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Jeh HE, Sanchez R, Beltrán J, Yang X, Kundariya H, Wamboldt Y, Dopp I, Hafner A, Mackenzie SA. Sensory plastid-associated PsbP DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 3 triggers plant growth- and defense-related epigenetic responses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:414-433. [PMID: 37036138 PMCID: PMC10525003 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sensory plastids are important in plant responses to environmental changes. Previous studies show that MutS HOMOLOG 1 (MSH1) perturbation in sensory plastids induces heritable epigenetic phenotype adjustment. Previously, the PsbP homolog DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 3 (PPD3), a protein of unknown function, was postulated to be an interactor with MSH1. This study investigates the relationship of PPD3 with MSH1 and with plant environmental sensing. The ppd3 mutant displays a whole-plant phenotype variably altered in growth rate, flowering time, reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulation and response to salt, with effects on meristem growth. Present in both chloroplasts and sensory plastids, PPD3 colocalized with MSH1 in root tips but not in leaf tissues. The suppression or overexpression of PPD3 affected the plant growth rate and stress tolerance, and led to a heritable, heterogenous 'memory' state with both dwarfed and vigorous growth phenotypes. Gene expression and DNA methylome data sets from PPD3-OX and derived memory states showed enrichment in growth versus defense networks and meristem effects. Our results support a model of sensory plastid influence on nuclear epigenetic behavior and ppd3 as a second trigger, functioning within meristem plastids to recalibrate growth plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Eun Jeh
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Departments of Biology and Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Robersy Sanchez
- Departments of Biology and Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Jesús Beltrán
- Departments of Biology and Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Current Address: Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside CA 92521
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Departments of Biology and Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Current Address: School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hardik Kundariya
- Departments of Biology and Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Yashitola Wamboldt
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588
- Current Address: MatMaCorp, Lincoln, NE
| | - Isaac Dopp
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Departments of Biology and Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Alenka Hafner
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- Departments of Biology and Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Sally A. Mackenzie
- Departments of Biology and Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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Zhu Y, Yuan G, Wang Y, An G, Li W, Liu J, Sun D. Mapping and functional verification of leaf yellowing genes in watermelon during whole growth period. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1049114. [PMID: 36340411 PMCID: PMC9627507 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1049114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increasing light energy utilization efficiency is an effective way to increase yield and improve quality of watermelon. Leaf is the main place for photosynthesis, and the color of leaf is directly related to the change of photosynthesis. In addition, leaf yellowing can be used as a marker trait to play an important role in watermelon hybrid breeding and improve seed breeding. It can not only be used to eliminate hybrids at seedling stage, but also be used to determine seed purity. In this study, transcriptome analysis was first carried out using the whole growth period leaf yellowing watermelon mutant w-yl and inbred line ZK, and identified 2,471 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the comparison group w-yl-vs-ZK. Among the top 20 terms of the gene ontology (GO) enrichment pathway, 17 terms were related to photosynthesis. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the most abundant pathway was photosynthesis-antenna proteins. The F2 population was constructed by conventional hybridization with the inbred line ZK. Genetic analysis showed that leaf yellowing of the mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene. The leaf yellowing gene of watermelon located between Ind14,179,011 and InD16,396,362 on chromosome 2 by using indel-specific PCR markers, with a region of 2.217 Mb. In the interval, it was found that five genes may have gene fragment deletion in w-yl, among which Cla97C02G036010, Cla97C02G036030, Cla97C02G036040, Cla97C02G036050 were the whole fragment loss, and Cla97C02G0360 was the C-terminal partial base loss. Gene function verification results showed that Cla97C02G036040, Cla97C02G036050 and Cla97C02G036060 may be the key factors leading to yellowing of w-yl leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Genetic Resource Evaluation and Application of Horticultural Crops (Fruit), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Western Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Gaopeng Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Genetic Resource Evaluation and Application of Horticultural Crops (Fruit), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Genetic Resource Evaluation and Application of Horticultural Crops (Fruit), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guolin An
- The Key Laboratory of Genetic Resource Evaluation and Application of Horticultural Crops (Fruit), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weihua Li
- The Key Laboratory of Genetic Resource Evaluation and Application of Horticultural Crops (Fruit), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junpu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Genetic Resource Evaluation and Application of Horticultural Crops (Fruit), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Western Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Dexi Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Genetic Resource Evaluation and Application of Horticultural Crops (Fruit), Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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Yang S, Deng Y, Li S. Advances in plastid transformation for metabolic engineering in higher plants. ABIOTECH 2022; 3:224-232. [PMID: 36313931 PMCID: PMC9590572 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-022-00083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The plastid (chloroplast) genome of higher plants is an appealing target for metabolic engineering via genetic transformation. Although the bacterial-type plastid genome is small compared with the nuclear genome, it can accommodate large quantities of foreign genes that precisely integrate through homologous recombination. Engineering complex metabolic pathways in plants often requires simultaneous and concerted expression of multiple transgenes, the possibility of stacking several transgenes in synthetic operons makes the transplastomic approach amazing. The potential for extraordinarily high-level transgene expression, absence of epigenetic gene silencing and transgene containment due to the exclusion of plastids from pollen transmission in most angiosperm species further add to the attractiveness of plastid transformation technology. This minireview describes recent advances in expanding the toolboxes for plastid genome engineering, and highlights selected high-value metabolites produced using transplastomic plants, including artemisinin, astaxanthin and paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Yi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Shengchun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
