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Kinmonth-Schultz H, Sønstebø JH, Croneberger AJ, Johnsen SS, Leder E, Lewandowska-Sabat A, Imaizumi T, Rognli OA, Vinje H, Ward JK, Fjellheim S. Responsiveness to long days for flowering is reduced in Arabidopsis by yearly variation in growing season temperatures. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3337-3352. [PMID: 37249162 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Conservative flowering behaviours, such as flowering during long days in summer or late flowering at a high leaf number, are often proposed to protect against variable winter and spring temperatures which lead to frost damage if premature flowering occurs. Yet, due the many factors in natural environments relative to the number of individuals compared, assessing which climate characteristics drive these flowering traits has been difficult. We applied a multidisciplinary approach to 10 winter-annual Arabidopsis thaliana populations from a wide climactic gradient in Norway. We used a variable reduction strategy to assess which of 100 climate descriptors from their home sites correlated most to their flowering behaviours when tested for responsiveness to photoperiod after saturation of vernalization; then, assessed sequence variation of 19 known environmental-response flowering genes. Photoperiod responsiveness inversely correlated with interannual variation in timing of growing season onset. Time to flowering appeared driven by growing season length, curtailed by cold fall temperatures. The distribution of FLM, TFL2 and HOS1 haplotypes, genes involved in ambient temperature response, correlated with growing-season climate. We show that long-day responsiveness and late flowering may be driven not by risk of spring frosts, but by growing season temperature and length, perhaps to opportunistically maximize growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kinmonth-Schultz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Department of Biology, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jørn H Sønstebø
- Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Notodden, Norway
| | | | - Sylvia S Johnsen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Erica Leder
- Department of Marine Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Takato Imaizumi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Odd Arne Rognli
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Hilde Vinje
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Joy K Ward
- College of Arts and Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Siri Fjellheim
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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Li Y, Zhao M, Cai K, Liu L, Han R, Pei X, Zhang L, Zhao X. Phytohormone biosynthesis and transcriptional analyses provide insight into the main growth stage of male and female cones Pinus koraiensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1273409. [PMID: 37885661 PMCID: PMC10598626 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1273409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The cone is a crucial component of the whole life cycle of gymnosperm and an organ for sexual reproduction of gymnosperms. In Pinus koraiensis, the quantity and development process of male and female cones directly influence seed production, which in turn influences the tree's economic value. There are, however, due to the lack of genetic information and genomic data, the morphological development and molecular mechanism of female and male cones of P. koraiensis have not been analyzed. Long-term phenological observations were used in this study to document the main process of the growth of both male and female cones. Transcriptome sequencing and endogenous hormone levels at three critical developmental stages were then analyzed to identify the regulatory networks that control these stages of cones development. The most significant plant hormones influencing male and female cones growth were discovered to be gibberellin and brassinosteroids, according to measurements of endogenous hormone content. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing allowed the identification of 71,097 and 31,195 DEGs in male and female cones. The synthesis and control of plant hormones during cones growth were discovered via enrichment analysis of key enrichment pathways. FT and other flowering-related genes were discovered in the coexpression network of flower growth development, which contributed to the growth development of male and female cones of P. koraiensis. The findings of this work offer a cutting-edge foundation for understanding reproductive biology and the molecular mechanisms that control the growth development of male and female cones in P. koraiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree and Grass Genetics and Breeding, College of Forestry and Grassland Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree and Grass Genetics and Breeding, College of Forestry and Grassland Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Kewei Cai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree and Grass Genetics and Breeding, College of Forestry and Grassland Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree and Grass Genetics and Breeding, College of Forestry and Grassland Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Han
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree and Grass Genetics and Breeding, College of Forestry and Grassland Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaona Pei
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- School of Information Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiyang Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree and Grass Genetics and Breeding, College of Forestry and Grassland Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Cui F, Ye X, Li X, Yang Y, Hu Z, Overmyer K, Brosché M, Yu H, Salojärvi J. Chromosome-level genome assembly of the diploid blueberry Vaccinium darrowii provides insights into its subtropical adaptation and cuticle synthesis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100307. [PMID: 35605198 PMCID: PMC9284290 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinium darrowii is a subtropical wild blueberry species that has been used to breed economically important southern highbush cultivars. The adaptive traits of V. darrowii to subtropical climates can provide valuable information for breeding blueberry and perhaps other plants, especially against the background of global warming. Here, we assembled the V. darrowii genome into 12 pseudochromosomes using Oxford Nanopore long reads complemented with Hi-C scaffolding technologies, and we predicted 41 815 genes using RNA-sequencing evidence. Syntenic analysis across three Vaccinium species revealed a highly conserved genome structure, with the highest collinearity between V. darrowii and Vaccinium corymbosum. This conserved genome structure may explain the high fertility observed during crossbreeding of V. darrowii with other blueberry cultivars. Analysis of gene expansion and tandem duplication indicated possible roles for defense- and flowering-associated genes in the adaptation of V. darrowii to the subtropics. Putative SOC1 genes in V. darrowii were identified based on phylogeny and expression analysis. Blueberries are covered in a thick cuticle layer and contain anthocyanins, which confer their powdery blue color. Using RNA sequencing, we delineated the cuticle biosynthesis pathways of Vaccinium species in V. darrowii. This result can serve as a reference for breeding berries whose colors are appealing to customers. The V. darrowii reference genome, together with the unique traits of this species, including its diploid genome, short vegetative phase, and high compatibility in hybridization with other blueberries, make V. darrowii a potential research model for blueberry species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Cui
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kirk Overmyer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and the Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and the Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hong Yu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jarkko Salojärvi
