenue des Sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yangyang Su
- Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay (IPS2), University of Paris-Saclay, CNRS, University of Paris-Cité, INRAE, Univ Evry, Bat 630, Avenue des Sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marjorie Pervent
- Plant Health Institute of Montpellier (PHIM), INRAE, SupAgro, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Campus de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Hugues Parrinello
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Blein
- Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay (IPS2), University of Paris-Saclay, CNRS, University of Paris-Cité, INRAE, Univ Evry, Bat 630, Avenue des Sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Wouter Kohlen
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Lepetit
- Institute of Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay (IPS2), University of Paris-Saclay, CNRS, University of Paris-Cité, INRAE, Univ Evry, Bat 630, Avenue des Sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Berrabah F, Benaceur F, Yin C, Xin D, Magne K, Garmier M, Gruber V, Ratet P. Defense and senescence interplay in legume nodules. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100888. [PMID: 38532645 PMCID: PMC11009364 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Immunity and senescence play a crucial role in the functioning of the legume symbiotic nodules. The miss-regulation of one of these processes compromises the symbiosis leading to death of the endosymbiont and the arrest of the nodule functioning. The relationship between immunity and senescence has been extensively studied in plant organs where a synergistic response can be observed. However, the interplay between immunity and senescence in the symbiotic organ is poorly discussed in the literature and these phenomena are often mixed up. Recent studies revealed that the cooperation between immunity and senescence is not always observed in the nodule, suggesting complex interactions between these two processes within the symbiotic organ. Here, we discuss recent results on the interplay between immunity and senescence in the nodule and the specificities of this relationship during legume-rhizobium symbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fathi Berrabah
- Faculty of Sciences, University Amar Telidji, 03000 Laghouat, Algeria; Research Unit of Medicinal Plants (RUMP), National Center of Biotechnology Research, CRBt, 25000 Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Farouk Benaceur
- Faculty of Sciences, University Amar Telidji, 03000 Laghouat, Algeria; Research Unit of Medicinal Plants (RUMP), National Center of Biotechnology Research, CRBt, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Chaoyan Yin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dawei Xin
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in the Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Kévin Magne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie Garmier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Véronique Gruber
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ranner JL, Schalk S, Martyniak C, Parniske M, Gutjahr C, Stark TD, Dawid C. Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37466334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Lotus japonicus is a leguminous model plant used to gain insight into plant physiology, stress response, and especially symbiotic plant-microbe interactions, such as root nodule symbiosis or arbuscular mycorrhiza. Responses to changing environmental conditions, stress, microbes, or insect pests are generally accompanied by changes in primary and secondary metabolism to account for physiological needs or to produce defensive or signaling compounds. Here we provide an overview of the primary and secondary metabolites identified in L. japonicus to date. Identification of the metabolites is mainly based on mass spectral tags (MSTs) obtained by gas chromatography linked with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) or liquid chromatography-MS/MS (LC-MS/MS). These MSTs contain retention index and mass spectral information, which are compared to databases with MSTs of authentic standards. More than 600 metabolites are grouped into compound classes such as polyphenols, carbohydrates, organic acids and phosphates, lipids, amino acids, nitrogenous compounds, phytohormones, and additional defense compounds. Their physiological effects are briefly discussed, and the detection methods are explained. This review of the exisiting literature on L. japonicus metabolites provides a valuable basis for future metabolomics studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josef L Ranner
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schalk
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Cindy Martyniak
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Parniske
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, University of Munich (LMU), Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Timo D Stark
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Professorship of Functional Phytometabolomics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang W, Hou H, Zhang D, Zhu B, Yuan H, Gao T. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Soybean Nodule Number Improvements with the Use of Water-Soluble Humic Materials. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:197-210. [PMID: 36573896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble humic materials (WSHMs) can enhance the nodule numbers of soybean plants. In this study, targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics were used to understand this mechanism. Results showed that 500 mg/L WSHM increased the adsorption and colonization of rhizobia in soybean roots. High-performance liquid chromatography and targeted metabolomics showed that WSHMs could regulate the content and distribution of endogenous hormones of soybean plants at the initial stage of soybean nodulation. Transcriptomic analysis showed a total of 2406 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by the 25th day, accounting for 4.89% of total annotation genes (49159). These DEGs were found to contribute primarily to the MAPK signaling pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and plant hormone signal transduction according to the -log 10 (Padjust) value in the KEGG pathway. Subsequently, DEGs related to these hormones were selected for verification using quantity-PCR. The WSHM increased the number of nodules by regulating the expression of endogenous hormones in soybean plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zhang
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Waste, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Huiyun Hou
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Waste, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Waste, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Baocheng Zhu
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Waste, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Hongli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tongguo Gao
- Hebei Engineering Research Center for Resource Utilization of Agricultural Waste, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Roles of AGD2a in Plant Development and Microbial Interactions of Lotus japonicus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126863. [PMID: 35743304 PMCID: PMC9224730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis AGD2 (Aberrant Growth and Death2) and its close homolog ALD1 (AGD2-like defense response protein 1) have divergent roles in plant defense. We previously reported that modulation of salicylic acid (SA) contents by ALD1 affects numbers of nodules produced by Lotus japonicus, but AGD2's role in leguminous plants remains unclear. A combination of enzymatic analysis and biological characterization of genetic materials was used to study the function of AGD2 (LjAGD2a and LjAGD2b) in L. japonicus. Both LjAGD2a and LjAGD2b could complement dapD and dapE mutants of Escherichia coli and had aminotransferase activity in vitro. ljagd2 plants, with insertional mutations of LjAGD2, had delayed flowering times and reduced seed weights. In contrast, overexpression of LjAGD2a in L. japonicus induced early flowering, with increases in seed and flower sizes, but reductions in pollen fertility and seed setting rates. Additionally, ljagd2a mutation resulted in increased expression of nodulin genes and corresponding increases in infection threads and nodule numbers following inoculation with Rhizobium. Changes in expression of LjAGD2a in L. japonicus also affected endogenous SA contents and hence resistance to pathogens. Our results indicate that LjAGD2a functions as an LL-DAP aminotransferase and plays important roles in plant development. Moreover, LjAGD2a activates defense signaling via the Lys synthesis pathway, thereby participating in legume-microbe interaction.
Collapse
|
6
|
Benjamin G, Pandharikar G, Frendo P. Salicylic Acid in Plant Symbioses: Beyond Plant Pathogen Interactions. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:861. [PMID: 35741382 PMCID: PMC9220041 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants form beneficial symbioses with a wide variety of microorganisms. Among these, endophytes, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are some of the most studied and well understood symbiotic interactions. These symbiotic microorganisms promote plant nutrition and growth. In exchange, they receive the carbon and metabolites necessary for their development and multiplication. In addition to their role in plant growth and development, these microorganisms enhance host plant tolerance to a wide range of environmental stress. Multiple studies have shown that these microorganisms modulate the phytohormone metabolism in the host plant. Among the phytohormones involved in the plant defense response against biotic environment, salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in activating plant defense. However, in addition to being a major actor in plant defense signaling against pathogens, SA has also been shown to be involved in plant-microbe symbiotic interactions. In this review, we summarize the impact of SA on the symbiotic interactions. In addition, we give an overview of the impact of the endophytes, AMF, and rhizobacteria on SA-mediated defense response against pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06000 Nice, France;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang D, Dong W, Murray J, Wang E. Innovation and appropriation in mycorrhizal and rhizobial Symbioses. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1573-1599. [PMID: 35157080 PMCID: PMC9048890 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants benefit from endosymbiotic interactions with mycorrhizal fungi, including legumes and some nonlegumes that also interact with endosymbiotic nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria to form nodules. In addition to these helpful interactions, plants are continuously exposed to would-be pathogenic microbes: discriminating between friends and foes is a major determinant of plant survival. Recent breakthroughs have revealed how some key signals from pathogens and symbionts are distinguished. Once this checkpoint has been passed and a compatible symbiont is recognized, the plant coordinates the sequential development of two types of specialized structures in the host. The first serves to mediate infection, and the second, which appears later, serves as sophisticated intracellular nutrient exchange interfaces. The overlap in both the signaling pathways and downstream infection components of these symbioses reflects their evolutionary relatedness and the common requirements of these two interactions. However, the different outputs of the symbioses, phosphate uptake versus N fixation, require fundamentally different components and physical environments and necessitated the recruitment of different master regulators, NODULE INCEPTION-LIKE PROTEINS, and PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSES, for nodulation and mycorrhization, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wentao Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | - Ertao Wang
- Authors for correspondence: (E.W) and (J.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bagautdinova ZZ, Omelyanchuk N, Tyapkin AV, Kovrizhnykh VV, Lavrekha VV, Zemlyanskaya EV. Salicylic Acid in Root Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042228. [PMID: 35216343 PMCID: PMC8875895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, salicylic acid (SA) is a hormone that mediates a plant’s defense against pathogens. SA also takes an active role in a plant’s response to various abiotic stresses, including chilling, drought, salinity, and heavy metals. In addition, in recent years, numerous studies have confirmed the important role of SA in plant morphogenesis. In this review, we summarize data on changes in root morphology following SA treatments under both normal and stress conditions. Finally, we provide evidence for the role of SA in maintaining the balance between stress responses and morphogenesis in plant development, and also for the presence of SA crosstalk with other plant hormones during this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zulfira Z. Bagautdinova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Z.Z.B.); (N.O.); (A.V.T.); (V.V.K.); (V.V.L.)
