1
|
Chen TH, Winefield C. Comprehensive analysis of both long and short read transcriptomes of a clonal and a seed-propagated model species reveal the prerequisites for transcriptional activation of autonomous and non-autonomous transposons in plants. Mob DNA 2022; 13:16. [PMID: 35549762 PMCID: PMC9097378 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-022-00271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transposable element (TE) transcription is a precursor to its mobilisation in host genomes. However, the characteristics of expressed TE loci, the identification of self-competent transposon loci contributing to new insertions, and the genomic conditions permitting their mobilisation remain largely unknown. Results Using Vitis vinifera embryogenic callus, we explored the impact of biotic stressors on transposon transcription through the exposure of the callus to live cultures of an endemic grapevine yeast, Hanseniaspora uvarum. We found that only 1.7–2.5% of total annotated TE loci were transcribed, of which 5–10% of these were full-length, and the expressed TE loci exhibited a strong location bias towards expressed genes. These trends in transposon transcription were also observed in RNA-seq data from Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type plants but not in epigenetically compromised Arabidopsis ddm1 mutants. Moreover, differentially expressed TE loci in the grapevine tended to share expression patterns with co-localised differentially expressed genes. Utilising nanopore cDNA sequencing, we found a strong correlation between the inclusion of intronic TEs in gene transcripts and the presence of premature termination codons in these transcripts. Finally, we identified low levels of full-length transcripts deriving from structurally intact TE loci in the grapevine model. Conclusion Our observations in two disparate plant models representing clonally and seed propagated plant species reveal a closely connected transcriptional relationship between TEs and co-localised genes, particularly when epigenetic silencing is not compromised. We found that the stress treatment alone was insufficient to induce large-scale full-length transcription from structurally intact TE loci, a necessity for non-autonomous and autonomous mobilisation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13100-022-00271-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Wine, Food, and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand.,Present address: The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | - Christopher Winefield
- Department of Wine, Food, and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kovács S, Kiss E, Jenei S, Fehér-Juhász E, Kereszt A, Endre G. The Medicago truncatula IEF Gene Is Crucial for the Progression of Bacterial Infection During Symbiosis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:401-415. [PMID: 35171648 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-21-0279-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Legumes are able to meet their nitrogen need by establishing nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with rhizobia. Nitrogen fixation is performed by rhizobia, which has been converted to bacteroids, in newly formed organs, the root nodules. In the model legume Medicago truncatula, nodule cells are invaded by rhizobia through transcellular tubular structures called infection threads (ITs) that are initiated at the root hairs. Here, we describe a novel M. truncatula early symbiotic mutant identified as infection-related epidermal factor (ief), in which the formation of ITs is blocked in the root hair cells and only nodule primordia are formed. We show that the function of MtIEF is crucial for the bacterial infection in the root epidermis but not required for the nodule organogenesis. The IEF gene that appears to have been recruited for a symbiotic function after the duplication of a flower-specific gene is activated by the ERN1-branch of the Nod factor signal transduction pathway and independent of the NIN activity. The expression of MtIEF is induced transiently in the root epidermal cells by the rhizobium partner or Nod factors. Although its expression was not detectable at later stages of symbiosis, complementation experiments indicate that MtIEF is also required for the proper invasion of the nodule cells by rhizobia. The gene encodes an intracellular protein of unknown function possessing a coiled-coil motif and a plant-specific DUF761 domain. The IEF protein interacts with RPG, another symbiotic protein essential for normal IT development, suggesting that combined action of these proteins plays a role in nodule infection.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szilárd Kovács
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ernő Kiss
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Jenei
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Fehér-Juhász
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Kereszt
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Endre
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kovacs S, Fodor L, Domonkos A, Ayaydin F, Laczi K, Rákhely G, Kalo P. Amino Acid Polymorphisms in the VHIID Conserved Motif of Nodulation Signaling Pathways 2 Distinctly Modulate Symbiotic Signaling and Nodule Morphogenesis in Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:709857. [PMID: 34966395 PMCID: PMC8711286 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.709857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Legumes establish an endosymbiotic association with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria. Following the mutual recognition of the symbiotic partner, the infection process is controlled by the induction of the signaling pathway and subsequent activation of symbiosis-related host genes. One of the protein complexes regulating nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis is formed by GRAS domain regulatory proteins Nodulation Signaling Pathways 1 and 2 (NSP1 and NSP2) that control the expression of several early nodulation genes. Here, we report on a novel point mutant allele (nsp2-6) affecting the function of the NSP2 gene and compared the mutant with the formerly identified nsp2-3 mutant. Both mutants carry a single amino acid substitution in the VHIID motif of the NSP2 protein. We found that the two mutant alleles show dissimilar root hair response to bacterial infection. Although the nsp2-3 mutant developed aberrant infection threads, rhizobia were able to colonize nodule cells in this mutant. The encoded NSP2 proteins of the nsp2-3 and the novel nsp2 mutants interact with NSP1 diversely and, as a consequence, the activation of early nodulin genes and nodule organogenesis are arrested in the new nsp2 allele. The novel mutant with amino acid substitution D244H in NSP2 shows similar defects in symbiotic responses as a formerly identified nsp2-2 mutant carrying a deletion in the NSP2 gene. Additionally, we found that rhizobial strains induce delayed nodule formation on the roots of the ns2-3 weak allele. Our study highlights the importance of a conserved Asp residue in the VHIID motif of NSP2 that is required for the formation of a functional NSP1-NSP2 signaling module. Furthermore, our results imply the involvement of NSP2 during differentiation of symbiotic nodule cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szilárd Kovacs