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and the Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Liu X, Luo M, Li M, Wei J. Depicting Precise Temperature and Duration of Vernalization and Inhibiting Early Bolting and Flowering of Angelica sinensis by Freezing Storage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:853444. [PMID: 35665180 PMCID: PMC9161173 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.853444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Angelica sinensis is a perennial rhizomatous herb that is widely used for the treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, which largely rely on metabolites, such as alkylphthalides, polysaccharides, and ferulic acid. This plant must experience low-temperature vernalization and long-day conditions for the occurrence of early bolting and flowering (EBF) that reduces yield and quality of fleshy root. In current commercial planting, the EBF of more than 40% is mainly attributed to the completion of vernalization of seedlings during overwinter storage. While effects of storage temperatures [vernalization temperature (0-10°C) and freezing temperature (-2 to -12°C)] and seedling sizes on the EBF have been observed in previous studies, the precise vernalization temperature and duration for different size seedlings, the effective freezing storage to avoid vernalization of seedlings, and physiological characteristics have not been systematically investigated. Here, the EBF rate, the anatomical structure of shoot apical meristem (SAM), and physiological characteristics of different size seedlings at different storage temperatures (0, 3, 5, -3, and -5°C) and durations (14-125 d) are reported. The vernalization duration of seedlings was predicated from 57 to 85 d with temperatures ranging from 0 to 5°C based on the linearization regression analysis via Matrix Laboratory software. The EBF can be effectively inhibited by freezing storage. The anatomical structure of SAM, levels of primary metabolites (soluble sugar, starch, amino acid, and protein), and endogenous hormones (GA3, IAA, and ABA), exhibited a dynamical change in the seedlings at different storage temperatures. These findings will provide useful information for predicting the vernalization of seedlings and inhibiting the EBF in large-scale commercial cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mimi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Eljebbawi A, Savelli B, Libourel C, Estevez JM, Dunand C. Class III Peroxidases in Response to Multiple Abiotic Stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana Pyrenean Populations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073960. [PMID: 35409333 PMCID: PMC8999671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Class III peroxidases constitute a plant-specific multigene family, where 73 genes have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. These genes are members of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulatory network in the whole plant, but more importantly, at the root level. In response to abiotic stresses such as cold, heat, and salinity, their expression is significantly modified. To learn more about their transcriptional regulation, an integrative phenotypic, genomic, and transcriptomic study was executed on the roots of A. thaliana Pyrenean populations. Initially, the root phenotyping highlighted 3 Pyrenean populations to be tolerant to cold (Eaux), heat (Herr), and salt (Grip) stresses. Then, the RNA-seq analyses on these three populations, in addition to Col-0, displayed variations in CIII Prxs expression under stressful treatments and between different genotypes. Consequently, several CIII Prxs were particularly upregulated in the tolerant populations, suggesting novel and specific roles of these genes in plant tolerance against abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Eljebbawi
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP, 31326 Toulouse, France; (A.E.); (B.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Bruno Savelli
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP, 31326 Toulouse, France; (A.E.); (B.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Cyril Libourel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP, 31326 Toulouse, France; (A.E.); (B.S.); (C.L.)
| | - José Manuel Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina;
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago CP 8370146, Chile
- ANID—Millennium Science Initiative Program—Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio) Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago CP 8370146, Chile
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, INP, 31326 Toulouse, France; (A.E.); (B.S.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Fournier-Level A, Taylor MA, Paril JF, Martínez-Berdeja A, Stitzer MC, Cooper MD, Roe JL, Wilczek AM, Schmitt J. Adaptive significance of flowering time variation across natural seasonal environments in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:719-734. [PMID: 35090191 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of flowering time variation and plasticity to climate adaptation requires a comprehensive empirical assessment. We investigated natural selection and the genetic architecture of flowering time in Arabidopsis through field experiments in Europe across multiple sites and seasons. We estimated selection for flowering time, plasticity and canalization. Loci associated with flowering time, plasticity and canalization by genome-wide association studies were tested for a geographic signature of climate adaptation. Selection favored early flowering and increased canalization, except at the northernmost site, but was rarely detected for plasticity. Genome-wide association studies revealed significant associations with flowering traits and supported a substantial polygenic inheritance. Alleles associated with late flowering, including functional FRIGIDA variants, were more common in regions experiencing high annual temperature variation. Flowering time plasticity to fall vs spring and summer environments was associated with GIGANTEA SUPPRESSOR 5, which promotes early flowering under decreasing day length and temperature. The finding that late flowering genotypes and alleles are associated with climate is evidence for past adaptation. Real-time phenotypic selection analysis, however, reveals pervasive contemporary selection for rapid flowering in agricultural settings across most of the species range. The response to this selection may involve genetic shifts in environmental cuing compared to the ancestral state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A Taylor
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jefferson F Paril
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | | | - Michelle C Stitzer
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Martha D Cooper
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Judith L Roe
- College of Arts and Sciences, Biology, Agricultural Science & Agribusiness, University of Maine at Presque Isle, Presque Isle, ME, 04769, USA
| | | | - Johanna Schmitt
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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7
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Beyond the Genetic Pathways, Flowering Regulation Complexity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115716. [PMID: 34071961 PMCID: PMC8198774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering is one of the most critical developmental transitions in plants’ life. The irreversible change from the vegetative to the reproductive stage is strictly controlled to ensure the progeny’s success. In Arabidopsis thaliana, seven flowering genetic pathways have been described under specific growth conditions. However, the evidence condensed here suggest that these pathways are tightly interconnected in a complex multilevel regulatory network. In this review, we pursue an integrative approach emphasizing the molecular interactions among the flowering regulatory network components. We also consider that the same regulatory network prevents or induces flowering phase change in response to internal cues modulated by environmental signals. In this sense, we describe how during the vegetative phase of development it is essential to prevent the expression of flowering promoting genes until they are required. Then, we mention flowering regulation under suboptimal growing temperatures, such as those in autumn and winter. We next expose the requirement of endogenous signals in flowering, and finally, the acceleration of this transition by long-day photoperiod and temperature rise signals allowing A. thaliana to bloom in spring and summer seasons. With this approach, we aim to provide an initial systemic view to help the reader integrate this complex developmental process.