| | - Nadya Omelyanchuk
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Z.Z.B.); (N.O.); (A.V.T.); (V.V.K.); (V.V.L.)
| | - Aleksandr V. Tyapkin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Z.Z.B.); (N.O.); (A.V.T.); (V.V.K.); (V.V.L.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vasilina V. Kovrizhnykh
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Z.Z.B.); (N.O.); (A.V.T.); (V.V.K.); (V.V.L.)
| | - Viktoriya V. Lavrekha
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Z.Z.B.); (N.O.); (A.V.T.); (V.V.K.); (V.V.L.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena V. Zemlyanskaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (Z.Z.B.); (N.O.); (A.V.T.); (V.V.K.); (V.V.L.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Feng Y, Wu P, Liu C, Peng L, Wang T, Wang C, Tan Q, Li B, Ou Y, Zhu H, Yuan S, Huang R, Stacey G, Zhang Z, Cao Y. Suppression of LjBAK1-mediated immunity by SymRK promotes rhizobial infection in Lotus japonicus. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1935-1950. [PMID: 34314895 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An important question in biology is how organisms can associate with different microbes that pose no threat (commensals), pose a severe threat (pathogens), and those that are beneficial (symbionts). The root nodule symbiosis serves as an important model system for addressing such questions in the context of plant-microbe interactions. It is now generally accepted that rhizobia can actively suppress host immune responses during the infection process, analogous to the way in which plant pathogens can evade immune recognition. However, much remains to be learned about the mechanisms by which the host recognizes the rhizobia as pathogens and how, subsequently, these pathways are suppressed to allow establishment of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. In this study, we found that SymRK (Symbiosis Receptor-like Kinase) is required for rhizobial suppression of plant innate immunity in Lotus japonicus. SymRK associates with LjBAK1 (BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-Associated receptor Kinase 1), a well-characterized positive regulator of plant innate immunity, and directly inhibits LjBAK1 kinase activity. Rhizobial inoculation enhances the association between SymRK and LjBAK1 in planta. LjBAK1 is required for the regulation of plant innate immunity and plays a negative role in rhizobial infection in L. japonicus. The data indicate that the SymRK-LjBAK1 protein complex serves as an intersection point between rhizobial symbiotic signaling pathways and innate immunity pathways, and support that rhizobia may actively suppress the host's ability to mount a defense response during the legume-rhizobium symbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liwei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qian Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yajuan Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Songli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Renliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yangrong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ansari A, Razmjoo J, Zarei M, Karimmojeni H. Salicylic acid affects mycorrhizal features, antioxidant enzyme activities and seed yield of linseed under water-deficit stress in open-field conditions. Biol Futur 2021; 72:211-227. [PMID: 34554475 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-020-00054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The research aims were to study salicylic acid (SA) effects on mycorrhiza [hyphal width (HW), vesicle diameter (VD) and mycorrhizal colonization (MC)] and interaction between them on greenness index (GI), drought tolerance index (DTI), antioxidant enzymes activities, and seed yield of linseed under drought. A factorial experiment was conducted in an open-field place with mycorrhiza [non-inoculation, Funneliformis mosseae (FM), and Rhizoglomus intraradices (RI)], SA (250 μM and non-SA), and irrigation levels [100%, 70%, and 40% field capacity (FC)] as treatments. Severe drought increased VD, MC, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and peroxidase activities while decreased GI, DTI, and yield. The RI-linseed had higher MC, GI, SOD, and glutathione reductase (GR) activities, but FM-linseed had greater VD and yield under drought. Inoculated linseed with both mycorrhiza showed a reduction in DTI and yield under SA than non-SA. In RI-linseed, SA increased GI, MC, HW, VD, catalase and GR, but decreased in FM-plants. Mycorrhiza (particularly RI) alleviated drought (40% FC)-caused negative effects on linseed via the improvement of SOD, APX, and GI. Regardless of other treatments, SA had negative effects on HW and VD, but SA effects varied depending on mycorrhizal species so that SA increased HW, VD, and MC in RI. Due to the positive correlation between MC and HW, SA reduces FM colonization by reducing the HW of FM. Totally, SA along with RI species can mitigate the harmful effects of drought and improve tolerance via increasing MC, HW, VD, catalase, peroxidase, and GR activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Ansari
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Jamshid Razmjoo
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Zarei
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, 71441-65186, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Hassan Karimmojeni
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Basu S, Clark RE, Blundell R, Casteel CL, Charlton AM, Crowder DW. Reciprocal plant‐mediated antagonism between a legume plant virus and soil rhizobia. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saumik Basu
- Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA USA
| | - Robert E. Clark
- Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA USA
| | - Robert Blundell
- Department of Plant Pathology University of California Davis Davis CA USA
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant‐Microbe Biology Section Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Clare L. Casteel
- Department of Plant Pathology University of California Davis Davis CA USA
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant‐Microbe Biology Section Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | | | - David W. Crowder
- Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Benezech C, Le Scornet A, Gourion B. Medicago- Sinorhizobium- Ralstonia: A Model System to Investigate Pathogen-Triggered Inhibition of Nodulation. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:499-503. [PMID: 33596110 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-20-0319-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
How plants deal with beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms and how they can tolerate beneficial ones and face pathogens at the same time are questions that remain puzzling to plant biologists. Legume plants are good models to explore those issues, as their interactions with nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia results in a drastic and easy-to-follow phenotype of nodulation. Intriguingly, despite massive and chronic infection, legume defense reactions are essentially suppressed during the whole symbiotic process, raising a question about a potential negative effect of plant immune responses on the establishment of nodulation. In the present study, we used the model legume, Medicago truncatula, coinoculated with mutualistic and phytopathogenic bacteria, Sinorhizobium medicae and Ralstonia solanacearum, respectively. We show that the presence of R. solanacearum drastically inhibits the nodulation process. The type III secretion system of R. solanacearum, which is important for the inhibition of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), strongly contributes to inhibit nodulation. Thus, our results question the negative effect of PTI on nodulation. By including a pathogenic bacterium in the interaction system, our study provides a new angle to address the influence of the biotic environment on the nodulation process.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Benezech
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 84195 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Benjamin Gourion
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 84195 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Berger A, Guinand S, Boscari A, Puppo A, Brouquisse R. Medicago truncatula Phytoglobin 1.1 controls symbiotic nodulation and nitrogen fixation via the regulation of nitric oxide concentration. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:84-98. [PMID: 32003030 PMCID: PMC7317445 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In legumes, phytoglobins (Phytogbs) are known to regulate nitric oxide (NO) during early phase of the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis and to buffer oxygen in functioning nodules. However, their expression profile and respective role in NO control at each stage of the symbiosis remain little-known. We first surveyed the Phytogb genes occurring in Medicago truncatula genome. We analyzed their expression pattern and NO production from inoculation with Sinorhizobium meliloti up to 8 wk post-inoculation. Finally, using overexpression and silencing strategy, we addressed the role of the Phytogb1.1-NO couple in the symbiosis. Three peaks of Phytogb expression and NO production were detected during the symbiotic process. NO upregulates Phytogbs1 expression and downregulates Lbs and Phytogbs3 ones. Phytogb1.1 silencing and overexpression experiments reveal that Phytogb1.1-NO couple controls the progression of the symbiosis: high NO concentration promotes defense responses and nodular organogenesis, whereas low NO promotes the infection process and nodular development. Both NO excess and deficiency provoke a 30% inhibition of nodule establishment. In mature nodules, Phytogb1.1 regulates NO to limit its toxic effects while allowing the functioning of Phytogb-NO respiration to maintain the energetic state. This work highlights the regulatory role played by Phytogb1.1-NO couple in the successive stages of symbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Berger
- Institut Sophia AgrobiotechUMR INRAE 1355CNRS 7254Université Côte d'Azur400 route des Chappes, BP 16706903Sophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Sophie Guinand
- Institut Sophia AgrobiotechUMR INRAE 1355CNRS 7254Université Côte d'Azur400 route des Chappes, BP 16706903Sophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Alexandre Boscari
- Institut Sophia AgrobiotechUMR INRAE 1355CNRS 7254Université Côte d'Azur400 route des Chappes, BP 16706903Sophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Alain Puppo
- Institut Sophia AgrobiotechUMR INRAE 1355CNRS 7254Université Côte d'Azur400 route des Chappes, BP 16706903Sophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- Institut Sophia AgrobiotechUMR INRAE 1355CNRS 7254Université Côte d'Azur400 route des Chappes, BP 16706903Sophia AntipolisFrance