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4
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Abstract
Plastids (chloroplasts) are the defining organelles of plants and eukaryotic algae. In addition to performing photosynthesis, plastids harbor numerous other metabolic pathways and therefore are often referred to as the biosynthetic center of the plant cell. The chloroplasts of seed plants possess dozens of copies of a circular genome of ∼150 kb that contains a conserved set of 120 to 130 genes. The engineering of this genome by genetic transformation is technically challenging and currently only possible in a small number of species. In this article, we describe the methods involved in generating stable chloroplast-transformed (transplastomic) plants in the model species Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The protocols presented here can be applied to (1) target genes in the Arabidopsis chloroplast genome by reverse genetics and (2) express reporter genes or other foreign genes of interest in plastids of Arabidopsis plants. © 2021 The Authors. Basic Protocol 1: Generation of root-derived microcallus material for biolistic transformation Basic Protocol 2: Chloroplast transformation by biolistic bombardment of root-derived microcalli Basic Protocol 3: Regeneration of transplastomic lines and seed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ruf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Xenia Kroop
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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5
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Rascón-Cruz Q, González-Barriga CD, Iglesias-Figueroa BF, Trejo-Muñoz JC, Siqueiros-Cendón T, Sinagawa-García SR, Arévalo-Gallegos S, Espinoza-Sánchez EA. Plastid transformation: Advances and challenges for its implementation in agricultural crops. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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6
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Caroca R, Howell KA, Malinova I, Burgos A, Tiller N, Pellizzer T, Annunziata MG, Hasse C, Ruf S, Karcher D, Bock R. Knockdown of the plastid-encoded acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene uncovers functions in metabolism and development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1091-1110. [PMID: 33793919 PMCID: PMC8133629 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
De novo fatty acid biosynthesis in plants relies on a prokaryotic-type acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) that resides in the plastid compartment. The enzyme is composed of four subunits, one of which is encoded in the plastid genome, whereas the other three subunits are encoded by nuclear genes. The plastid gene (accD) encodes the β-carboxyltransferase subunit of ACCase and is essential for cell viability. To facilitate the functional analysis of accD, we pursued a transplastomic knockdown strategy in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). By introducing point mutations into the translational start codon of accD, we obtained stable transplastomic lines with altered ACCase activity. Replacement of the standard initiator codon AUG with UUG strongly reduced AccD expression, whereas replacement with GUG had no detectable effects. AccD knockdown mutants displayed reduced ACCase activity, which resulted in changes in the levels of many but not all species of cellular lipids. Limiting fatty acid availability caused a wide range of macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical phenotypes, including impaired chloroplast division, reduced seed set, and altered storage metabolism. Finally, while the mutants displayed reduced growth under photoautotrophic conditions, they showed exaggerated growth under heterotrophic conditions, thus uncovering an unexpected antagonistic role of AccD activity in autotrophic and heterotrophic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Caroca
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Katharine A Howell
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Irina Malinova
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Asdrúbal Burgos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Nadine Tiller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Tommaso Pellizzer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Hasse
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Daniel Karcher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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7
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Plastid Transformation: How Does it Work? Can it Be Applied to Crops? What Can it Offer? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144854. [PMID: 32659946 PMCID: PMC7402345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, plant genetic engineering has advanced agriculture in terms of crop improvement, stress and disease resistance, and pharmaceutical biosynthesis. Cells from land plants and algae contain three organelles that harbor DNA: the nucleus, plastid, and mitochondria. Although the most common approach for many plant species is the introduction of foreign DNA into the nucleus (nuclear transformation) via Agrobacterium- or biolistics-mediated delivery of transgenes, plastid transformation offers an alternative means for plant transformation. Since there are many copies of the chloroplast genome in each cell, higher levels of protein accumulation can often be achieved from transgenes inserted in the chloroplast genome compared to the nuclear genome. Chloroplasts are therefore becoming attractive hosts for the introduction of new agronomic traits, as well as for the biosynthesis of high-value pharmaceuticals, biomaterials and industrial enzymes. This review provides a comprehensive historical and biological perspective on plastid transformation, with a focus on current and emerging approaches such as the use of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as DNA delivery vehicles, overexpressing morphogenic regulators to enhance regeneration ability, applying genome editing techniques to accelerate double-stranded break formation, and reconsidering protoplasts as a viable material for plastid genome engineering, even in transformation-recalcitrant species.