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8
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Cloning and expression of AGL19 gene in two Lonicera macranthoides varieties. J Genet 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-020-01252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Yin H, Zhou H, Wang W, Tran LSP, Zhang B. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Potential Roles of Abscisic Acid and Polyphenols in Adaptation of Onobrychis viciifolia to Extreme Environmental Conditions in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060967. [PMID: 32604957 PMCID: PMC7356597 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant stress resistance in the face of ever-changing environmental stimuli will be helpful for promoting the growth and production of crop and forage plants. Investigations of plant responses to various single abiotic or biotic factors, or combined stresses, have been extensively reported. However, the molecular mechanisms of plants in responses to environmental stresses under natural conditions are not clearly understood. In this study, we carried out a transcriptome analysis using RNA-sequencing to decipher the underlying molecular mechanisms of Onobrychis viciifolia responding and adapting to the extreme natural environment in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). The transcriptome data of plant samples collected from two different altitudes revealed a total of 8212 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 5387 up-regulated and 2825 down-regulated genes. Detailed analysis of the identified DEGs uncovered that up-regulation of genes potentially leading to changes in hormone homeostasis and signaling, particularly abscisic acid-related ones, and enhanced biosynthesis of polyphenols play vital roles in the adaptive processes of O. viciifolia. Interestingly, several DEGs encoding uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases, which putatively regulate phytohormone homeostasis to resist environmental stresses, were also discovered. Furthermore, numerous DEGs encoding transcriptional factors, such as members of the myeloblastosis (MYB), homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP), WRKY, and nam-ataf1,2-cuc2 (NAC) families, might be involved in the adaptive responses of O. viciifolia to the extreme natural environmental conditions. The DEGs identified in this study represent candidate targets for improving environmental stress resistance of O. viciifolia grown in higher altitudes of the QTP, and can provide deep insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of this plant species to the extreme natural environmental conditions of the QTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxia Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China;
| | - Huakun Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology in Cold Region of Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining 810008, China;
| | - Wenying Wang
- School of Life Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China;
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (L.-S.P.T.); (B.Z.)
| | - Benyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China;
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Correspondence: (L.-S.P.T.); (B.Z.)
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10
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Xie H, Sun Y, Cheng B, Xue S, Cheng D, Liu L, Meng L, Qiang S. Variation in ICE1 Methylation Primarily Determines Phenotypic Variation in Freezing Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:152-165. [PMID: 30295898 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress is a major abiotic factor plants face during their life cycle. Although plants often exhibit phenotypic variation in cold tolerance, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In the present study, the 50% lethal temperature (LT50) values of 37 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions at latitudes from 15° to 58° ranged from -13.2°C to -4.9°C and were closely correlated with the cold climates of the collection sites. According to a methylation analysis of all C-repeat (CRT)-binding factor (CBF) pathway genes, the coding and promoter regions of AtICE1, a regulator of CBF genes, exhibited the greatest variability in methylation levels among the accessions and included 5-122 methylated cytosine residues. In contrast, unmethylated or only slightly methylated genes in the CBF pathway showed little variation among the accessions. According to a gene expression analysis of four selected A. thaliana populations with distinct methylation patterns, except for the down-regulated gene AtCBF2, the expression levels of all members of the CBF pathway were negatively correlated with AtICE1 gene methylation levels. Treatment of the four A. thaliana populations with the DNA methylation inhibitory reagent 5-azacytidine resulted in a 30.0-78.3% enhancement of freezing tolerance and decreases in LT50 values of approximately 1.9-3.6°C. Similar effects were observed in drm2 mutants, including 30.0-48.3% increases in freezing tolerance and decreases in LT50 values of approximately 0.7-3.4°C. Thus, the AtICE1 methylation-regulated transcription of CBF pathway genes is responsible for the phenotypic variation in the freezing tolerance observed in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Xie
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuli Sun
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siming Xue
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Cheng
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linli Liu
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingchao Meng
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Qiang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Guggisberg A, Liu X, Suter L, Mansion G, Fischer MC, Fior S, Roumet M, Kretzschmar R, Koch MA, Widmer A. The genomic basis of adaptation to calcareous and siliceous soils in Arabidopsis lyrata. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:5088-5103. [PMID: 30411828 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Edaphic conditions are important determinants of plant fitness. While much has been learnt in recent years about plant adaptation to heavy metal contaminated soils, the genomic basis underlying adaptation to calcareous and siliceous substrates remains largely unknown. We performed a reciprocal germination experiment and whole-genome resequencing in natural calcareous and siliceous populations of diploid Arabidopsis lyrata to test for edaphic adaptation and detect signatures of selection at loci associated with soil-mediated divergence. In parallel, genome scans on respective diploid ecotypes from the Arabidopsis arenosa species complex were undertaken, to search for shared patterns of adaptive genetic divergence. Soil ecotypes of A. lyrata display significant genotype-by-treatment responses for seed germination. Sequence (SNPs) and copy-number variants (CNVs) point towards loci involved in ion transport as the main targets of adaptive genetic divergence. Two genes exhibiting high differentiation among soil types in A. lyrata further share trans-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms with A. arenosa. This work applies experimental and genomic approaches to study edaphic adaptation in A. lyrata and suggests that physiological response to elemental toxicity and deficiency underlies the evolution of calcareous and siliceous ecotypes. The discovery of shared adaptive variation between sister species indicates that ancient polymorphisms contribute to adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xuanyu Liu