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Saad MM, Eida AA, Hirt H. Tailoring plant-associated microbial inoculants in agriculture: a roadmap for successful application. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3878-3901. [PMID: 32157287 PMCID: PMC7450670 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants are now recognized as metaorganisms which are composed of a host plant associated with a multitude of microbes that provide the host plant with a variety of essential functions to adapt to the local environment. Recent research showed the remarkable importance and range of microbial partners for enhancing the growth and health of plants. However, plant-microbe holobionts are influenced by many different factors, generating complex interactive systems. In this review, we summarize insights from this emerging field, highlighting the factors that contribute to the recruitment, selection, enrichment, and dynamic interactions of plant-associated microbiota. We then propose a roadmap for synthetic community application with the aim of establishing sustainable agricultural systems that use microbial communities to enhance the productivity and health of plants independently of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Considering global warming and climate change, we suggest that desert plants can serve as a suitable pool of potentially beneficial microbes to maintain plant growth under abiotic stress conditions. Finally, we propose a framework for advancing the application of microbial inoculants in agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maged M Saad
- DARWIN21, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aziz Eida
- DARWIN21, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heribert Hirt
- DARWIN21, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Signorelli S, Sainz M, Tabares-da Rosa S, Monza J. The Role of Nitric Oxide in Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:521. [PMID: 32582223 PMCID: PMC7286274 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The legume-rhizobia symbiosis is an important process in agriculture because it allows the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) which contributes to increasing the levels of nitrogen in the soil. Nitric oxide (⋅NO) is a small free radical molecule having diverse signaling roles in plants. Here we present and discuss evidence showing the role of ⋅NO during different stages of the legume-rhizobia interaction such as recognition, infection, nodule development, and nodule senescence. Although the mechanisms by which ⋅NO modulates this interaction are not fully understood, we discuss potential mechanisms including its interaction with cytokinin, auxin, and abscisic acid signaling pathways. In matures nodules, a more active metabolism of ⋅NO has been reported and both the plant and rhizobia participate in ⋅NO production and scavenging. Although ⋅NO has been shown to induce the expression of genes coding for NITROGENASE, controlling the levels of ⋅NO in mature nodules seems to be crucial as ⋅NO was shown to be a potent inhibitor of NITROGENASE activity, to induce nodule senescence, and reduce nitrogen assimilation. In this sense, LEGHEMOGLOBINS (Lbs) were shown to play an important role in the scavenging of ⋅NO and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), potentially more relevant in senescent nodules. Even though ⋅NO can reduce NITROGENASE activity, most reports have linked ⋅NO to positive effects on BNF. This can relate mainly to the regulation of the spatiotemporal distribution of ⋅NO which favors some effects over others. Another plausible explanation for this observation is that the negative effect of ⋅NO requires its direct interaction with NITROGENASE, whereas the positive effect of ⋅NO is related to its signaling function, which results in an amplifier effect. In the near future, it would be interesting to explore the role of environmental stress-induced ⋅NO in BNF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Signorelli
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- The School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Martha Sainz
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Tabares-da Rosa
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jorge Monza
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thibivilliers S, Farmer A, Libault M. Biological and Cellular Functions of the Microdomain-Associated FWL/CNR Protein Family in Plants. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030377. [PMID: 32204387 PMCID: PMC7154862 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Membrane microdomains/nanodomains are sub-compartments of the plasma membrane enriched in sphingolipids and characterized by their unique protein composition. They play important roles in regulating plant development and plant-microbe interactions including mutualistic symbiotic interactions. Several protein families are associated with the microdomain fraction of biological membranes such as flotillins, prohibitins, and remorins. More recently, GmFWL1, a FWL/CNR protein exclusively expressed in the soybean nodule, was functionally characterized as a new microdomain-associated protein. Interestingly, GmFWL1 is homologous to the tomato FW2-2 protein, a major regulator of tomato fruit development. In this review, we summarize the knowledge gained about the biological, cellular, and physiological functions of members of the FWL/CNR family across various plant species. The role of the FWL/CNR proteins is also discussed within the scope of their evolution and transcriptional regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Thibivilliers
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA;
| | - Andrew Farmer
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA;
| | - Marc Libault
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-472-4530
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Bastías DA, Martínez-Ghersa MA, Newman JA, Card SD, Mace WJ, Gundel PE. Sipha maydis sensitivity to defences of Lolium multiflorum and its endophytic fungus Epichloë occultans. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8257. [PMID: 31976166 PMCID: PMC6966988 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants possess a sophisticated immune system to defend from herbivores. These defence responses are regulated by plant hormones including salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). Sometimes, plant defences can be complemented by the presence of symbiotic microorganisms. A remarkable example of this are grasses establishing symbiotic associations with Epichloë fungal endophytes. We studied the level of resistance provided by the grass' defence hormones, and that provided by Epichloë fungal endophytes, against an introduced herbivore aphid. These fungi protect their hosts against herbivores by producing bioactive alkaloids. We hypothesized that either the presence of fungal endophytes or the induction of the plant salicylic acid (SA) defence pathway would enhance the level of resistance of the grass to the aphid. METHODS Lolium multiflorum plants, with and without the fungal endophyte Epichloë occultans, were subjected to an exogenous application of SA followed by a challenge with the aphid, Sipha maydis. RESULTS Our results indicate that neither the presence of E. occultans nor the induction of the plant's SA pathway regulate S. maydis populations. However, endophyte-symbiotic plants may have been more tolerant to the aphid feeding because these plants produced more aboveground biomass. We suggest that this insect insensitivity could be explained by a combination between the ineffectiveness of the specific alkaloids produced by E. occultans in controlling S. maydis aphids and the capacity of this herbivore to deal with hormone-dependent defences of L. multiflorum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Bastías
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Forage Science, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Jonathan A. Newman
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart D. Card
- Forage Science, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wade J. Mace
- Forage Science, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Pedro E. Gundel
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Qiao Z, Zogli P, Libault M. Plant Hormones Differentially Control the Sub-Cellular Localization of Plasma Membrane Microdomains during the Early Stage of Soybean Nodulation. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E1012. [PMID: 31817452 PMCID: PMC6947267 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytohormones regulate the mutualistic symbiotic interaction between legumes and rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria, notably by controlling the formation of the infection thread in the root hair (RH). At the cellular level, the formation of the infection thread is promoted by the translocation of plasma membrane microdomains at the tip of the RH. We hypothesize that phytohormones regulate the translocation of plasma membrane microdomains to regulate infection thread formation. Accordingly, we treated with hormone and hormone inhibitors transgenic soybean roots expressing fusions between the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and GmFWL1 or GmFLOT2/4, two microdomain-associated proteins translocated at the tip of the soybean RH in response to rhizobia. Auxin and cytokinin treatments are sufficient to trigger or inhibit the translocation of GmFWL1 and GmFLOT2/4 to the RH tip independently of the presence of rhizobia, respectively. Unexpectedly, the application of salicylic acid, a phytohormone regulating the plant defense system, also promotes the translocation of GmFWL1 and GmFLOT2/4 to the RH tip regardless of the presence of rhizobia. These results suggest that phytohormones are playing a central role in controlling the early stages of rhizobia infection by regulating the translocation of plasma membrane microdomains. They also support the concept of crosstalk of phytohormones to control nodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Prince Zogli
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA;
| | - Marc Libault
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Benezech C, Doudement M, Gourion B. Legumes tolerance to rhizobia is not always observed and not always deserved. Cell Microbiol 2019; 22:e13124. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Benezech
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS Castanet‐Tolosan France
| | - Maëva Doudement
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS Castanet‐Tolosan France
| | - Benjamin Gourion