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lili Fodor
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - Agota Domonkos
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - Ferhan Ayaydin
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM) Nonprofit Ltd., Szeged, Hungary
- Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Biological Research Center, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Laczi
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rákhely
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Kalo
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllö, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kong Y, Meng Z, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Hong L, Liu R, Wang M, Zhang J, Han L, Bai M, Yu X, Kong F, Mysore KS, Wen J, Xin P, Chu J, Zhou C. Brassinosteroid homeostasis is critical for the functionality of the Medicago truncatula pulvinus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1745-1763. [PMID: 33793936 PMCID: PMC8133549 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species open their leaves during the daytime and close them at night as if sleeping. This leaf movement is known as nyctinasty, a unique and intriguing phenomenon that been of great interest to scientists for centuries. Nyctinastic leaf movement occurs widely in leguminous plants, and is generated by a specialized motor organ, the pulvinus. Although a key determinant of pulvinus development, PETIOLULE-LIKE PULVINUS (PLP), has been identified, the molecular genetic basis for pulvinus function is largely unknown. Here, through an analysis of knockout mutants in barrelclover (Medicago truncatula), we showed that neither altering brassinosteroid (BR) content nor blocking BR signal perception affected pulvinus determination. However, BR homeostasis did influence nyctinastic leaf movement. BR activity in the pulvinus is regulated by a BR-inactivating gene PHYB ACTIVATION TAGGED SUPPRESSOR1 (BAS1), which is directly activated by PLP. A comparative analysis between M. truncatula and the non-pulvinus forming species Arabidopsis and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) revealed that PLP may act as a factor that associates with unknown regulators in pulvinus determination in M. truncatula. Apart from exposing the involvement of BR in the functionality of the pulvinus, these results have provided insights into whether gene functions among species are general or specialized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zhe Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yuxue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Limei Hong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Rui Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Min Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lu Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Mingyi Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiaolin Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | | | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, Oklahoma, 73401
| | - Peiyong Xin
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tissue culture-induced DNA methylation in crop plants: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:823-841. [PMID: 33394224 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plant tissue culture techniques have been extensively employed in commercial micropropagation to provide year-round production. Tissue culture regenerants are not always genotypically and phenotypically similar. Due to the changes in the tissue culture microenvironment, plant cells are exposed to additional stress which induces genetic and epigenetic instabilities in the regenerants. These changes lead to tissue culture-induced variations (TCIV) which are also known as somaclonal variations to categorically specify the inducing environment. TCIV includes molecular and phenotypic changes persuaded in the in vitro culture due to continuous sub-culturing and tissue culture-derived stress. Epigenetic variations such as altered DNA methylation pattern are induced due to the above-mentioned factors. Reportedly, alteration in DNA methylation pattern is much more frequent in the plant genome during the tissue culture process. DNA methylation plays an important role in gene expression and regulation of plant development. Variants originated in tissue culture process due to heritable methylation changes, can contribute to intra-species phenotypic variation. Several molecular techniques are available to detect DNA methylation at different stages of in vitro culture. Here, we review the aspects of TCIV with respect to DNA methylation and its effect on crop improvement programs. It is anticipated that a precise and comprehensive knowledge of molecular basis of in vitro-derived DNA methylation will help to design strategies to overcome the bottlenecks of micropropagation system and maintain the clonal fidelity of the regenerants.
Collapse
|
6
|
Intraspecific Diversity in the Cold Stress Response of Transposable Elements in the Diatom Leptocylindrus aporus. Genes (Basel) 2019; 11:genes11010009. [PMID: 31861932 PMCID: PMC7017206 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs), activated as a response to unfavorable conditions, have been proposed to contribute to the generation of genetic and phenotypic diversity in diatoms. Here we explore the transcriptome of three warm water strains of the diatom Leptocylindrus aporus, and the possible involvement of TEs in their response to changing temperature conditions. At low temperature (13 °C) several stress response proteins were overexpressed, confirming low temperature to be unfavorable for L. aporus, while TE-related transcripts of the LTR retrotransposon superfamily were the most enriched transcripts. Their expression levels, as well as most of the stress-related proteins, were found to vary significantly among strains, and even within the same strains analysed at different times. The lack of overexpression after many months of culturing suggests a possible role of physiological plasticity in response to growth under controlled laboratory conditions. While further investigation on the possible central role of TEs in the diatom stress response is warranted, the strain-specific responses and possible role of in-culture evolution draw attention to the interplay between the high intraspecific variability and the physiological plasticity of diatoms, which can both contribute to the adaptation of a species to a wide range of conditions in the marine environment.