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Léonie Suter
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guilhem Mansion
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin C Fischer
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Fior
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marie Roumet
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Kretzschmar
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus A Koch
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alex Widmer
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Theißen G, Rümpler F, Gramzow L. Array of MADS-Box Genes: Facilitator for Rapid Adaptation? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:563-576. [PMID: 29802068 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In a world of global warming, the question emerges whether all plants have suitable mechanisms to keep pace with the rapidly changing environment. Most previous studies have focused on either the ability of plants to rapidly acclimatize via physiological and developmental plasticity, or long-term adaptation over thousands of years. However, we wonder whether plants can also adapt to changes in the environment within only a few generations. We hypothesize that rapidly evolving clusters of tandemly duplicated developmental control genes represent a source for fast adaptation. Specifically, we propose that a tandem cluster of FLC-like MADS-box genes involved in the transition to flowering in Arabidopsis functions as a facilitator for rapid adaptation to changes in ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Theißen
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Philosophenweg 12, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Florian Rümpler
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Philosophenweg 12, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Gramzow
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Philosophenweg 12, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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13
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Halbritter AH, Fior S, Keller I, Billeter R, Edwards PJ, Holderegger R, Karrenberg S, Pluess AR, Widmer A, Alexander JM. Trait differentiation and adaptation of plants along elevation gradients. J Evol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29518274 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies of genetic adaptation in plant populations along elevation gradients in mountains have a long history, but there has until now been neither a synthesis of how frequently plant populations exhibit adaptation to elevation nor an evaluation of how consistent underlying trait differences across species are. We reviewed studies of adaptation along elevation gradients (i) from a meta-analysis of phenotypic differentiation of three traits (height, biomass and phenology) from plants growing in 70 common garden experiments; (ii) by testing elevation adaptation using three fitness proxies (survival, reproductive output and biomass) from 14 reciprocal transplant experiments; (iii) by qualitatively assessing information at the molecular level, from 10 genomewide surveys and candidate gene approaches. We found that plants originating from high elevations were generally shorter and produced less biomass, but phenology did not vary consistently. We found significant evidence for elevation adaptation in terms of survival and biomass, but not for reproductive output. Variation in phenotypic and fitness responses to elevation across species was not related to life history traits or to environmental conditions. Molecular studies, which have focussed mainly on loci related to plant physiology and phenology, also provide evidence for adaptation along elevation gradients. Together, these studies indicate that genetically based trait differentiation and adaptation to elevation are widespread in plants. We conclude that a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptation, not only to elevation but also to environmental change, will require more studies combining the ecological and molecular approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aud H Halbritter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Fior
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Irene Keller
- Department of Clinical Research and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Regula Billeter
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, ZHAW Wädenswil, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Edwards
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Holderegger
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Karrenberg
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea R Pluess
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Alex Widmer
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jake M Alexander
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Marcer A, Vidigal DS, James PMA, Fortin MJ, Méndez-Vigo B, Hilhorst HWM, Bentsink L, Alonso-Blanco C, Picó FX. Temperature fine-tunes Mediterranean Arabidopsis thaliana life-cycle phenology geographically. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:148-156. [PMID: 28241389 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To understand how adaptive evolution in life-cycle phenology operates in plants, we need to unravel the effects of geographic variation in putative agents of natural selection on life-cycle phenology by considering all key developmental transitions and their co-variation patterns. We address this goal by quantifying the temperature-driven and geographically varying relationship between seed dormancy and flowering time in the annual Arabidopsis thaliana across the Iberian Peninsula. We used data on genetic variation in two major life-cycle traits, seed dormancy (DSDS50) and flowering time (FT), in a collection of 300 A. thaliana accessions from the Iberian Peninsula. The geographically varying relationship between life-cycle traits and minimum temperature, a major driver of variation in DSDS50 and FT, was explored with geographically weighted regressions (GWR). The environmentally varying correlation between DSDS50 and FT was analysed by means of sliding window analysis across a minimum temperature gradient. Maximum local adjustments between minimum temperature and life-cycle traits were obtained in the southwest Iberian Peninsula, an area with the highest minimum temperatures. In contrast, in off-southwest locations, the effects of minimum temperature on DSDS50 were rather constant across the region, whereas those of minimum temperature on FT were more variable, with peaks of strong local adjustments of GWR models in central and northwest Spain. Sliding window analysis identified a minimum temperature turning point in the relationship between DSDS50 and FT around a minimum temperature of 7.2 °C. Above this minimum temperature turning point, the variation in the FT/DSDS50 ratio became rapidly constrained and the negative correlation between FT and DSDS50 did not increase any further with increasing minimum temperatures. The southwest Iberian Peninsula emerges as an area where variation in life-cycle phenology appears to be restricted by the duration and severity of the hot summer drought. The temperature-driven varying relationship between DSDS50 and FT detected environmental boundaries for the co-evolution between FT and DSDS50 in A. thaliana. In the context of global warming, we conclude that A. thaliana phenology from the southwest Iberian Peninsula, determined by early flowering and deep seed dormancy, might become the most common life-cycle phenotype for this annual plant in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marcer