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS Castanet‐Tolosan France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Smigielski L, Laubach EM, Pesch L, Glock JML, Albrecht F, Slusarenko A, Panstruga R, Kuhn H. Nodulation Induces Systemic Resistance of Medicago truncatula and Pisum sativum Against Erysiphe pisi and Primes for Powdery Mildew-Triggered Salicylic Acid Accumulation. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1243-1255. [PMID: 31025899 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-18-0304-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants encounter beneficial and detrimental microorganisms both above- and belowground and the health status of the plant depends on the composition of this pan-microbiome. Beneficial microorganisms contribute to plant nutrition or systemically or locally protect plants against pathogens, thus facilitating adaptation to a variety of environments. Induced systemic resistance, caused by root-associated microbes, manifests as aboveground resistance against necrotrophic pathogens and is mediated by jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent signaling. By contrast, systemic acquired resistance relies on salicylic acid (SA) signaling and confers resistance against secondary infection by (hemi)biotrophic pathogens. To investigate whether symbiotic rhizobia that are ubiquitously found in natural ecosystems are able to modulate resistance against biotrophs, we tested the impact of preestablished nodulation of Medicago truncatula and pea (Pisum sativum) plants against infection by the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe pisi. We found that root symbiosis interfered with fungal penetration of M. truncatula and reduced asexual spore formation on pea leaves independently of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Improved resistance of nodulated plants correlated with elevated levels of free SA and SA-dependent marker gene expression upon powdery mildew infection. Our results suggest that nodulation primes the plants systemically for E. pisi-triggered SA accumulation and defense gene expression, resulting in increased resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Smigielski
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Laubach
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lina Pesch
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Joanna Marie Leyva Glock
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Albrecht
- Institute for Biology III, Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University
| | - Alan Slusarenko
- Institute for Biology III, Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ullah I, Magdy M, Wang L, Liu M, Li X. Genome-wide identification and evolutionary analysis of TGA transcription factors in soybean. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11186. [PMID: 31371739 PMCID: PMC6672012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gain of function in genes and gene families is a continuous process and is a key factor in understanding gene and genome evolution in plants. TGACG-Binding (TGA) transcription factors (TFs) have long been known for their essential roles in plant defence in Arabidopsis, but their roles in legume symbiosis are yet to be explored. Here, we identified a total of 25 TGA (named GmTGA1-GmTGA25) genes in soybean. Through phylogenetic analysis, we discovered a clade of GmTGA proteins that appear to be legume-specific. Among them, two GmTGAs were unique by possessing the autophagy sequence in their proteins, while the third one was an orphan gene in soybean. GmTGAs were structurally different from AtTGAs, and their expression patterns also differed with the dominant expression of AtTGAs and GmTGAs in aerial and underground parts, respectively. Moreover, twenty-five GmTGAs showed a strong correlation among the gene expression in roots, nodules, and root hairs. The qRT-PCR analysis results revealed that among 15 tested GmTGAs, six were induced and four were suppressed by rhizobia inoculation, while 11 of these GmTGAs were induced by high nitrate. Our findings suggested the important roles of GmTGAs in symbiotic nodulation and in response to nitrogen availability in soybean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ihteram Ullah
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mahmoud Magdy
- Key laboratory of horticulture, plant biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
- School of biological and chemical engineering, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rodríguez-López J, López AH, Estrada-Navarrete G, Sánchez F, Díaz-Camino C. The Noncanonical Heat Shock Protein PvNod22 Is Essential for Infection Thread Progression During Rhizobial Endosymbiosis in Common Bean. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:939-948. [PMID: 30893001 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-19-0041-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the establishment of plant-rhizobial symbiosis, the plant hosts express nodulin proteins during root nodule organogenesis. A limited number of nodulins have been characterized, and these perform essential functions in root nodule development and metabolism. Most nodulins are expressed in the nodule and at lower levels in other plant tissues. Previously, we isolated Nodulin 22 (PvNod22) from a common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cDNA library derived from Rhizobium-infected roots. PvNod22 is a noncanonical, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized, small heat shock protein that confers protection against oxidative stress when overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Virus-induced gene silencing of PvNod22 resulted in necrotic lesions in the aerial organs of P. vulgaris plants cultivated under optimal conditions, activation of the ER-unfolded protein response (UPR), and, finally, plant death. Here, we examined the expression of PvNod22 in common bean plants during the establishment of rhizobial endosymbiosis and its relationship with two cellular processes associated with plant immunity, the UPR and autophagy. In the RNA interference lines, numerous infection threads stopped their progression before reaching the cortex cell layer of the root, and nodules contained fewer nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. Collectively, our results suggest that PvNod22 has a nonredundant function during legume-rhizobia symbiosis associated with infection thread elongation, likely by sustaining protein homeostasis in the ER.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rodríguez-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Alejandrina Hernández López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Georgina Estrada-Navarrete
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Federico Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Claudia Díaz-Camino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Roy Choudhury S, Johns SM, Pandey S. A convenient, soil-free method for the production of root nodules in soybean to study the effects of exogenous additives. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00135. [PMID: 31245773 PMCID: PMC6589526 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Legumes develop root nodules that harbor endosymbiotic bacteria, rhizobia. These rhizobia convert nitrogen to ammonia by biological nitrogen fixation. A thorough understanding of the biological nitrogen fixation in legumes and its regulation is key to develop sustainable agriculture. It is well known that plant hormones affect nodule formation; however, most studies are limited to model legumes due to their suitability for in vitro, plate-based assays. Specifically, it is almost impossible to measure the effects of exogenous hormones or other additives during nodule development in crop legumes such as soybean as they have huge root system in soil. To circumvent this issue, the present research develops suitable media and growth conditions for efficient nodule development under in vitro, soil-free conditions in an important legume crop, soybean. Moreover, we also evaluate the effects of all major phytohormones on soybean nodule development under identical growing conditions. Phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) had an overall inhibitory effect and those such as gibberellic acid (GA) or brassinosteroids (BRs) had an overall positive effect on nodule formation. This versatile, inexpensive, scalable, and simple protocol provides several advantages over previously established methods. It is extremely time- and resource-efficient, does not require special training or equipment, and produces highly reproducible results. The approach is expandable to other large legumes as well as for other exogenous additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sona Pandey
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisMissouri
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hashami SZ, Nakamura H, Ohkama-Ohtsu N, Kojima K, Djedidi S, Fukuhara I, Haidari MD, Sekimoto H, Yokoyama T. Evaluation of Immune Responses Induced by Simultaneous Inoculations of Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) with Soil Bacteria and Rhizobia. Microbes Environ 2019; 34:64-75. [PMID: 30726789 PMCID: PMC6440728 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me18110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes form root nodules and fix atmospheric nitrogen by establishing symbiosis with rhizobia. However, excessive root nodules are harmful to plants because of the resulting overconsumption of energy from photosynthates. The delay of an inoculation of the soybean super-nodulation mutant NOD1-3 with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110T by 5 d after an inoculation with several soil bacteria confirmed that one bacterial group significantly decreased root nodules throughout the study period. Moreover, no significant changes were observed in nitrogen fixation by root nodules between an inoculation with USDA 110T only and co-inoculation treatments. To clarify the potential involvement of PR proteins in the restriction of nodule formation in the plants tested, the relative expression levels of PR-1, PR-2, PR-5, and PDF1.2 in NOD1-3 roots were measured using real-time PCR. One group of soil bacteria (Gr.3), which markedly reduced nodule numbers, significantly induced the expression of PR-1, PR-5 and PDF1.2 genes by day 5 after the inoculation. By days 7, 10, and 20 after the inoculation, the expression levels of PR-2 and PR-5 were lower than those with the uninoculated treatment. Inoculations with this group of soil bacteria resulted in lower root nodule numbers than with other tested soil bacteria exerting weak inhibitory effects on nodulation, and were accompanied by the induction of plant defense-related genes. Thus, PR genes appear to play important roles in the mechanisms that suppresses nodule formation on soybean roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Ziauddin Hashami
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183–8509Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Faculty of Agriculture, TUAT3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183–8509Japan
| | - Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- Institute of Agriculture, TUAT3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183–8509Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kojima
