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Yang H, Kim X, Skłenar J, Aubourg S, Sancho-Andrés G, Stahl E, Guillou MC, Gigli-Bisceglia N, Tran Van Canh L, Bender KW, Stintzi A, Reymond P, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Testerink C, Renou JP, Menke FLH, Schaller A, Rhodes J, Zipfel C. Subtilase-mediated biogenesis of the expanded family of SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDES. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:2085-2094. [PMID: 38049516 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant signalling peptides are typically released from larger precursors by proteolytic cleavage to regulate plant growth, development and stress responses. Recent studies reported the characterization of a divergent family of Brassicaceae-specific peptides, SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDES (SCOOPs), and their perception by the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase MALE DISCOVERER 1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2). Here, we reveal that the SCOOP family is highly expanded, containing at least 50 members in the Columbia-0 reference Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Notably, perception of these peptides is strictly MIK2-dependent. How bioactive SCOOP peptides are produced, and to what extent their perception is responsible for the multiple physiological roles associated with MIK2 are currently unclear. Using N-terminomics, we validate the N-terminal cleavage site of representative PROSCOOPs. The cleavage sites are determined by conserved motifs upstream of the minimal SCOOP bioactive epitope. We identified subtilases necessary and sufficient to process PROSCOOP peptides at conserved cleavage motifs. Mutation of these subtilases, or their recognition motifs, suppressed PROSCOOP cleavage and associated overexpression phenotypes. Furthermore, we show that higher-order mutants of these subtilases show phenotypes reminiscent of mik2 null mutant plants, consistent with impaired PROSCOOP biogenesis, and demonstrating biological relevance of SCOOP perception by MIK2. Together, this work provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of the recently identified SCOOP peptides and their receptor MIK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjie Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xeniya Kim
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Skłenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sébastien Aubourg
- Université Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | | | - Elia Stahl
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Stress Resilience, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Loup Tran Van Canh
- Université Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Kyle W Bender
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annick Stintzi
- Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Christa Testerink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- Université Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jack Rhodes
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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A large family of stress-regulated SCOOP peptides and their processing by subtilases. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1954-1955. [PMID: 38066293 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01584-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
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Beliaev DV, Yuorieva NO, Tereshonok DV, Tashlieva II, Derevyagina MK, Meleshin AA, Rogozhin EA, Kozlov SA. High Resistance of Potato to Early Blight Is Achieved by Expression of the Pro-SmAMP1 Gene for Hevein-Like Antimicrobial Peptides from Common Chickweed ( Stellaria media). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071395. [PMID: 34371598 PMCID: PMC8309211 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the common chickweed Stellaria media, two antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), SmAMP1.1a and SmAMP1.2a, have been shown to be proteolytically released as products of the expression of a single gene, proSmAMP1. In this study, the gene proSmAMP1 was introduced into two potato varieties, Zhukovsky ranny and Udacha. These early-maturing varieties were shown to be susceptible to early blight caused by Alternaria spp. Most transgenic lines of either variety having strong expression of the target gene demonstrated high levels of resistance to Alternaria spp. during three years of cultivation, but did not otherwise differ from the initial varieties. Disease severity index (DSI) was introduced as a complex measure of plant susceptibility to early blight, taking into account the diameter of lesions caused by the Alternaria spp., the fungus sporulation intensity and its incubation period duration. Across all transgenic lines, the DSI inversely correlated both with the target gene expression and the copy number in the plant genome. Our results are promising for improving the resistance of potato and other crops to early blight by expression of AMPs from wild plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V. Beliaev
- K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.B.); (N.O.Y.); (D.V.T.); (I.I.T.)
| | - Natalia O. Yuorieva
- K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.B.); (N.O.Y.); (D.V.T.); (I.I.T.)
| | - Dmitry V. Tereshonok
- K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.B.); (N.O.Y.); (D.V.T.); (I.I.T.)
| | - Ilina I. Tashlieva
- K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.B.); (N.O.Y.); (D.V.T.); (I.I.T.)