Collapse
|
7
|
Nie Q, Qiao G, Peng L, Wen X. Transcriptional activation of long terminal repeat retrotransposon sequences in the genome of pitaya under abiotic stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 135:460-468. [PMID: 30497974 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Frequent somatic variations exist in pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) plants grown under abiotic stress conditions. Long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons can be activated under stressful conditions and play key roles in plant genetic variation and evolution. However, whether LTR retrotransposons promotes pitaya somatic variations by regulating abiotic stress responses is still uncertain. In this study, transcriptionally active LTR retrotransposons were identified in pitaya after exposure to a number of stress factors, including in vitro culturing, osmotic changes, extreme temperatures and hormone treatments. In total, 26 LTR retrotransposon reverse transcriptase (RT) cDNA sequences were isolated and identified as belonging to 9 Ty1-copia and 4 Ty3-gypsy families. Several RT cDNA sequences had differing similarity levels with RTs from pitaya genomic DNA and other plant species, and were differentially expressed in pitaya under various stress conditions. LTR retrotransposons accounted for at least 13.07% of the pitaya genome. HuTy1P4 had a high copy number and low expression level in young stems of pitaya, and its expression level increased after exposure to hormones and abiotic stresses, including in vitro culturing, osmotic changes, cold and heat. HuTy1P4 may have been subjected to diverse transposon events in 13 pitaya plantlets successively subcultured for four cycles. Thus, the expression levels of these retrotransposons in pitaya were associated with stress responses and may be involved in the occurrence of the somaclonal variation in pitaya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Nie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-bioengineering/College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China; College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, PR China
| | - Guang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-bioengineering/College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Lei Peng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-bioengineering/College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Wen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-bioengineering/College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Le Signor C, Vernoud V, Noguero M, Gallardo K, Thompson RD. Functional Genomics and Seed Development in Medicago truncatula: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1822:175-195. [PMID: 30043305 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8633-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of seed development in the model species Medicago truncatula has made a significant contribution to our understanding of this process in crop legumes. Thanks to the availability of comprehensive proteomics and transcriptomics databases, coupled with exhaustive mutant collections, the roles of several regulatory genes in development and maturation are beginning to be deciphered and functionally validated. Advances in next-generation sequencing and the availability of a genomic sequence have made feasible high-density SNP genotyping, allowing the identification of markers tightly linked to traits of agronomic interest. A further major advance is to be expected from the integration of omics resources in functional network construction, which has been used recently to identify "hub" genes central to important traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Le Signor
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Vanessa Vernoud
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mélanie Noguero
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Karine Gallardo
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Richard D Thompson
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Many researchers have sought along the last two decades a legume species that could serve as a model system for genetic studies to resolve specific developmental or metabolic processes that cannot be studied in other model plants. Nitrogen fixation, nodulation, compound leaf, inflorescence and plant architecture, floral development, pod formation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and other developmental and metabolic aspects are legume-specific or show important differences with those described in Arabidopsis thaliana, the most studied model plant. Mainly Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus were proposed in the 1990s as model systems due to their key attributes, diploid genome, autogamous nature, short generation times, small genome sizes, and both species can be readily transformed. After more than decade-long, the genome sequences of both species are essentially complete, and a series of functional genomics tools have been successfully developed and applied. Mutagens that cause insertions or deletions are being used in these model systems because these kinds of DNA rearrangements are expected to assist in the isolation of the corresponding genes by Target-Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) approaches. Different M. truncatula mutants have been obtained following γ-irradiation or fast neutron bombardment (FNB), ethyl-nitrosourea (ENU) or ethyl-methanesulfonate (EMS) treatments, T-DNA and activation tagging, use of the tobacco retrotransposon Tnt1 to produce insertional mutants, gene silencing by RNAi, and transient post-transcriptional gene silencing by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Emerging technologies of targeted mutagenesis and gene editing, such as the CRISPR-Cas9 system, could open a new era in this field. Functional genomics tools and phenotypic analyses of several mutants generated in M. truncatula have been essential to better understand differential aspects of legumes development and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Cañas
- CSIC-UPV, Institute for Plant Cell and Molecular Biology (IBMCP), Valencia, Spain.