- Faculty of Agriculture, TUAT3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183–8509Japan
| | - Salem Djedidi
- Faculty of Agriculture, TUAT3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183–8509Japan
| | - Izumi Fukuhara
- Faculty of Agriculture, TUAT3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183–8509Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Sekimoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University7–1–2 Yoto, Utsunomiya 321–8585Japan
| | - Tadashi Yokoyama
- Institute of Agriculture, TUAT3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183–8509Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hernández-López A, Díaz M, Rodríguez-López J, Guillén G, Sánchez F, Díaz-Camino C. Uncovering Bax inhibitor-1 dual role in the legume-rhizobia symbiosis in common bean roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1049-1061. [PMID: 30462254 PMCID: PMC6363093 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bax-inhibitor 1 (BI-1) is a cell death suppressor conserved in all eukaryotes that modulates cell death in response to abiotic stress and pathogen attack in plants. However, little is known about its role in the establishment of symbiotic interactions. Here, we demonstrate the functional relevance of an Arabidopsis thaliana BI-1 homolog (PvBI-1a) to symbiosis between the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Rhizobium tropici. We show that the changes in expression of PvBI-1a observed during early symbiosis resemble those of some defence response-related proteins. By using gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we demonstrate that the overexpression of PvBI-1a in the roots of common bean increases the number of rhizobial infection events (and therefore the final number of nodules per root), but induces the premature death of nodule cells, affecting their nitrogen fixation efficiency. Nodule morphological alterations are known to be associated with changes in the expression of genes tied to defence, autophagy, and vesicular trafficking. Results obtained in the present work suggest that BI-1 has a dual role in the regulation of programmed cell death during symbiosis, extending our understanding of its critical function in the modulation of host immunity while responding to beneficial microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandrina Hernández-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Díaz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jonathan Rodríguez-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Guillén
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Federico Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Claudia Díaz-Camino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rosenblueth M, Ormeño-Orrillo E, López-López A, Rogel MA, Reyes-Hernández BJ, Martínez-Romero JC, Reddy PM, Martínez-Romero E. Nitrogen Fixation in Cereals. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1794. [PMID: 30140262 PMCID: PMC6095057 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereals such as maize, rice, wheat and sorghum are the most important crops for human nutrition. Like other plants, cereals associate with diverse bacteria (including nitrogen-fixing bacteria called diazotrophs) and fungi. As large amounts of chemical fertilizers are used in cereals, it has always been desirable to promote biological nitrogen fixation in such crops. The quest for nitrogen fixation in cereals started long ago with the isolation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria from different plants. The sources of diazotrophs in cereals may be seeds, soils, and even irrigation water and diazotrophs have been found on roots or as endophytes. Recently, culture-independent molecular approaches have revealed that some rhizobia are found in cereal plants and that bacterial nitrogenase genes are expressed in plants. Since the levels of nitrogen-fixation attained with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in cereals are not high enough to support the plant’s needs and never as good as those obtained with chemical fertilizers or with rhizobium in symbiosis with legumes, it has been the aim of different studies to increase nitrogen-fixation in cereals. In many cases, these efforts have not been successful. However, new diazotroph mutants with enhanced capabilities to excrete ammonium are being successfully used to promote plant growth as commensal bacteria. In addition, there are ambitious projects supported by different funding agencies that are trying to genetically modify maize and other cereals to enhance diazotroph colonization or to fix nitrogen or to form nodules with nitrogen-fixing symbiotic rhizobia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Rosenblueth
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Ormeño-Orrillo
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Aline López-López
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Marco A Rogel
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | | | - Pallavolu M Reddy
- The Energy and Resources Institute, India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu H, Zhang C, Yang J, Yu N, Wang E. Hormone modulation of legume-rhizobial symbiosis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:632-648. [PMID: 29578639 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Leguminous plants can establish symbiotic associations with diazotropic rhizobia to form nitrogen-fixating nodules, which are classified as determinate or indeterminate based on the persistence of nodule meristem. The formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules requires coordinating rhizobial infection and root nodule organogenesis. The formation of an infection thread and the extent of nodule formation are largely under plant control, but vary with environmental conditions and the physiological state of the host plants. Many achievements in these two areas have been made in recent decades. Phytohormone signaling pathways have gradually emerged as important regulators of root nodule symbiosis. Cytokinin, strigolactones (SLs) and local accumulation of auxin can promote nodule development. Ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) all negatively regulate infection thread formation and nodule development. However, salicylic acid (SA) and brassinosteroids (BRs) have different effects on the formation of these two nodule types. Some peptide hormones are also involved in nodulation. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of these plant hormones in legume-rhizobial symbiosis, and we propose that DELLA proteins may function as a node to integrate plant hormones to regulate nodulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Nan Yu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bastías DA, Alejandra Martínez-Ghersa M, Newman JA, Card SD, Mace WJ, Gundel PE. The plant hormone salicylic acid interacts with the mechanism of anti-herbivory conferred by fungal endophytes in grasses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:395-405. [PMID: 29194664 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) is recognized as an effective defence against biotrophic pathogens, but its role as regulator of beneficial plant symbionts has received little attention. We studied the relationship between the SA hormone and leaf fungal endophytes on herbivore defences in symbiotic grasses. We hypothesize that the SA exposure suppresses the endophyte reducing the fungal-produced alkaloids. Because of the role that alkaloids play in anti-herbivore defences, any reduction in their production should make host plants more susceptible to herbivores. Lolium multiflorum plants symbiotic and nonsymbiotic with the endophyte Epichloë occultans were exposed to SA followed by a challenge with the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. We measured the level of plant resistance to aphids, and the defences conferred by endophytes and host plants. Symbiotic plants had lower concentrations of SA than did the nonsymbiotic counterparts. Consistent with our prediction, the hormonal treatment reduced the concentration of loline alkaloids (i.e., N-formyllolines and N-acetylnorlolines) and consequently decreased the endophyte-conferred resistance against aphids. Our study highlights the importance of the interaction between the plant immune system and endophytes for the stability of the defensive mutualism. Our results indicate that the SA plays a critical role in regulating the endophyte-conferred resistance against herbivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Bastías
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - M Alejandra Martínez-Ghersa
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Jonathan A Newman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Stuart D Card
- Forage Science, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Wade J Mace
- Forage Science, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Pedro E Gundel
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Damodaran S, Westfall CS, Kisely BA, Jez JM, Subramanian S. Nodule-Enriched GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 Enzymes Have Distinct Substrate Specificities and Are Important for Proper Soybean Nodule Development. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2547. [PMID: 29182530 PMCID: PMC5751150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Legume root nodules develop as a result of a symbiotic relationship between the plant and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria in soil. Auxin activity is detected in different cell types at different stages of nodule development; as well as an enhanced sensitivity to auxin inhibits, which could affect nodule development. While some transport and signaling mechanisms that achieve precise spatiotemporal auxin output are known, the role of auxin metabolism during nodule development is unclear. Using a soybean root lateral organ transcriptome data set, we identified distinct nodule enrichment of three genes encoding auxin-deactivating GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) amido transferase enzymes: GmGH3-11/12, GmGH3-14 and GmGH3-15. In vitro enzymatic assays showed that each of these GH3 proteins preferred IAA and aspartate as acyl and amino acid substrates, respectively. GmGH3-15 showed a broad substrate preference, especially with different forms of auxin. Promoter:GUS expression analysis indicated that GmGH3-14 acts primarily in the root epidermis and the nodule primordium where as GmGH3-15 might act in the vasculature. Silencing the expression of these GH3 genes in soybean composite plants led to altered nodule numbers, maturity, and size. Our results indicate that these GH3s are needed for proper nodule maturation in soybean, but the precise mechanism by which they regulate nodule development remains to be explained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Damodaran