| | | | - Alexei A. Meleshin
- Russian Potato Research Center, 140052 Kraskovo, Russia; (M.K.D.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Eugene A. Rogozhin
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 St.-Petersburg-Pushkin, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Sergey A. Kozlov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
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Singh KP, Kumari P, Rai PK. Current Status of the Disease-Resistant Gene(s)/QTLs, and Strategies for Improvement in Brassica juncea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:617405. [PMID: 33747001 PMCID: PMC7965955 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.617405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Brassica juncea is a major oilseed crop in tropical and subtropical countries, especially in south-east Asia like India, China, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The widespread cultivation of genetically similar varieties tends to attract fungal pathogens which cause heavy yield losses in the absence of resistant sources. The conventional disease management techniques are often expensive, have limited efficacy, and cause additional harm to the environment. A substantial approach is to identify and use of resistance sources within the Brassica hosts and other non-hosts to ensure sustainable oilseed crop production. In the present review, we discuss six major fungal pathogens of B. juncea: Sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), Alternaria blight (Alternaria brassicae), White rust (Albugo candida), Downy mildew (Hyaloperonospora parasitica), Powdery mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum), and Blackleg (Leptoshaeria maculans). From discussing studies on pathogen prevalence in B. juncea, the review then focuses on highlighting the resistance sources and quantitative trait loci/gene identified so far from Brassicaceae and non-filial sources against these fungal pathogens. The problems in the identification of resistance sources for B. juncea concerning genome complexity in host subpopulation and pathotypes were addressed. Emphasis has been laid on more elaborate and coordinated research to identify and deploy R genes, robust techniques, and research materials. Examples of fully characterized genes conferring resistance have been discussed that can be transformed into B. juncea using advanced genomics tools. Lastly, effective strategies for B. juncea improvement through introgression of novel R genes, development of pre-breeding resistant lines, characterization of pathotypes, and defense-related secondary metabolites have been provided suggesting the plan for the development of resistant B. juncea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Pratap Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, India
- *Correspondence: Kaushal Pratap Singh,
| | - Preetesh Kumari
- Genetics Division, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Raj S, Aswati Nair R, Peter P. Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) from Zingiber zerumbet rhizomes with inhibitory effect on Pythium myriotylum secretory proteases and zoospore viability. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:77. [PMID: 32399738 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protease mediated proteolysis has been widely implicated in virulence of necrotrophic fungal pathogens. This is counteracted in plants by evolving new and effective antimicrobial peptides (AMP) that constitute important components of innate immune system. Peptide extraction from rhizome of Zingiber zerumbet was optimized using ammonium sulphate (50-80% w/v) and acetone (60 and 100% v/v) with maximal protein recovery of 1.2 ± 0.4 mg/g obtained using 100% acetone. Evaluation of inhibitory potential of Z. zerumbet rhizome protein extract to prominent hydrolases of necrotrophic Pythium myriotylum revealed maximal inhibition of proteases (75.8%) compared to other hydrolytic enzymes. Protein was purified by Sephacryl S200HR resin resulting in twofold purification and protease inhibition of 84.4%. Non-reducing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of the fractions yielded two bands of 75 kDa and 25 kDa molecular size. Peptide mass fingerprint of the protein bands using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-time of flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy (MS) and subsequent MASCOT searches revealed peptide match to methylesterase from Arabidopsis thaliana (15%) and to hypothetical protein from Oryza sativa (98%) respectively. Further centrifugal filter purification using Amicon Ultra (10,000 MW cut-off) filter, yielded a prominent band of 25 kDa size. Concentration dependent inhibition of zoospore viability by Z. zerumbet AMP designated as ZzAMP was observed with maximal inhibition of 89.5% at 4 µg protein and an IC50 value of 0.59 µg. Studies are of particular relevance in the context of identifying the molecules involved in imparting below ground defense in Z. zerumbet as well in development of AMPs as potential candidate molecules for control of necrotrophic pathogens of agricultural relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Raj
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, 673 601, India
| | - R Aswati Nair
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala (CUK), Kasaragod, 671 320, India.