| | - José Pío Beltrán
- CSIC-UPV, Institute for Plant Cell and Molecular Biology (IBMCP), Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Garmier M, Gentzbittel L, Wen J, Mysore KS, Ratet P. Medicago truncatula: Genetic and Genomic Resources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2:318-349. [PMID: 33383982 DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Medicago truncatula was chosen by the legume community, along with Lotus japonicus, as a model plant to study legume biology. Since then, numerous resources and tools have been developed for M. truncatula. These include, for example, its genome sequence, core ecotype collections, transformation/regeneration methods, extensive mutant collections, and a gene expression atlas. This review aims to describe the different genetic and genomic tools and resources currently available for M. truncatula. We also describe how these resources were generated and provide all the information necessary to access these resources and use them from a practical point of view. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Garmier
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| | - Laurent Gentzbittel
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | - Pascal Ratet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Negi P, Rai AN, Suprasanna P. Moving through the Stressed Genome: Emerging Regulatory Roles for Transposons in Plant Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1448. [PMID: 27777577 PMCID: PMC5056178 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of a positive correlation between organism genome size with its transposable element (TE) content, represents a key discovery of the field of genome biology. Considerable evidence accumulated since then suggests the involvement of TEs in genome structure, evolution and function. The global genome reorganization brought about by transposon activity might play an adaptive/regulatory role in the host response to environmental challenges, reminiscent of McClintock's original 'Controlling Element' hypothesis. This regulatory aspect of TEs is also garnering support in light of the recent evidences, which project TEs as "distributed genomic control modules." According to this view, TEs are capable of actively reprogramming host genes circuits and ultimately fine-tuning the host response to specific environmental stimuli. Moreover, the stress-induced changes in epigenetic status of TE activity may allow TEs to propagate their stress responsive elements to host genes; the resulting genome fluidity can permit phenotypic plasticity and adaptation to stress. Given their predominating presence in the plant genomes, nested organization in the genic regions and potential regulatory role in stress response, TEs hold unexplored potential for crop improvement programs. This review intends to present the current information about the roles played by TEs in plant genome organization, evolution, and function and highlight the regulatory mechanisms in plant stress responses. We will also briefly discuss the connection between TE activity, host epigenetic response and phenotypic plasticity as a critical link for traversing the translational bridge from a purely basic study of TEs, to the applied field of stress adaptation and crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Penna Suprasanna
- Plant Stress Physiology and Biotechnology Section, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research CentreTrombay, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Małolepszy A, Mun T, Sandal N, Gupta V, Dubin M, Urbański D, Shah N, Bachmann A, Fukai E, Hirakawa H, Tabata S, Nadzieja M, Markmann K, Su J, Umehara Y, Soyano T, Miyahara A, Sato S, Hayashi M, Stougaard J, Andersen SU. The LORE1 insertion mutant resource. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:306-317. [PMID: 27322352 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons are closely related to retroviruses, and their activities shape eukaryotic genomes. Here, we present a complete Lotus japonicus insertion mutant collection generated by identification of 640 653 new insertion events following de novo activation of the LTR element Lotus retrotransposon 1 (LORE1) (http://lotus.au.dk). Insertion preferences are critical for effective gene targeting, and we exploit our large dataset to analyse LTR element characteristics in this context. We infer the mechanism that generates the consensus palindromes typical of retroviral and LTR retrotransposon insertion sites, identify a short relaxed insertion site motif, and demonstrate selective integration into CHG-hypomethylated genes. These characteristics result in a steep increase in deleterious mutation rate following activation, and allow LORE1 active gene targeting to approach saturation within a population of 134 682 L. japonicus lines. We suggest that saturation mutagenesis using endogenous LTR retrotransposons with germinal activity can be used as a general and cost-efficient strategy for generation of non-transgenic mutant collections for unrestricted use in plant research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Małolepszy
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Terry Mun
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Niels Sandal
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Manu Dubin
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorian Urbański
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Niraj Shah
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Asger Bachmann
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Eigo Fukai
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirakawa
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tabata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Marcin Nadzieja
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Katharina Markmann
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Junyi Su
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yosuke Umehara
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Takashi Soyano
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Akira Miyahara
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Shusei Sato
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stig U Andersen