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Corey S Westfall
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Brian A Kisely
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Senthil Subramanian
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bastias DA, Martínez-Ghersa MA, Ballaré CL, Gundel PE. Epichloë Fungal Endophytes and Plant Defenses: Not Just Alkaloids. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:939-948. [PMID: 28923242 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although the role of fungal alkaloids in protecting grasses associated with Epichloë fungal endophytes has been extensively documented, the effects of the symbiont on the host plant's immune responses have received little attention. We propose that, in addition to producing protective alkaloids, endophytes enhance plant immunity against chewing insects by promoting endogenous defense responses mediated by the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway. We advance a model that integrates this dual effect of endophytes on plant defenses and test its predictions by means of a standard meta-analysis. This analysis supports a role of Epichloë endophytes in boosting JA-mediated plant defenses. We discuss the ecological scenarios where this effect of endophytes on plant defenses would be most beneficial for increasing plant fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Bastias
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453 Buenos Aires, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M Alejandra Martínez-Ghersa
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453 Buenos Aires, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos L Ballaré
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453 Buenos Aires, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina; IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro E Gundel
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453 Buenos Aires, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zogli P, Libault M. Plant response to biotic stress: Is there a common epigenetic response during plant-pathogenic and symbiotic interactions? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 263:89-93. [PMID: 28818387 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants constantly interact with pathogenic and symbiotic microorganisms. Recent studies have revealed several regulatory mechanisms controlling these interactions. Among them, the plant defense system is activated not only in response to pathogenic, but also in response to symbiotic microbes. Interestingly, shortly after symbiotic microbial recognition, the plant defense system is suppressed to promote plant infection by symbionts. Research studies have demonstrated the influence of the plant epigenome in modulating both pathogenic and symbiotic plant-microbe interactions, thereby influencing plant survival, adaptation and evolution of the plant response to microbial infections. It is however unclear if plant pathogenic and symbiotic responses share similar epigenomic profiles or if epigenomic changes differentially regulate plant-microbe symbiosis and pathogenesis. In this mini-review, we provide an update of the current knowledge of epigenomic control on plant immune responses and symbiosis, with a special attention being paid to knowledge gap and potential strategies to fill-in the missing links.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prince Zogli
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Marc Libault
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen Y, Li F, Tian L, Huang M, Deng R, Li X, Chen W, Wu P, Li M, Jiang H, Wu G. The Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Gene LjPAL1 Is Involved in Plant Defense Responses to Pathogens and Plays Diverse Roles in Lotus japonicus-Rhizobium Symbioses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:739-753. [PMID: 28598263 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-17-0080-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) is important in the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites that regulate growth responses. Although its function is well-established in various plants, the functional significance of PAL genes in nodulation is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the Lotus japonicus PAL (LjPAL1) gene is induced by Mesorhizobium loti infection and methyl-jasmonate (Me-JA) treatment in roots. LjPAL1 altered PAL activity, leading to changes in lignin contents and thicknesses of cell walls in roots and nodules of transgenic plants and, hence, to structural changes in roots and nodules. LjPAL1-knockdown plants (LjPAL1i) exhibited increased infection thread and nodule numbers and the induced upregulation of nodulin gene expression after M. loti infection. Conversely, LjPAL1 overexpression delayed the infection process and reduced infection thread and nodule numbers after M. loti inoculation. LjPAL1i plants also exhibited reduced endogenous salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and expression of the SA-dependent marker gene. Their infection phenotype could be partially restored by exogenous SA or Me-JA application. Our data demonstrate that LjPAL1 plays diverse roles in L. japonicus-rhizobium symbiosis, affecting rhizobial infection progress and nodule structure, likely by inducing lignin modification, regulating endogenous SA biosynthesis, and modulating SA signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden; and
| | - Fengjiao Li
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden; and
- 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Tian
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden; and
- 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingchao Huang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden; and
- 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rufang Deng
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden; and
| | - Xueliu Li
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden; and
- 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Chen
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden; and
- 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pingzhi Wu
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden; and
| | - Meiru Li
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden; and
| | - Huawu Jiang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden; and
| | - Guojiang Wu
- 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden; and
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cao Y, Halane MK, Gassmann W, Stacey G. The Role of Plant Innate Immunity in the Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:535-561. [PMID: 28142283 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A classic view of the evolution of mutualism is that it derives from a pathogenic relationship that attenuated over time to a situation in which both partners can benefit. If this is the case for rhizobia, then one might uncover features of the symbiosis that reflect this earlier pathogenic state. For example, as with plant pathogens, it is now generally assumed that rhizobia actively suppress the host immune response to allow infection and symbiosis establishment. Likewise, the host has retained mechanisms to control the nutrient supply to the symbionts and the number of nodules so that they do not become too burdensome. The open question is whether such events are strictly ancillary to the central symbiotic nodulation factor signaling pathway or are essential for rhizobial host infection. Subsequent to these early infection events, plant immune responses can also be induced inside nodules and likely play a role in, for example, nodule senescence. Thus, a balanced regulation of innate immunity is likely required throughout rhizobial infection, symbiotic establishment, and maintenance. In this review, we discuss the significance of plant immune responses in the regulation of symbiotic associations with rhizobia, as well as rhizobial evasion of the host immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangrong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Morgan K Halane
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211;
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Khokon MAR, Salam MA, Jammes F, Ye W, Hossain MA, Okuma E, Nakamura Y, Mori IC, Kwak JM, Murata Y. MPK9 and MPK12 function in SA-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1394-1400. [PMID: 28387156 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1308244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) induces stomatal closure sharing several components with abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) signaling. We have previously shown that two guard cell-preferential mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), MPK9 and MPK12, positively regulate ABA signaling and MeJA signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we examined whether these two MAPKs are involved in SA-induced stomatal closure using genetic mutants and a pharmacological, MAPKK inhibitor. Salicylic acid induced stomatal closure in mpk9 and mpk12 single mutants but not in mpk9 mpk12 double mutants. The MAPKK inhibitor PD98059 inhibited SA-induced stomatal closure in wild-type plants. Salicylic acid induced extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, intracellular ROS accumulation, and cytosolic alkalization in the mpk9, mpk12, and mpk9 mpk12 mutants. Moreover, SA-activated S-type anion channels in guard cells of wild-type plants but not in guard cells of mpk9 mpk12 double mutants. These results imply that MPK9 and MPK12 are positive regulators of SA signaling in Arabidopsis guard cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Abdus Salam
- a Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Fabien Jammes
- b Department of Biology , Pomona College , Claremont , CA , USA
| | - Wenxiu Ye
- a Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | | | - Eiji Okuma
- a Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- a Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - Izumi C Mori
- c Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| | - June M Kwak
- d Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science , Daegu , Republic of Korea.,e Department of New Biology , DGIST , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- a Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University , Okayama , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rudikovskaya EG, Akimova GP, Rudikovskii AV, Katysheva NB, Dudareva LV. Content of salicylic and jasmonic acids in pea roots (Pisum sativum L.) at the initial stage of symbiotic or pathogenic interaction with bacteria of the family Rhizobiaceae. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
37
|
Glyan’ko AK, Ischenko AA. Immunity of a leguminous plant infected by nodular bacteria Rhizobium spp. F.: Review. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
38
|