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - D S Vidigal
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - P M A James
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - M-J Fortin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - B Méndez-Vigo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - H W M Hilhorst
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Bentsink
- Wageningen Seed Lab, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Alonso-Blanco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - F X Picó
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
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15
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Discovery of A high-altitude ecotype and ancient lineage of Arabidopsis thaliana from Tibet. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:1628-1630. [PMID: 36659379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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16
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Bloomer RH, Dean C. Fine-tuning timing: natural variation informs the mechanistic basis of the switch to flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5439-5452. [PMID: 28992087 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of diverse life history strategies has allowed Arabidopsis thaliana to adapt to worldwide locations, spanning a range of latitudinal and environmental conditions. Arabidopsis thaliana accessions are either vernalization-requiring winter annuals or rapid cyclers, with extensive natural variation in vernalization requirement and response. Genetic and molecular analysis of this variation has enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms involved in life history determination, with translation to both natural and crop systems in the Brassicaceae and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Bloomer
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - C Dean
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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17
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Bouché F, Woods DP, Amasino RM. Winter Memory throughout the Plant Kingdom: Different Paths to Flowering. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:27-35. [PMID: 27756819 PMCID: PMC5210730 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms contribute to the memory of winter in different plant groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bouché
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (F.B., D.P.W., R.M.A.); and
- United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (D.P.W., R.M.A.)
| | - Daniel P Woods
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (F.B., D.P.W., R.M.A.); and
- United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (D.P.W., R.M.A.)
| | - Richard M Amasino
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (F.B., D.P.W., R.M.A.); and
- United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (D.P.W., R.M.A.)
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18
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Nasim Z, Fahim M, Ahn JH. Possible Role of MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING 3 and B-BOX DOMAIN PROTEIN 19 in Flowering Time Regulation of Arabidopsis Mutants with Defects in Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:191. [PMID: 28261246 PMCID: PMC5306368 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells use nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) to clear aberrant mRNAs from the cell, thus preventing the accumulation of truncated proteins. In Arabidopsis, two UP-Frameshift (UPF) proteins, UPF1 and UPF3, play a critical role in NMD. Although deficiency of UPF1 and UPF3 leads to various developmental defects, little is known about the mechanism underlying the regulation of flowering time by NMD. Here, we showed that the upf1-5 and upf3-1 mutants had a late-flowering phenotype under long-day conditions and the upf1-5 upf3-1 double mutants had an additive effect in delaying flowering time. RNA sequencing of the upf mutants revealed that UPF3 exerted a stronger effect than UPF1 in the UPF-mediated regulation of flowering time. Among genes known to regulate flowering time, FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) mRNA levels increased (up to 8-fold) in upf mutants, as confirmed by qPCR. The upf1-5, upf3-1, and upf1-5 upf3-1 mutants responded to vernalization, suggesting a role of FLC in delayed flowering of upf mutants. Consistent with the high FLC transcript levels and delayed flowering in upf mutants, levels of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) mRNAs were reduced in the upf mutants. However, RNA-seq did not identify an aberrant FLC transcript containing a premature termination codon (PTC), suggesting that FLC is not a direct target in the regulation of flowering time by NMD. Among flowering time regulators that act in an FLC-dependent manner, we found that MAF3, NF-YA2, NF-YA5, and TAF14 showed increased transcript levels in upf mutants. We also found that BBX19 and ATC, which act in an FLC-independent manner, showed increased transcript levels in upf mutants. An aberrant transcript containing a PTC was identified from MAF3 and BBX19 and the levels of the aberrant transcripts increased in upf mutants. Taking these results together, we propose that the late-flowering phenotype of upf mutants is mediated by at least two different pathways, namely, by MAF3 in an FLC-dependent manner and by BBX19 in an FLC-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Nasim
- Creative Research Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Korea UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Fahim
- Genetic Resources Conservation Lab, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of AgriculturePeshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ji Hoon Ahn
- Creative Research Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Korea UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Ji Hoon Ahn
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19
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Ågren J, Oakley CG, Lundemo S, Schemske DW. Adaptive divergence in flowering time among natural populations of
Arabidopsis thaliana
: Estimates of selection and QTL mapping. Evolution 2016; 71:550-564. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ågren
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University Norbyvägen 18 D SE‐752 36 Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Sverre Lundemo