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kang Y, Li M, Sinharoy S, Verdier J. A Snapshot of Functional Genetic Studies in Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1175. [PMID: 27555857 PMCID: PMC4977297 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the current context of food security, increase of plant protein production in a sustainable manner represents one of the major challenges of agronomic research, which could be partially resolved by increased cultivation of legume crops. Medicago truncatula is now a well-established model for legume genomic and genetic studies. With the establishment of genomics tools and mutant populations in M. truncatula, it has become an important resource to answer some of the basic biological questions related to plant development and stress tolerance. This review has an objective to overview a decade of genetic studies in this model plant from generation of mutant populations to nowadays. To date, the three biological fields, which have been extensively studied in M. truncatula, are the symbiotic nitrogen fixation, the seed development, and the abiotic stress tolerance, due to their significant agronomic impacts. In this review, we summarize functional genetic studies related to these three major biological fields. We integrated analyses of a nearly exhaustive list of genes into their biological contexts in order to provide an overview of the forefront research advances in this important legume model plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble FoundationArdmore, OK, USA
| | - Minguye Li
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Shanghai Plant Stress Center, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Senjuti Sinharoy
- Department of Biotechnology, University of CalcuttaCalcutta, India
| | - Jerome Verdier
- Shanghai Plant Stress Center, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jerome Verdier
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Grandbastien MA. LTR retrotransposons, handy hitchhikers of plant regulation and stress response. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:403-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Identification and expression analysis of the E2F/DP genes under salt stress in Medicago truncatula. Genes Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-014-0218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
16
|
Rubini A, Riccioni C, Belfiori B, Paolocci F. Impact of the competition between mating types on the cultivation of Tuber melanosporum: Romeo and Juliet and the matter of space and time. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24 Suppl 1:S19-S27. [PMID: 24384788 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Major breakthroughs in our understanding of the life cycles of the symbiotic ascomycetes belonging to the genus Tuber have occurred over the last several years. A number of Tuber species produce edible fruiting bodies, known as truffles, that are marketed worldwide. A better understanding of the basic biological characteristics of Tuber spp. is likely to have tremendous practical relevance for their cultivation. Tuber melanosporum produces the most valuable black truffles and its genome has been recently sequenced. This species is now serving as a model for studying the biology of truffles. Here, we review recent progress in the understanding of sexual reproduction modalities in T. melanosporum. The practical relevance of these findings is outlined. In particular, the discoveries that T. melanosporum is heterothallic and that strains of different mating types compete to persist on the roots of host plants suggest that the spatial and temporal distributional patterns of strains of different mating types are key determinants of truffle fructification. The spatial segregation of the two mating types in areas where T. melanosporum occurs likely limits truffle production. Thus, host plant inoculation techniques and agronomic practices that might be pursued to manage T. melanosporum orchards with a balanced presence of the two mating partners are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rubini
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources-Perugia Division, National Research Council, Via della Madonna Alta 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gholami A, De Geyter N, Pollier J, Goormachtig S, Goossens A. Natural product biosynthesis in Medicago species. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:356-80. [PMID: 24481477 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70104b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The genus Medicago, a member of the legume (Fabaceae) family, comprises 87 species of flowering plants, including the forage crop M. sativa (alfalfa) and the model legume M. truncatula (barrel medic). Medicago species synthesize a variety of bioactive natural products that are used to engage into symbiotic interactions but also serve to deter pathogens and herbivores. For humans, these bioactive natural products often possess promising pharmaceutical properties. In this review, we focus on the two most interesting and well characterized secondary metabolite classes found in Medicago species, the triterpene saponins and the flavonoids, with a detailed overview of their biosynthesis, regulation, and profiling methods. Furthermore, their biological role within the plant as well as their potential utility for human health or other applications is discussed. Finally, we give an overview of the advances made in metabolic engineering in Medicago species and how the development of novel molecular and omics toolkits can influence a better understanding of this genus in terms of specialized metabolism and chemistry. Throughout, we critically analyze the current bottlenecks and speculate on future directions and opportunities for research and exploitation of Medicago metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azra Gholami
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhou C, Han L, Fu C, Wen J, Cheng X, Nakashima J, Ma J, Tang Y, Tan Y, Tadege M, Mysore KS, Xia G, Wang ZY. The trans-acting short interfering RNA3 pathway and no apical meristem antagonistically regulate leaf margin development and lateral organ separation, as revealed by analysis of an argonaute7/lobed leaflet1 mutant in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4845-62. [PMID: 24368797 PMCID: PMC3903991 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.117788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf shape elaboration and organ separation are critical for plant morphogenesis. We characterized the developmental roles of lobed leaflet1 by analyzing a recessive mutant in the model legume Medicago truncatula. An ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana argonaute7 (AGO7), Mt-AGO7/lobed leaflet1, is required for the biogenesis of a trans-acting short interfering RNA (ta-siRNA) to negatively regulate the expression of auxin response factors in M. truncatula. Loss of function in AGO7 results in pleiotropic phenotypes in different organs. The prominent phenotype of the ago7 mutant is lobed leaf margins and more widely spaced lateral organs, suggesting that the trans-acting siRNA3 (TAS3) pathway negatively regulates the formation of boundaries and the separation of lateral organs in M. truncatula. Genetic interaction analysis with the smooth leaf margin1 (slm1) mutant revealed that leaf margin formation is cooperatively regulated by the auxin/SLM1 (ortholog of Arabidopsis PIN-formed1) module, which influences the initiation of leaf margin teeth, and the TAS3 ta-siRNA pathway, which determines the degree of margin indentation. Further investigations showed that the TAS3 ta-siRNA pathway and no apical meristem (ortholog of Arabidopsis cup-shaped cotyledon) antagonistically regulate both leaf margin development and lateral organ separation, and the regulation is partially dependent on the auxin/SLM1 module.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanen Zhou