Kim HW, Amirsadeghi S, McKenzie-Gopsill A, Afifi M, Bozzo G, Lee EA, Lukens L, Swanton CJ. Changes in light quality alter physiological responses of soybean to thiamethoxam. PLANTA 2016; 244:639-50. [PMID: 27114265 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The interaction between neighboring weed-induced far-red enriched light and thiamethoxam can significantly alter soybean seedling morphology, nodulation, isoflavone levels, UV-absorbing phenolics, and carbon and nitrogen content. Neonicotinoid insecticides that are widely used on major crop plants can enhance plant growth and yield. Although the underlying mechanism of this enhanced growth and yield is not clear, recent studies suggest that neonicotinoids such as thiamethoxam (TMX) may exert their effects at least in part via signals that involve salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). In the current research, effects of TMX on morphological and physiological responses of soybean have been compared under far-red-depleted (FR-D) and far-red-enriched (FR-E) light reflected by neighboring weeds. TMX significantly enhanced shoot and root growth but did not prevent stem elongation under FR-E light. Also, TMX did not prevent reductions in shoot carbon content and shoot carbon to nitrogen ratio under FR-E light. Despite similarities between these TMX effects in soybean and those known for SA and JA in other plant species, TMX significantly enhanced root-nodule numbers per plant and levels of root isoflavones malonyl-daidzin and malonyl-genistin under FR-E light only. These results suggest that the combined effect of FR-E light and TMX triggers a mechanism that operates concomitantly to enhance root isoflavones and nodulation in soybean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hae Won Kim
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sasan Amirsadeghi
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrew McKenzie-Gopsill
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Maha Afifi
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Gale Bozzo
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Lee
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lewis Lukens
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Clarence J Swanton
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yasuda M, Miwa H, Masuda S, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Okazaki S. Effector-Triggered Immunity Determines Host Genotype-Specific Incompatibility in Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1791-800. [PMID: 27373538 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia leads to the formation of N2-fixing root nodules. In soybean, several host genes, referred to as Rj genes, control nodulation. Soybean cultivars carrying the Rj4 gene restrict nodulation by specific rhizobia such as Bradyrhizobium elkanii We previously reported that the restriction of nodulation was caused by B. elkanii possessing a functional type III secretion system (T3SS), which is known for its delivery of virulence factors by pathogenic bacteria. In the present study, we investigated the molecular basis for the T3SS-dependent nodulation restriction in Rj4 soybean. Inoculation tests revealed that soybean cultivar BARC-2 (Rj4/Rj4) restricted nodulation by B. elkanii USDA61, whereas its nearly isogenic line BARC-3 (rj4/rj4) formed nitrogen-fixing nodules with the same strain. Root-hair curling and infection threads were not observed in the roots of BARC-2 inoculated with USDA61, indicating that Rj4 blocked B. elkanii infection in the early stages. Accumulation of H2O2 and salicylic acid (SA) was observed in the roots of BARC-2 inoculated with USDA61. Transcriptome analyses revealed that inoculation of USDA61, but not its T3SS mutant in BARC-2, induced defense-related genes, including those coding for hypersensitive-induced responsive protein, which act in effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in Arabidopsis. These findings suggest that B. elkanii T3SS triggers the SA-mediated ETI-type response in Rj4 soybean, which consequently blocks symbiotic interactions. This study revealed a common molecular mechanism underlying both plant-pathogen and plant-symbiont interactions, and suggests that establishment of a root nodule symbiosis requires the evasion or suppression of plant immune responses triggered by rhizobial effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Yasuda
- International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509 Japan
| | - Hiroki Miwa
- International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509 Japan
| | - Sachiko Masuda
- International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509 Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Shin Okazaki
- International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
de Souza EM, Granada CE, Sperotto RA. Plant Pathogens Affecting the Establishment of Plant-Symbiont Interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:15. [PMID: 26834779 PMCID: PMC4721146 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo M. de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro Universitário UNIVATESLajeado, Brazil
| | - Camille E. Granada
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro Universitário UNIVATESLajeado, Brazil
- Centro de Gestão Organizacional, Centro Universitário UNIVATESLajeado, Brazil
| | - Raul A. Sperotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro Universitário UNIVATESLajeado, Brazil
- Setor de Genética e Biologia Molecular do Museu de Ciências Naturais, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Centro Universitário UNIVATESLajeado, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Raul A. Sperotto
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dieryckx C, Gaudin V, Dupuy JW, Bonneu M, Girard V, Job D. Beyond plant defense: insights on the potential of salicylic and methylsalicylic acid to contain growth of the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:859. [PMID: 26528317 PMCID: PMC4607878 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Using Botrytis cinerea we confirmed in the present work several previous studies showing that salicylic acid, a main plant hormone, inhibits fungal growth in vitro. Such an inhibitory effect was also observed for the two salicylic acid derivatives, methylsalicylic and acetylsalicylic acid. In marked contrast, 5-sulfosalicylic acid was totally inactive. Comparative proteomics from treated vs. control mycelia showed that both the intracellular and extracellular proteomes were affected in the presence of salicylic acid or methylsalicylic acid. These data suggest several mechanisms that could potentially account for the observed fungal growth inhibition, notably pH regulation, metal homeostasis, mitochondrial respiration, ROS accumulation and cell wall remodeling. The present observations support a role played by the phytohormone SA and derivatives in directly containing the pathogen. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002873.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Dieryckx
- Laboratoire Mixte UMR 5240, Plateforme de Protéomique, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLyon, France
| | - Vanessa Gaudin
- Laboratoire Mixte UMR 5240, Plateforme de Protéomique, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLyon, France
| | - Jean-William Dupuy
- Plateforme Protéome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Marc Bonneu
- Plateforme Protéome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Girard
- Laboratoire Mixte UMR 5240, Plateforme de Protéomique, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLyon, France
| | - Dominique Job
- Laboratoire Mixte UMR 5240, Plateforme de Protéomique, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Glyan’ko AK. Signaling systems of rhizobia (Rhizobiaceae) and leguminous plants (Fabaceae) upon the formation of a legume-rhizobium symbiosis (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683815050063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
43
|
Song GC, Lee S, Hong J, Choi HK, Hong GH, Bae DW, Mysore KS, Park YS, Ryu CM. Aboveground insect infestation attenuates belowground Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:148-158. [PMID: 25676198 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease. Although Agrobacterium can be popularly used for genetic engineering, the influence of aboveground insect infestation on Agrobacterium induced gall formation has not been investigated. Nicotiana benthamiana leaves were exposed to a sucking insect (whitefly) infestation and benzothiadiazole (BTH) for 7 d, and these exposed plants were inoculated with a tumorigenic Agrobacterium strain. We evaluated, both in planta and in vitro, how whitefly infestation affects crown gall disease. Whitefly-infested plants exhibited at least a two-fold reduction in gall formation on both stem and crown root. Silencing of isochorismate synthase 1 (ICS1), required for salicylic acid (SA) synthesis, compromised gall formation indicating an involvement of SA in whitefly-derived plant defence against Agrobacterium. Endogenous SA content was augmented in whitefly-infested plants upon Agrobacterium inoculation. In addition, SA concentration was three times higher in root exudates from whitefly-infested plants. As a consequence, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of roots of whitefly-infested plants was clearly inhibited when compared to control plants. These results suggest that aboveground whitefly infestation elicits systemic defence responses throughout the plant. Our findings provide new insights into insect-mediated leaf-root intra-communication and a framework to understand interactions between three organisms: whitefly, N. benthamiana and Agrobacterium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geun Cheol Song
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Jaehwa Hong
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
- Department of Plant Pathology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Choi
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Gun Hyong Hong
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea
| | - Dong-Won Bae
- Central Instrument Facility, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, South Korea
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yong-Soon Park