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8
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Meinke DW. Genome-wide identification of EMBRYO-DEFECTIVE (EMB) genes required for growth and development in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:306-325. [PMID: 31334862 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of high-throughput methods in plant biology, the importance of long-term projects characterized by incremental advances involving multiple laboratories can sometimes be overlooked. Here, I highlight my 40-year effort to isolate and characterize the most common class of mutants encountered in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana): those defective in embryo development. I present an updated dataset of 510 EMBRYO-DEFECTIVE (EMB) genes identified throughout the Arabidopsis community; include important details on 2200 emb mutants and 241 pigment-defective embryo (pde) mutants analyzed in my laboratory; provide curated datasets with key features and publication links for each EMB gene identified; revisit past estimates of 500-1000 total EMB genes in Arabidopsis; document 83 double mutant combinations reported to disrupt embryo development; emphasize the importance of following established nomenclature guidelines and acknowledging allele history in research publications; and consider how best to extend community-based curation and screening efforts to approach saturation for this diverse class of mutants in the future. Continued advances in identifying EMB genes and characterizing their loss-of-function mutant alleles are needed to understand genotype-to-phenotype relationships in Arabidopsis on a broad scale, and to document the contributions of large numbers of essential genes to plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Meinke
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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9
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Yu Q, LaManna LM, Kelly ME, Lutz KA, Maliga P. New Tools for Engineering the Arabidopsis Plastid Genome. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:394-398. [PMID: 31427463 PMCID: PMC6776840 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
New transformation-competent Arabidopsis lines, with new plastid transformation vectors and a protocol for measuring plastid transformation efficiency, will advance the engineering of the plastid genome in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguo Yu
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Lisa M LaManna
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Megan E Kelly
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Kerry Ann Lutz
- Department of Biology, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, New York 11735
| | - Pal Maliga
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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10
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Ruf S, Forner J, Hasse C, Kroop X, Seeger S, Schollbach L, Schadach A, Bock R. High-efficiency generation of fertile transplastomic Arabidopsis plants. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:282-289. [PMID: 30778165 PMCID: PMC6420123 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of technologies for the stable genetic transformation of plastid (chloroplast) genomes has been a boon to both basic and applied research. However, extension of the transplastomic technology to major crops and model plants has proven extremely challenging, and the species range of plastid transformation is still very much limited in that most species currently remain recalcitrant to plastid genome engineering. Here, we report an efficient plastid transformation technology for the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana that relies on root-derived microcalli as a source tissue for biolistic transformation. The method produces fertile transplastomic plants at high frequency when combined with a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-generated knockout allele of a nuclear locus that enhances sensitivity to the selection agent used for isolation of transplastomic events. Our work makes the model organism of plant biology amenable to routine engineering of the plastid genome, facilitates the combination of plastid engineering with the power of Arabidopsis nuclear genetics, and informs the future development of plastid transformation protocols for other recalcitrant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ruf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Joachim Forner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claudia Hasse
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Xenia Kroop
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefanie Seeger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Laura Schollbach
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anne Schadach
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany.