| | - Princy Peter
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, 673 601, India
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Yu Z, Xu Y, Zhu L, Zhang L, Liu L, Zhang D, Li D, Wu C, Huang J, Yang G, Yan K, Zhang S, Zheng C. The Brassicaceae-specific secreted peptides, STMPs, function in plant growth and pathogen defense. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:403-420. [PMID: 31001913 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight secreted peptides have recently been shown to affect multiple aspects of plant growth, development, and defense responses. Here, we performed stepwise BLAST filtering to identify unannotated peptides from the Arabidopsis thaliana protein database and uncovered a novel secreted peptide family, secreted transmembrane peptides (STMPs). These low molecular weight peptides, which consist of an N-terminal signal peptide and a transmembrane domain, were primarily localized to extracellular compartments but were also detected in the endomembrane system of the secretory pathway, including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis identified 10 STMP family members that are specific to the Brassicaceae family. Brassicaceae plants showed dramatically inhibited root growth upon exposure to chemically synthesized STMP1 and STMP2. Arabidopsis overexpressing STMP1, 2, 4, 6, or 10 exhibited severely arrested growth, suggesting that STMPs are involved in regulating plant growth and development. In addition, in vitro bioassays demonstrated that STMP1, STMP2, and STMP10 have antibacterial effects against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, Ralstonia solanacearum, Bacillus subtilis, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, demonstrating that STMPs are antimicrobial peptides. These findings suggest that STMP family members play important roles in various developmental events and pathogen defense responses in Brassicaceae plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Lifei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Dandan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Changai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jinguang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Guodong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Kang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Shizhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Chengchao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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Yogendra KN, Dhokane D, Kushalappa AC, Sarmiento F, Rodriguez E, Mosquera T. StWRKY8 transcription factor regulates benzylisoquinoline alkaloid pathway in potato conferring resistance to late blight. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 256:208-216. [PMID: 28167034 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The resistance to late blight is either qualitative or quantitative in nature. Quantitative resistance is durable, but challenging due to polygenic inheritance. In the present study, the diploid potato genotypes resistant and susceptible to late blight, were profiled for metabolites. Tissue specific metabolite analysis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) in response to pathogen infection revealed increased accumulation of morphinone, codeine-6-glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronides. These BIAs are antimicrobial compounds and possibly involved in cell wall reinforcement, especially through cross-linking cell wall pectins. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR studies revealed higher expressions of TyDC, NCS, COR-2 and StWRKY8 transcription factor genes, in resistant genotypes than in susceptible genotype, following pathogen inoculation. A luciferase transient expression assay confirmed the binding of the StWRKY8 TF to promoters of downstream genes, elucidating a direct regulatory role on BIAs biosynthetic genes. Sequence analysis of StWRKY8 in potato genotypes revealed polymorphism in the WRKY DNA binding domain in the susceptible genotype, which is important for the regulatory function of this gene. A complementation assay of StWRKY8 in Arabidopsis wrky33 mutant background was associated with decreased fungal biomass. In conclusion, StWRKY8 regulates the biosynthesis of BIAs that are both antimicrobial and reinforce cell walls to contain the pathogen to initial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalenahalli N Yogendra
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Dhananjay Dhokane
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Ajjamada C Kushalappa
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Felipe Sarmiento
- Departmento de Agronomia, Universidad National de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ernesto Rodriguez
- Departmento de Agronomia, Universidad National de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Teresa Mosquera
- Departmento de Agronomia, Universidad National de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
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Mbengue M, Navaud O, Peyraud R, Barascud M, Badet T, Vincent R, Barbacci A, Raffaele S. Emerging Trends in Molecular Interactions between Plants and the Broad Host Range Fungal Pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:422. [PMID: 27066056 PMCID: PMC4814483 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fungal plant pathogens are major threats to food security worldwide. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea are closely related Ascomycete plant pathogens causing mold diseases on hundreds of plant species. There is no genetic source of complete plant resistance to these broad host range pathogens known to date. Instead, natural plant populations show a continuum of resistance levels controlled by multiple genes, a phenotype designated as quantitative disease resistance. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms controlling the interaction between plants and S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea but significant advances were made on this topic in the last years. This minireview highlights a selection of nine themes that emerged in recent research reports on the molecular bases of plant-S. sclerotiorum and plant-B. cinerea interactions. On the fungal side, this includes progress on understanding the role of oxalic acid, on the study of fungal small secreted proteins. Next, we discuss the exchanges of small RNA between organisms and the control of cell death in plant and fungi during pathogenic interactions. Finally on the plant side, we highlight defense priming by mechanical signals, the characterization of plant Receptor-like proteins and the hormone abscisic acid in the response to B. cinerea and S. sclerotiorum, the role of plant general transcription machinery and plant small bioactive peptides. These represent nine trends we selected as remarkable in our understanding of fungal molecules causing disease and plant mechanisms associated with disease resistance to two devastating broad host range fungi.
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Tavormina P, De Coninck B, Nikonorova N, De Smet I, Cammue BPA. The Plant Peptidome: An Expanding Repertoire of Structural Features and Biological Functions. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:2095-118. [PMID: 26276833 PMCID: PMC4568509 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Peptides fulfill a plethora of functions in plant growth, development, and stress responses. They act as key components of cell-to-cell communication, interfere with signaling and response pathways, or display antimicrobial activity. Strikingly, both the diversity and amount of plant peptides have been largely underestimated. Most characterized plant peptides to date acting as small signaling peptides or antimicrobial peptides are derived from nonfunctional precursor proteins. However, evidence is emerging on peptides derived from a functional protein, directly translated from small open reading frames (without the involvement of a precursor) or even encoded by primary transcripts of microRNAs. These novel types of peptides further add to the complexity of the plant peptidome, even though their number is still limited and functional characterization as well as translational evidence are often controversial. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the reported types of plant peptides, including their described functional and structural properties. We propose a novel, unifying peptide classification system to emphasize the enormous diversity in peptide synthesis and consequent complexity of the still expanding knowledge on the plant peptidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Tavormina
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Coninck
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalia Nikonorova
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno P A Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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