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jiménez-Guerrero I, Pérez-Montaño F, Monreal JA, Preston GM, Fones H, Vioque B, Ollero FJ, López-Baena FJ. The Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii HH103 Type 3 Secretion System Suppresses Early Defense Responses to Effectively Nodulate Soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:790-9. [PMID: 25775271 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-15-0020-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants that interact with pathogenic bacteria in their natural environments have developed barriers to block or contain the infection. Phytopathogenic bacteria have evolved mechanisms to subvert these defenses and promote infection. Thus, the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) delivers bacterial effectors directly into the plant cells to alter host signaling and suppress defenses, providing an appropriate environment for bacterial multiplication. Some rhizobial strains possess a symbiotic T3SS that seems to be involved in the suppression of host defenses to promote nodulation and determine the host range. In this work, we show that the inactivation of the Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii HH103 T3SS negatively affects soybean nodulation in the early stages of the symbiotic process, which is associated with a reduction of the expression of early nodulation genes. This symbiotic phenotype could be the consequence of the bacterial triggering of soybean defense responses associated with the production of salicylic acid (SA) and the impairment of the T3SS mutant to suppress these responses. Interestingly, the early induction of the transcription of GmMPK4, which negatively regulates SA accumulation and defense responses in soybean via WRKY33, could be associated with the differential defense responses induced by the parental and the T3SS mutant strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Antonio Monreal
- 2 Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes, 6, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gail M Preston
- 3 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Helen Fones
- 3 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Blanca Vioque
- 4 Departamento de Fitoquímica de Alimentos, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Avda. Padre García Tejero, 4, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hacquard S, Garrido-Oter R, González A, Spaepen S, Ackermann G, Lebeis S, McHardy A, Dangl J, Knight R, Ley R, Schulze-Lefert P. Microbiota and Host Nutrition across Plant and Animal Kingdoms. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:603-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
46
|
Berrabah F, Ratet P, Gourion B. Multiple steps control immunity during the intracellular accommodation of rhizobia. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1977-85. [PMID: 25682610 PMCID: PMC4378630 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Medicago truncatula belongs to the legume family and forms symbiotic associations with nitrogen fixing bacteria, the rhizobia. During these interactions, the plants develop root nodules in which bacteria invade the plant cells and fix nitrogen for the benefit of the plant. Despite massive infection, legume nodules do not develop visible defence reactions, suggesting a special immune status of these organs. Some factors influencing rhizobium maintenance within the plant cells have been previously identified, such as the M. truncatula NCR peptides whose toxic effects are reduced by the bacterial protein BacA. In addition, DNF2, SymCRK, and RSD are M. truncatula genes required to avoid rhizobial death within the symbiotic cells. DNF2 and SymCRK are essential to prevent defence-like reactions in nodules after bacteria internalization into the symbiotic cells. Herein, we used a combination of genetics, histology and molecular biology approaches to investigate the relationship between the factors preventing bacterial death in the nodule cells. We show that the RSD gene is also required to repress plant defences in nodules. Upon inoculation with the bacA mutant, defence responses are observed only in the dnf2 mutant and not in the symCRK and rsd mutants. In addition, our data suggest that lack of nitrogen fixation by the bacterial partner triggers bacterial death in nodule cells after bacteroid differentiation. Together our data indicate that, after internalization, at least four independent mechanisms prevent bacterial death in the plant cell. These mechanisms involve successively: DNF2, BacA, SymCRK/RSD and bacterial ability to fix nitrogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fathi Berrabah
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Benjamin Gourion
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gourion B, Berrabah F, Ratet P, Stacey G. Rhizobium-legume symbioses: the crucial role of plant immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:186-94. [PMID: 25543258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
New research results have significantly revised our understanding of the rhizobium-legume infection process. For example, Nod factors (NFs), previously thought to be absolutely essential for this symbiosis, were shown to be dispensable under particular conditions. Similarly, an NF receptor, previously considered to be solely involved in symbiosis, was shown to function during plant pathogen infections. Indeed, there is a growing realization that plant innate immunity is a crucial component in the establishment and maintenance of symbiosis. We review here the factors involved in the suppression of plant immunity during rhizobium-legume symbiosis, and we attempt to place this information into context with the most recent and sometimes surprising research results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gourion
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France.
| | - Fathi Berrabah
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, C.S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Limpens E, van Zeijl A, Geurts R. Lipochitooligosaccharides modulate plant host immunity to enable endosymbioses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:311-34. [PMID: 26047562 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing rhizobium bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi use lipochitooligosaccharide (LCO) signals to communicate with potential host plants. Upon a compatible match, an intimate relation is established during which the microsymbiont is allowed to enter root (-derived) cells. Plants perceive microbial LCO molecules by specific LysM-domain-containing receptor-like kinases. These do not only activate a common symbiosis signaling pathway that is shared in both symbioses but also modulate innate immune responses. Recent studies revealed that symbiotic LCO receptors are closely related to chitin innate immune receptors, and some of these receptors even function in symbiosis as well as immunity. This raises questions about how plants manage to translate structurally very similar microbial signals into different outputs. Here, we describe the current view on chitin and LCO perception in innate immunity and endosymbiosis and question how LCOs might modulate the immune system. Furthermore, we discuss what it takes to become an endosymbiont.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tóth K, Stacey G. Does plant immunity play a critical role during initiation of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:401. [PMID: 26082790 PMCID: PMC4451252 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to many different microbes in their habitats. These microbes may be benign or pathogenic, but in some cases they are beneficial for the host. The rhizosphere provides an especially rich palette for colonization by beneficial (associative and symbiotic) microorganisms, which raises the question as to how roots can distinguish such 'friends' from possible 'foes' (i.e., pathogens). Plants possess an innate immune system that can recognize pathogens, through an arsenal of protein receptors, including receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) located at the plasma membrane. In addition, the plant host has intracellular receptors (so called NBS-LRR proteins or R proteins) that directly or indirectly recognize molecules released by microbes into the plant cell. A successful cooperation between legume plants and rhizobia leads to beneficial symbiotic interaction. The key rhizobial, symbiotic signaling molecules [lipo-chitooligosaccharide Nod factors (NF)] are perceived by the host legume plant using lysin motif-domain containing RLKs. Perception of the symbiotic NFs trigger signaling cascades leading to bacterial infection and accommodation of the symbiont in a newly formed root organ, the nodule, resulting in a nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis. The net result of this symbiosis is the intracellular colonization of the plant with thousands of bacteria; a process that seems to occur in spite of the immune ability of plants to prevent pathogen infection. In this review, we discuss the potential of the invading rhizobial symbiont to actively avoid this innate immune response, as well as specific examples of where the plant immune response may modulate rhizobial infection and host range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary Stacey
- *Correspondence: Gary Stacey, Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yang Y, Sun T, Xu L, Pi E, Wang S, Wang H, Shen C. Genome-wide identification of CAMTA gene family members in Medicago truncatula and their expression during root nodule symbiosis and hormone treatments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:459. [PMID: 26150823 PMCID: PMC4472986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin-binding transcription activators (CAMTAs) are well-characterized calmodulin-binding transcription factors in the plant kingdom. Previous work shows that CAMTAs play important roles in various biological processes including disease resistance, herbivore attack response, and abiotic stress tolerance. However, studies that address the function of CAMTAs during the establishment of symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia are still lacking. This study undertook comprehensive identification and analysis of CAMTA genes using the latest updated M. truncatula genome. All the MtCAMTA genes were expressed in a tissues-specific manner and were responsive to environmental stress-related hormones. The expression profiling of MtCAMTA genes during the early phase of Sinorhizobium meliloti infection was also analyzed. Our data showed that the expression of most MtCAMTA genes was suppressed in roots by S. meliloti infection. The responsiveness of MtCAMTAs to S. meliloti infection indicated that they may function as calcium-regulated transcription factors in the early nodulation signaling pathway. In addition, bioinformatics analysis showed that CAMTA binding sites existed in the promoter regions of various early rhizobial infection response genes, suggesting possible MtCAMTAs-regulated downstream candidate genes during the early phase of S. meliloti infection. Taken together, these results provide basic information about MtCAMTAs in the model legume M. truncatula, and the involvement of MtCAMTAs in nodule organogenesis. This information furthers our understanding of MtCAMTA protein functions in M. truncatula and opens new avenues for continued research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chenjia Shen
- *Correspondence: Chenjia Shen, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 16 Xuelin Street, Hangzhou 310036, China
| |
Collapse
|