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Lu Han
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Jin Nakashima
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Junying Ma
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Yang Tan
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Million Tadege
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Kirankumar S. Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Guangmin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jaudal M, Yeoh CC, Zhang L, Stockum C, Mysore KS, Ratet P, Putterill J. Retroelement insertions at the Medicago FTa1 locus in spring mutants eliminate vernalisation but not long-day requirements for early flowering. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:580-91. [PMID: 23964816 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular-genetic control of the flowering time of temperate-climate plants is best understood in Arabidopsis and the cereals wheat and barley. However, key regulators such as FLC and cereal VRN2 are not found in legumes. Therefore, we used forward genetics to identify flowering time genes in the model legume Medicago truncatula (Medicago) which is induced to flower by vernalisation and long-day photoperiods. A screen of a Tnt1 retroelement tagging population yielded two mutants, spring2 and spring3, with a dominant early flowering phenotype. These mutants overexpress the floral activator FTa1 and two candidate downstream flowering genes SOC1a and FULb, similar to the spring1 somaclonal variant that we identified previously. We demonstrate here that an increase in the expression of FTa1, SOC1a and FULb and early flowering does not occur in all conditions in the spring mutants. It depends on long-day photoperiods but not on vernalisation. Isolation of flanking sequence tags and linkage analysis identified retroelement insertions at FTa1 that co-segregated with the early flowering phenotype in all three spring mutants. These were Tnt1 insertions in the FTa1 third intron (spring3) or the 3' intergenic region (spring2) and an endogenous MERE1-4 retroelement in the 3' intergenic region in spring1. Thus the spring mutants form an allelic series of gain-of-function mutations in FTa1 which confer a spring growth habit. The spring retroelement insertions at FTa1 separate long-day input from vernalisation input into FTa1 regulation, but this is not due to large-scale changes in FTa1 DNA methylation or transcript processing in the mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauren Jaudal
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bourcy M, Brocard L, Pislariu CI, Cosson V, Mergaert P, Tadege M, Mysore KS, Udvardi MK, Gourion B, Ratet P. Medicago truncatula DNF2 is a PI-PLC-XD-containing protein required for bacteroid persistence and prevention of nodule early senescence and defense-like reactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:1250-1261. [PMID: 23278348 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Medicago truncatula and Sinorhizobium meliloti form a symbiotic association resulting in the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules. Nodule cells contain large numbers of bacteroids which are differentiated, nitrogen-fixing forms of the symbiotic bacteria. In the nodules, symbiotic plant cells home and maintain hundreds of viable bacteria. In order to better understand the molecular mechanism sustaining the phenomenon, we searched for new plant genes required for effective symbiosis. We used a combination of forward and reverse genetics approaches to identify a gene required for nitrogen fixation, and we used cell and molecular biology to characterize the mutant phenotype and to gain an insight into gene function. The symbiotic gene DNF2 encodes a putative phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C-like protein. Nodules formed by the mutant contain a zone of infected cells reduced to a few cell layers. In this zone, bacteria do not differentiate properly into bacteroids. Furthermore, mutant nodules senesce rapidly and exhibit defense-like reactions. This atypical phenotype amongst Fix(-) mutants unravels dnf2 as a new actor of bacteroid persistence inside symbiotic plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bourcy
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Catalina I Pislariu
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, 73401, OK, USA
| | - Viviane Cosson
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Peter Mergaert
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Millon Tadege
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, 73401, OK, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, 73401, OK, USA
| | - Michael K Udvardi
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, 73401, OK, USA
| | - Benjamin Gourion
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yeoh CC, Balcerowicz M, Zhang L, Jaudal M, Brocard L, Ratet P, Putterill J. Fine mapping links the FTa1 flowering time regulator to the dominant spring1 locus in Medicago. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53467. [PMID: 23308229 PMCID: PMC3538541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To extend our understanding of flowering time control in eudicots, we screened for mutants in the model legume Medicago truncatula (Medicago). We identified an early flowering mutant, spring1, in a T-DNA mutant screen, but spring1 was not tagged and was deemed a somaclonal mutant. We backcrossed the mutant to wild type R108. The F1 plants and the majority of F2 plants were early flowering like spring1, strongly indicating that spring1 conferred monogenic, dominant early flowering. We hypothesized that the spring1 phenotype resulted from over expression of an activator of flowering. Previously, a major QTL for flowering time in different Medicago accessions was located to an interval on chromosome 7 with six candidate flowering-time activators, including a CONSTANS gene, MtCO, and three FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) genes. Hence we embarked upon linkage mapping using 29 markers from the MtCO/FT region on chromosome 7 on two populations developed by crossing spring1 with Jester. Spring1 mapped to an interval of ∼0.5 Mb on chromosome 7 that excluded MtCO, but contained 78 genes, including the three FT genes. Of these FT genes, only FTa1 was up-regulated in spring1 plants. We then investigated global gene expression in spring1 and R108 by microarray analysis. Overall, they had highly similar gene expression and apart from FTa1, no genes in the mapping interval were differentially expressed. Two MADS transcription factor genes, FRUITFULLb (FULb) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVER EXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1a (SOC1a), that were up-regulated in spring1, were also up-regulated in transgenic Medicago over-expressing FTa1. This suggested that their differential expression in spring1 resulted from the increased abundance of FTa1. A 6255 bp genomic FTa1 fragment, including the complete 5' region, was sequenced, but no changes were observed indicating that the spring1 mutation is not a DNA sequence difference in the FTa1 promoter or introns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin Chin Yeoh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin Balcerowicz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lulu Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mauren Jaudal