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University Norbyvägen 18 D SE‐752 36 Uppsala Sweden
- WWF Norway Postboks 6784, St. Olavs Plass 0130 Oslo Norway
| | - Douglas W. Schemske
- Department of Plant Biology and W. K. Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824
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20
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Steinhäuser SS, Andrésson ÓS, Pálsson A, Werth S. Fungal and cyanobacterial gene expression in a lichen symbiosis: Effect of temperature and location. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:1194-208. [PMID: 27647237 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Organisms have evolved different cellular mechanisms to deal with environmental stress, primarily through complex molecular mechanisms including protein refolding and DNA repair. As mutualistic symbioses, lichens offer the possibility of analyzing molecular stress responses in a particularly tight interspecific relationship. We study the widespread cyanolichen Peltigera membranacea, a key player in carbon and nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems at northern latitudes. We ask whether increased temperature is reflected in mRNA levels of selected damage control genes, and do the response patterns show geographical associations? Using real-time PCR quantification of 38 transcripts, differential expression was demonstrated for nine cyanobacterial and nine fungal stress response genes (plus the fungal symbiosis-related lec2 gene) when the temperature was increased from 5 °C to 15 °C and 25 °C. Principle component analysis (PCA) revealed two gene groups with different response patterns. Whereas a set of cyanobacterial DNA repair genes and the fungal lec2 (PC1 group) showed an expression drop at 15 °C vs. 5 °C, most fungal candidates (PC2 group) showed increased expression at 25 °C vs. 5 °C. PC1 responses also correlated with elevation. The correlated downregulation of lec2 and cyanobacterial DNA repair genes suggests a possible interplay between the symbionts warranting further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie S Steinhäuser
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ólafur S Andrésson
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Arnar Pálsson
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Silke Werth
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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21
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Predicting the evolutionary dynamics of seasonal adaptation to novel climates in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2812-21. [PMID: 27140640 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1517456113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting whether and how populations will adapt to rapid climate change is a critical goal for evolutionary biology. To examine the genetic basis of fitness and predict adaptive evolution in novel climates with seasonal variation, we grew a diverse panel of the annual plant Arabidopsis thaliana (multiparent advanced generation intercross lines) in controlled conditions simulating four climates: a present-day reference climate, an increased-temperature climate, a winter-warming only climate, and a poleward-migration climate with increased photoperiod amplitude. In each climate, four successive seasonal cohorts experienced dynamic daily temperature and photoperiod variation over a year. We measured 12 traits and developed a genomic prediction model for fitness evolution in each seasonal environment. This model was used to simulate evolutionary trajectories of the base population over 50 y in each climate, as well as 100-y scenarios of gradual climate change following adaptation to a reference climate. Patterns of plastic and evolutionary fitness response varied across seasons and climates. The increased-temperature climate promoted genetic divergence of subpopulations across seasons, whereas in the winter-warming and poleward-migration climates, seasonal genetic differentiation was reduced. In silico "resurrection experiments" showed limited evolutionary rescue compared with the plastic response of fitness to seasonal climate change. The genetic basis of adaptation and, consequently, the dynamics of evolutionary change differed qualitatively among scenarios. Populations with fewer founding genotypes and populations with genetic diversity reduced by prior selection adapted less well to novel conditions, demonstrating that adaptation to rapid climate change requires the maintenance of sufficient standing variation.
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22
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Guitton B, Kelner JJ, Celton JM, Sabau X, Renou JP, Chagné D, Costes E. Analysis of transcripts differentially expressed between fruited and deflowered 'Gala' adult trees: a contribution to biennial bearing understanding in apple. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:55. [PMID: 26924309 PMCID: PMC4770685 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition from vegetative to floral state in shoot apical meristems (SAM) is a key event in plant development and is of crucial importance for reproductive success. In perennial plants, this event is recurrent during tree life and subject to both within-tree and between-years heterogeneity. In the present study, our goal was to identify candidate processes involved in the repression or induction of flowering in apical buds of adult apple trees. RESULTS Genes differentially expressed (GDE) were examined between trees artificially set in either 'ON' or 'OFF' situation, and in which floral induction (FI) was shown to be inhibited or induced in most buds, respectively, using qRT-PCR and microarray analysis. From the period of FI through to flower differentiation, GDE belonged to four main biological processes (i) response to stimuli, including response to oxidative stress; (ii) cellular processes, (iii) cell wall biogenesis, and (iv) metabolic processes including carbohydrate biosynthesis and lipid metabolic process. Several key regulator genes, especially TEMPRANILLO (TEM), FLORAL TRANSITION AT MERISTEM (FTM1) and SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) were found differentially expressed. Moreover, homologs of SPL and Leucine-Rich Repeat proteins were present under QTL zones previously detected for biennial bearing. CONCLUSIONS This data set suggests that apical buds of 'ON' and 'OFF' trees were in different physiological states, resulting from different metabolic, hormonal and redox status which are likely to contribute to FI control in adult apple trees. Investigations on carbohydrate and hormonal fluxes from sources to SAM and on cell detoxification process are expected to further contribute to the identification of the underlying physiological mechanisms of FI in adult apple trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Guitton
- INRA, UMR AGAP, CIRAD-INRA-SupAgro, AFEF team (Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières) TA 108/03, Avenue Agropolis, 34398, Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France.
- ICRISAT, Samanko station, BP320, Bamako, Mali.
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, CIRAD-INRA-SupAgro, TA 108/03, Avenue Agropolis, 34398, Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France.