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11
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Nevill PG, Howell KA, Cross AT, Williams AV, Zhong X, Tonti-Filippini J, Boykin LM, Dixon KW, Small I. Plastome-Wide Rearrangements and Gene Losses in Carnivorous Droseraceae. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:472-485. [PMID: 30629170 PMCID: PMC6380313 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The plastid genomes of four related carnivorous plants (Drosera regia, Drosera erythrorhiza, Aldrovanda vesiculosa, and Dionaea muscipula) were sequenced to examine changes potentially induced by the transition to carnivory. The plastid genomes of the Droseraceae show multiple rearrangements, gene losses, and large expansions or contractions of the inverted repeat. All the ndh genes are lost or nonfunctional, as well as in some of the species, clpP1, ycf1, ycf2 and some tRNA genes. Uniquely, among land plants, the trnK gene has no intron. Carnivory in the Droseraceae coincides with changes in plastid gene content similar to those induced by parasitism and mycoheterotrophy, suggesting parallel changes in chloroplast function due to the similar switch from autotrophy to (mixo-) heterotrophy. A molecular phylogeny of the taxa based on all shared plastid genes indicates that the "snap-traps" of Aldrovanda and Dionaea have a common origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Nevill
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Kings Park, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katharine A Howell
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- The University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Adam T Cross
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, Kings Park, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anna V Williams
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Xiao Zhong
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Julian Tonti-Filippini
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Laura M Boykin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kingsley W Dixon
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian Small
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Li-Beisson Y, Thelen JJ, Fedosejevs E, Harwood JL. The lipid biochemistry of eukaryotic algae. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 74:31-68. [PMID: 30703388 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Algal lipid metabolism fascinates both scientists and entrepreneurs due to the large diversity of fatty acyl structures that algae produce. Algae have therefore long been studied as sources of genes for novel fatty acids; and, due to their superior biomass productivity, algae are also considered a potential feedstock for biofuels. However, a major issue in a commercially viable "algal oil-to-biofuel" industry is the high production cost, because most algal species only produce large amounts of oils after being exposed to stress conditions. Recent studies have therefore focused on the identification of factors involved in TAG metabolism, on the subcellular organization of lipid pathways, and on interactions between organelles. This has been accompanied by the development of genetic/genomic and synthetic biological tools not only for the reference green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii but also for Nannochloropsis spp. and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Advances in our understanding of enzymes and regulatory proteins of acyl lipid biosynthesis and turnover are described herein with a focus on carbon and energetic aspects. We also summarize how changes in environmental factors can impact lipid metabolism and describe present and potential industrial uses of algal lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France.
| | - Jay J Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - Eric Fedosejevs
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
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13
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Kikuchi S, Asakura Y, Imai M, Nakahira Y, Kotani Y, Hashiguchi Y, Nakai Y, Takafuji K, Bédard J, Hirabayashi-Ishioka Y, Mori H, Shiina T, Nakai M. A Ycf2-FtsHi Heteromeric AAA-ATPase Complex Is Required for Chloroplast Protein Import. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2677-2703. [PMID: 30309901 PMCID: PMC6305978 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts import thousands of nucleus-encoded preproteins synthesized in the cytosol through the TOC and TIC translocons on the outer and inner envelope membranes, respectively. Preprotein translocation across the inner membrane requires ATP; however, the import motor has remained unclear. Here, we report that a 2-MD heteromeric AAA-ATPase complex associates with the TIC complex and functions as the import motor, directly interacting with various translocating preproteins. This 2-MD complex consists of a protein encoded by the previously enigmatic chloroplast gene ycf2 and five related nuclear-encoded FtsH-like proteins, namely, FtsHi1, FtsHi2, FtsHi4, FtsHi5, and FtsH12. These components are each essential for plant viability and retain the AAA-type ATPase domain, but only FtsH12 contains the zinc binding active site generally conserved among FtsH-type metalloproteases. Furthermore, even the FtsH12 zinc binding site is dispensable for its essential function. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that all AAA-type members of the Ycf2/FtsHi complex including Ycf2 evolved from the chloroplast-encoded membrane-bound AAA-protease FtsH of the ancestral endosymbiont. The Ycf2/FtsHi complex also contains an NAD-malate dehydrogenase, a proposed key enzyme for ATP production in chloroplasts in darkness or in nonphotosynthetic plastids. These findings advance our understanding of this ATP-driven protein translocation system that is unique to the green lineage of photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kikuchi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukari Asakura
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Midori Imai
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakahira
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami-cho, Inashiki, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Kotani
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Hashiguchi
- Department of Biology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Yumi Nakai
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takafuji
- CoMIT Omics Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jocelyn Bédard
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Mori
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiina
- School of Human Environment Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Masato Nakai
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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14