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Joanna Putterill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhou C, Han L, Fu C, Chai M, Zhang W, Li G, Tang Y, Wang ZY. Identification and characterization of petiolule-like pulvinus mutants with abolished nyctinastic leaf movement in the model legume Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:92-100. [PMID: 22891817 PMCID: PMC3504090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of many plant species open during the day and fold at night. Diurnal leaf movement, named nyctinasty, has been of great interest to researchers since Darwin's time. Nyctinastic leaf movement is generated by the pulvinus, which is a specialized motor organ located at the base of leaf and leaflet. The molecular basis and functional reason behind nyctinasty are unknown. In a forward screening of a retrotransposon-tagged mutant population of Medicago truncatula, four petiolule-like pulvinus (plp) mutant lines with defects in leaf movement were identified and characterized. Loss of function of PLP results in the change of pulvini to petiolules. PLP is specifically expressed in the pulvinus, as demonstrated by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis, expression analysis of a PLP promoter-β-glucuronidase construct in transgenic plants and in situ hybridization. Microarray analysis revealed that the expression levels of many genes were altered in the mutant during the day and at night. Crosses between the plp mutant and several leaf pattern mutants showed that the developmental mechanisms of pulvini and leaf patterns are likely independent. Our results demonstrated that PLP plays a crucial role in the determination of pulvinus development. Leaf movement generated by pulvini may have an impact on plant vegetative growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanen Zhou
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Lu Han
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Maofeng Chai
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Guifen Li
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pislariu CI, D. Murray J, Wen J, Cosson V, Muni RRD, Wang M, A. Benedito V, Andriankaja A, Cheng X, Jerez IT, Mondy S, Zhang S, Taylor ME, Tadege M, Ratet P, Mysore KS, Chen R, Udvardi MK. A Medicago truncatula tobacco retrotransposon insertion mutant collection with defects in nodule development and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1686-99. [PMID: 22679222 PMCID: PMC3425206 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.197061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A Tnt1-insertion mutant population of Medicago truncatula ecotype R108 was screened for defects in nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Primary screening of 9,300 mutant lines yielded 317 lines with putative defects in nodule development and/or nitrogen fixation. Of these, 230 lines were rescreened, and 156 lines were confirmed with defective symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Mutants were sorted into six distinct phenotypic categories: 72 nonnodulating mutants (Nod-), 51 mutants with totally ineffective nodules (Nod+ Fix-), 17 mutants with partially ineffective nodules (Nod+ Fix+/-), 27 mutants defective in nodule emergence, elongation, and nitrogen fixation (Nod+/- Fix-), one mutant with delayed and reduced nodulation but effective in nitrogen fixation (dNod+/- Fix+), and 11 supernodulating mutants (Nod++Fix+/-). A total of 2,801 flanking sequence tags were generated from the 156 symbiotic mutant lines. Analysis of flanking sequence tags revealed 14 insertion alleles of the following known symbiotic genes: NODULE INCEPTION (NIN), DOESN'T MAKE INFECTIONS3 (DMI3/CCaMK), ERF REQUIRED FOR NODULATION, and SUPERNUMERARY NODULES (SUNN). In parallel, a polymerase chain reaction-based strategy was used to identify Tnt1 insertions in known symbiotic genes, which revealed 25 additional insertion alleles in the following genes: DMI1, DMI2, DMI3, NIN, NODULATION SIGNALING PATHWAY1 (NSP1), NSP2, SUNN, and SICKLE. Thirty-nine Nod- lines were also screened for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis phenotypes, and 30 mutants exhibited defects in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Morphological and developmental features of several new symbiotic mutants are reported. The collection of mutants described here is a source of novel alleles of known symbiotic genes and a resource for cloning novel symbiotic genes via Tnt1 tagging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - JiangQi Wen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Viviane Cosson
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - RajaSekhara Reddy Duvvuru Muni
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Vagner A. Benedito
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Andry Andriankaja
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Ivone Torres Jerez
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Samuel Mondy
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Shulan Zhang
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Mark E. Taylor
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Million Tadege
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Kirankumar S. Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Rujin Chen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| | - Michael K. Udvardi
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (C.I.P., J.D.M., J.W., R.R.D.M., M.W., V.A.B., A.A., X.C., I.T.J., S.Z., M.E.T., M.T., K.S.M., R.C., M.K.U.); Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.D.M.); Institut des Sciences du Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France (V.C., S.M., P.R.); Monsanto Holdings Pvt., Ltd, Monsanto Research Center, NH7, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 092, India (R.R.D.M.); Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davies College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506 (V.A.B.); Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik Plant Science Company, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany (A.A.); and Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cheng X, Peng J, Ma J, Tang Y, Chen R, Mysore KS, Wen J. NO APICAL MERISTEM (MtNAM) regulates floral organ identity and lateral organ separation in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:71-84. [PMID: 22530598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