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - J J Kelner
- SupAgro, UMR AGAP, CIRAD-INRA-SupAgro, AFEF team (Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières) TA 108/03, Avenue Agropolis, 34398, Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France.
| | - J M Celton
- INRA, UMR1345 IRHS, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, AgroCampus-Ouest-INRA- QUASAV, Bretagne-Loire University, 49071, Beaucouzé, France.
| | - X Sabau
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, CIRAD-INRA-SupAgro, TA 108/03, Avenue Agropolis, 34398, Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France.
| | - J P Renou
- INRA, UMR1345 IRHS, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, AgroCampus-Ouest-INRA- QUASAV, Bretagne-Loire University, 49071, Beaucouzé, France.
| | - D Chagné
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - E Costes
- INRA, UMR AGAP, CIRAD-INRA-SupAgro, AFEF team (Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières) TA 108/03, Avenue Agropolis, 34398, Montpellier, CEDEX 5, France.
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Sun M, Qi X, Hou L, Xu X, Zhu Z, Li M. Gene Expression Analysis of Pak Choi in Response to Vernalization. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141446. [PMID: 26517271 PMCID: PMC4627790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pak choi is a seed vernalization-type plant whose vernalization mechanism is currently unclear. Therefore, it is critical to discover genes related to vernalization and research its functions during vernalization in pak choi. Here, the gene expression profiles in the shoot apex were analyzed after low temperature treatment using high-throughput RNA sequencing technology. The results showed that there are 1,664 and 1,192 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in pak choi in cold treatment ending and before flower bud differentiation, respectively, including 42 genes that exhibited similar expression trend at both stages. Detailed annotation revealed that the proteins encoded by the DEGs are located in the extracellular region, cell junction and extracellular matrix. These proteins exhibit activity such as antioxidant activity and binding protein/transcription factor activity, and they are involved in signal transduction and the immune system/biological processes. Among the DEGs, Bra014527 was up-regulated in low temperature treatment ending, Bra024097 was up-regulated before flower bud differentiation and Bra035940 was down-regulated at both stages in low temperature-treated shoot apices. Homologues of these genes in A. thaliana, AT3G59790, AT4G30200 and AT5G61150, are involved in flowering and vernalization, suggesting that they take part in the vernalization process in pak choi. Further pathway enrichment analysis revealed that most genes were enriched in the tryptophan metabolism and glucosinolate biosynthesis pathways. However, the functions of tryptophan and glucosinolate in vernalization are not yet clear and require further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Sun
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Xianhui Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Leiping Hou
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyong Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhujun Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province/College of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
| | - Meilan Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
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24
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Sood A, Chauhan RS. Regulation of FA and TAG biosynthesis pathway genes in endosperms and embryos of high and low oil content genotypes of Jatropha curcas L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 94:253-67. [PMID: 26134579 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rising demand for biofuels has raised concerns about selecting alternate and promising renewable energy crops which do not compete with food supply. Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.), a non-edible energy crop of the family euphorbiaceae, has the potential of providing biodiesel feedstock due to the presence of high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (75%) in seed oil which is mainly accumulated in endosperm and embryo. The molecular basis of seed oil biosynthesis machinery has been studied in J. curcas, however, what genetic differences contribute to differential oil biosynthesis and accumulation in genotypes varying for oil content is poorly understood. We investigated expression profile of 18 FA and TAG biosynthetic pathway genes in different developmental stages of embryo and endosperm from high (42%) and low (30%) oil content genotypes grown at two geographical locations. Most of the genes showed relatively higher expression in endosperms of high oil content genotype, whereas no significant difference was observed in endosperms versus embryos of low oil content genotype. The promoter regions of key genes from FA and TAG biosynthetic pathways as well as other genes implicated in oil accumulation were analyzed for regulatory elements and transcription factors specific to oil or lipid accumulation in plants such as Dof, CBF (LEC1), SORLIP, GATA and Skn-1_motif etc. Identification of key genes from oil biosynthesis and regulatory elements specific to oil deposition will be useful not only in dissecting the molecular basis of high oil content but also improving seed oil content through transgenic or molecular breeding approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archit Sood
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 173 215, H.P., India
| | - Rajinder Singh Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 173 215, H.P., India.
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Luo Y, Dong X, Yu T, Shi X, Li Z, Yang W, Widmer A, Karrenberg S. A Single Nucleotide Deletion in Gibberellin20-oxidase1 Causes Alpine Dwarfism in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:930-7. [PMID: 25941313 PMCID: PMC4741318 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Alpine dwarfism is widely observed in alpine plant populations and often considered a high-altitude adaptation, yet its molecular basis and ecological relevance remain unclear. In this study, we used map-based cloning and field transplant experiments to investigate dwarfism in natural Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) accessions collected from the Swiss Alps. A loss-of-function mutation due to a single nucleotide deletion in gibberellin20-oxidase1 (GA5) was identified as the cause of dwarfism in an alpine accession. The mutated allele, ga5-184, was found in two natural Arabidopsis populations collected from one geographic region at high altitude, but was different from all other reported ga5 null alleles, suggesting that this allele has evolved locally. In field transplant experiments, the dwarf accession with ga5-184 exhibited a fitness pattern consistent with adaptation to high altitude. Across a wider array of accessions from the Swiss Alps, plant height decreased with altitude of origin, but fitness patterns in the transplant experiments were variable and general altitudinal adaptation was not evident. In general, our study provides new insights into molecular basis and possible ecological roles of alpine dwarfism, and demonstrates the importance of the GA-signaling pathway for the generation of ecologically relevant variation in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghai Luo
- Plant Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences (Y.L., X.S., Z.L.) and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province (Y.L., Z.L.), Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province 221116, China;Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (Y.L., A.W.);College of Life Science, Yantai University, Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China (X.D.);State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China (T.Y., W.Y.); andDepartment of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (S.K.)
| | - Xinwei Dong
- Plant Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences (Y.L., X.S., Z.L.) and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province (Y.L., Z.L.), Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province 221116, China;Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (Y.L., A.W.);College of Life Science, Yantai University, Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China (X.D.);State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China (T.Y., W.Y.); andDepartment of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (S.K.)
| | - Tianying Yu
- Plant Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences (Y.L., X.S., Z.L.) and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province (Y.L., Z.L.), Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province 221116, China;Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (Y.L., A.W.);College of Life Science, Yantai University, Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China (X.D.);State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China (T.Y., W.Y.); andDepartment of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (S.K.)
| | - Xuan Shi
- Plant Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences (Y.L., X.S., Z.L.) and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province (Y.L., Z.L.), Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province 221116, China;Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (Y.L., A.W.);College of Life Science, Yantai University, Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China (X.D.);State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China (T.Y., W.Y.); andDepartment of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (S.K.)
| | - Zongyun Li
- Plant Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences (Y.L., X.S., Z.L.) and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province (Y.L., Z.L.), Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province 221116, China;Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (Y.L., A.W.);College of Life Science, Yantai University, Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China (X.D.);State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China (T.Y., W.Y.); andDepartment of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (S.K.)
| | - Weicai Yang
- Plant Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences (Y.L., X.S., Z.L.) and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province (Y.L., Z.L.), Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province 221116, China;Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (Y.L., A.W.);College of Life Science, Yantai University, Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China (X.D.);State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China (T.Y., W.Y.); andDepartment of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (S.K.)
| | - Alex Widmer
- Plant Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences (Y.L., X.S., Z.L.) and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province (Y.L., Z.L.), Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province 221116, China;Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (Y.L., A.W.);College of Life Science, Yantai University, Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China (X.D.);State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China (T.Y., W.Y.); andDepartment of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (S.K.)
| | - Sophie Karrenberg
- Plant Functional Genomics, School of Life Sciences (Y.L., X.S., Z.L.) and Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province (Y.L., Z.L.), Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province 221116, China;Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (Y.L., A.W.);College of Life Science, Yantai University, Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong 264005, China (X.D.);State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China (T.Y., W.Y.); andDepartment of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (S.K.)
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Busoms S, Teres J, Huang XY, Bomblies K, Danku J, Douglas A, Weigel D, Poschenrieder C, Salt DE. Salinity Is an Agent of Divergent Selection Driving Local Adaptation of Arabidopsis to Coastal Habitats. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:915-29. [PMID: 26034264 PMCID: PMC4741335 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanism of adaptive evolution in plants provides insights into the selective forces driving adaptation and the genetic basis of adaptive traits with agricultural value. The genomic resources available for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) make it well suited to the rapid molecular dissection of adaptive processes. Although numerous potentially adaptive loci have been identified in Arabidopsis, the consequences of divergent selection and migration (both important aspects of the process of local adaptation) for Arabidopsis are not well understood. Here, we use a multiyear field-based reciprocal transplant experiment to detect local populations of Arabidopsis composed of multiple small stands of plants (demes) that are locally adapted to the coast and adjacent inland habitats in northeastern Spain. We identify fitness tradeoffs between plants from these different habitats when grown together in inland and coastal common gardens and also, under controlled conditions in soil excavated from coastal and inland sites. Plants from the coastal habitat also outperform those from inland when grown under high salinity, indicating local adaptation to soil salinity. Sodium can be toxic to plants, and we find its concentration to be elevated in soil and plants sampled at the coast. We conclude that the local adaptation that we observe between adjacent coastal and inland populations is caused by ongoing divergent selection driven by the differential salinity between coastal and inland soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Busoms
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain (S.B., J.T., C.P.);Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom (X.-Y.H., J.D., A.D., D.E.S.); andMax Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.B., D.W.)
| | - Joana Teres
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain (S.B., J.T., C.P.);Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom (X.-Y.H., J.D., A.D., D.E.S.); andMax Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.B., D.W.)
| | - Xin-Yuan Huang
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain (S.B., J.T., C.P.);Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom (X.-Y.H., J.D., A.D., D.E.S.); andMax Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.B., D.W.)
| | - Kirsten Bomblies
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain (S.B., J.T., C.P.);Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom (X.-Y.H., J.D., A.D., D.E.S.); andMax Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.B., D.W.)
| | - John Danku
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain (S.B., J.T., C.P.);Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom (X.-Y.H., J.D., A.D., D.E.S.); andMax Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.B., D.W.)
| | - Alex Douglas
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain (S.B., J.T., C.P.);Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom (X.-Y.H., J.D., A.D., D.E.S.); andMax Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.B., D.W.)
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain (S.B., J.T., C.P.);Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom (X.-Y.H., J.D., A.D., D.E.S.); andMax Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.B., D.W.)
| | - Charlotte Poschenrieder
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain (S.B., J.T., C.P.);Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom (X.-Y.H., J.D., A.D., D.E.S.); andMax Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.B., D.W.)
| | - David E Salt
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain (S.B., J.T., C.P.);Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, United Kingdom (X.-Y.H., J.D., A.D., D.E.S.); andMax Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.B., D.W.)
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