• The CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC)/NO APICAL MERISTEM (NAM) family of genes control boundary formation and lateral organ separation, which is critical for proper leaf and flower patterning. However, most downstream targets of CUC/NAM genes remain unclear. • In a forward screen of the tobacco retrotransposon1 (Tnt1) insertion population in Medicago truncatula, we isolated a weak allele of the no-apical-meristem mutant mtnam-2. Meanwhile, we regenerated a mature plant from the null allele mtnam-1. These materials allowed us to extensively characterize the function of MtNAM and its downstream genes. • MtNAM is highly expressed in vegetative shoot buds and inflorescence apices, specifically at boundaries between the shoot apical meristem and leaf/flower primordia. Mature plants of the regenerated null allele and the weak allele display remarkable floral phenotypes: floral whorls and organ numbers are reduced and the floral organ identity is compromised. Microarray and quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that all classes of floral homeotic genes are down-regulated in mtnam mutants. Mutations in MtNAM also lead to fused cotyledons and leaflets of the compound leaf as well as a defective shoot apical meristem. • Our results revealed that MtNAM shares the role of CUC/NAM family genes in lateral organ separation and compound leaf development, and is also required for floral organ identity and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Cheng
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Conserved genetic determinant of motor organ identity in Medicago truncatula and related legumes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:11723-8. [PMID: 22689967 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204566109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants exhibit various kinds of movements that have fascinated scientists and the public for centuries. Physiological studies in plants with the so-called motor organ or pulvinus suggest that cells at opposite sides of the pulvinus mediate leaf or leaflet movements by swelling and shrinking. How motor organ identity is determined is unknown. Using a genetic approach, we isolated a mutant designated elongated petiolule1 (elp1) from Medicago truncatula that fails to fold its leaflets in the dark due to loss of motor organs. Map-based cloning indicated that ELP1 encodes a putative plant-specific LOB domain transcription factor. RNA in situ analysis revealed that ELP1 is expressed in primordial cells that give rise to the motor organ. Ectopic expression of ELP1 resulted in dwarf plants with petioles and rachises reduced in length, and the epidermal cells gained characteristics of motor organ epidermal cells. By identifying ELP1 orthologs from other legume species, namely pea (Pisum sativum) and Lotus japonicus, we show that this motor organ identity is regulated by a conserved molecular mechanism.
Collapse
|
26
|
Neelakandan AK, Wang K. Recent progress in the understanding of tissue culture-induced genome level changes in plants and potential applications. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:597-620. [PMID: 22179259 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell and tissue-based systems have tremendous potential in fundamental research and for commercial applications such as clonal propagation, genetic engineering and production of valuable metabolites. Since the invention of plant cell and tissue culture techniques more than half a century ago, scientists have been trying to understand the morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes associated with tissue culture responses. Establishment of de novo developmental cell fate in vitro is governed by factors such as genetic make-up, stress and plant growth regulators. In vitro culture is believed to destabilize the genetic and epigenetic program of intact plant tissue and can lead to chromosomal and DNA sequence variations, methylation changes, transposon activation, and generation of somaclonal variants. In this review, we discuss the current status of understanding the genomic and epigenomic changes that take place under in vitro conditions. It is hoped that a precise and comprehensive knowledge of the molecular basis of these variations and acquisition of developmental cell fate would help to devise strategies to improve the totipotency and embryogenic capability in recalcitrant species and genotypes, and to address bottlenecks associated with clonal propagation.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ovchinnikova E, Journet EP, Chabaud M, Cosson V, Ratet P, Duc G, Fedorova E, Liu W, den Camp RO, Zhukov V, Tikhonovich I, Borisov A, Bisseling T, Limpens E. IPD3 controls the formation of nitrogen-fixing symbiosomes in pea and Medicago Spp. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:1333-44. [PMID: 21787150 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-11-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A successful nitrogen-fixing symbiosis requires the accommodation of rhizobial bacteria as new organelle-like structures, called symbiosomes, inside the cells of their legume hosts. Two legume mutants that are most strongly impaired in their ability to form symbiosomes are sym1/TE7 in Medicago truncatula and sym33 in Pisum sativum. We have cloned both MtSYM1 and PsSYM33 and show that both encode the recently identified interacting protein of DMI3 (IPD3), an ortholog of Lotus japonicus (Lotus) CYCLOPS. IPD3 and CYCLOPS were shown to interact with DMI3/CCaMK, which encodes a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent kinase that is an essential component of the common symbiotic signaling pathway for both rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbioses. Our data reveal a novel, key role for IPD3 in symbiosome formation and development. We show that MtIPD3 participates in but is not essential for infection thread formation and that MtIPD3 also affects DMI3-induced spontaneous nodule formation upstream of cytokinin signaling. Further, MtIPD3 appears to be required for the expression of a nodule-specific remorin, which controls proper infection thread growth and is essential for symbiosome formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Ovchinnikova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tadege M, Wang TL, Wen J, Ratet P, Mysore KS. Mutagenesis and beyond! Tools for understanding legume biology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:978-84. [PMID: 19741047 PMCID: PMC2773078 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.144097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
|