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Wang J, Xia H, Zhao SZ, Hou L, Zhao CZ, Ma CL, Wang XJ, Li PC. A role of GUNs-Involved retrograde signaling in regulating Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:712-719. [PMID: 30292412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 2 (ACC2) is a nuclear DNA-encoded and plastid-targeted enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. ACC2 improves plant growth and development when chloroplast translation is impaired. However, little is known about the upstream signals that regulate ACC2. Here, through analyzing the transcriptome changes in brz-insensitive-pale green (bpg) 2-2, a pale-green mutant with impaired chloroplast gene expression resulting from loss of the BPG2 function, we found that the level of ACC2 was significantly up-regulated. Through performing genetic analysis, we further demonstrated that loss of the GENOMES UNCOUPLED 1 (GUN1) or GUN5 function partly perturbed the up-regulation of ACC2 in the bpg2-2 mutant, whereas ABA INSENSITIVE 4 (ABI4)-function-loss had no clear effect on the ACC2 expression. Furthermore, when plants were treated with plastid translation inhibitors, such as lincomycin and spectinomycin, the ACC2 transcriptional level was also markedly increased in a GUN-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results suggested that the GUN-involved plastid-to-nucleus retrograde communication played a role in regulating ACC2 in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Han Xia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Shu-Zhen Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Lei Hou
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Chuan-Zhi Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Chang-Le Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, PR China
| | - Xing-Jun Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
| | - Peng-Cheng Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
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15
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Nakai M. New Perspectives on Chloroplast Protein Import. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1111-1119. [PMID: 29684214 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Virtually all chloroplasts in extant photosynthetic eukaryotes derive from a single endosymbiotic event that probably occurred more than a billion years ago between a host eukaryotic cell and a cyanobacterium-like ancestor. Many endosymbiont genes were subsequently transferred to the host nuclear genome, concomitant with the establishment of a system for protein transport through the chloroplast double-membrane envelope. Presently, 2,000-3,000 different nucleus-encoded chloroplast proteins must be imported into the chloroplast following their synthesis in the cytosol. The TOC (translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts) and TIC (translocon at the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts) complexes are protein translocation machineries at the outer and inner envelope membranes, respectively, that facilitate this chloroplast protein import with the aid of a TIC-associated ATP-driven import motor. All the essential components of this protein import system seemed to have been identified through biochemical analyses and subsequent genetic studies that initiated in the late 1990s. However, in 2013, the Nakai group reported a novel inner envelope membrane TIC complex, for which a novel ATP-driven import motor associated with this TIC complex is likely to exist. In this mini review, I will summarize these recent discoveries together with new, or reanalyzed, data presented by other groups in recent years. Whereas the precise concurrent view of chloroplast protein import is still a matter of some debate, it is anticipated that the entire TOC/TIC/ATP motor system, including any novel components, will be conclusively established in the next decade. Such findings may lead to an extensively revised view of the evolution and molecular mechanisms of chloroplast protein import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakai
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
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16
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Jiang T, Zhang J, Rong L, Feng Y, Wang Q, Song Q, Zhang L, Ouyang M. ECD1 functions as an RNA-editing trans-factor of rps14-149 in plastids and is required for early chloroplast development in seedlings. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3037-3051. [PMID: 29648606 PMCID: PMC5972661 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast development is a highly complex process and the regulatory mechanisms have not yet been fully characterized. In this study, we identified Early Chloroplast Development 1 (ECD1), a chloroplast-localized pentatricopeptide repeat protein (PPR) belonging to the PLS subfamily. Inactivation of ECD1 in Arabidopsis led to embryo lethality, and abnormal embryogenesis occurred in ecd1/+ heterozygous plants. A decrease in ECD1 expression induced by RNAi resulted in seedlings with albino cotyledons but normal true leaves. The aberrant morphology and under-developed thylakoid membrane system in cotyledons of RNAi seedlings suggests a role of ECD1 specifically in chloroplast development in seedlings. In cotyledons of ECD1-RNAi plants, RNA-editing of rps14-149 (encoding ribosomal protein S14) was seriously impaired. In addition, dramatically decreased plastid-encoded RNA polymerase-dependent gene expression and abnormal chloroplast rRNA processing were also observed. Taken together, our results indicate that ECD1 is indispensable for chloroplast development at the seedling stage in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Jiang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Rong
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjiang Feng
- Cultivation and Crop Tillage Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Cultivation and Crop Tillage Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qiulai Song
- Cultivation and Crop Tillage Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Ouyang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Correspondence:
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17
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Yu Q, Lutz KA, Maliga P. Efficient Plastid Transformation in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:186-193. [PMID: 28739820 PMCID: PMC5580780 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plastid transformation is routine in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) but 100-fold less frequent in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), preventing its use in plastid biology. A recent study revealed that null mutations in ACC2, encoding a plastid-targeted acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, cause hypersensitivity to spectinomycin. We hypothesized that plastid transformation efficiency should increase in the acc2 background, because when ACC2 is absent, fatty acid biosynthesis becomes dependent on translation of the plastid-encoded ACC β-carboxylase subunit. We bombarded ACC2-defective Arabidopsis leaves with a vector carrying a selectable spectinomycin resistance (aadA) gene and gfp, encoding the green fluorescence protein GFP. Spectinomycin-resistant clones were identified as green cell clusters on a spectinomycin medium. Plastid transformation was confirmed by GFP accumulation from the second open reading frame of a polycistronic messenger RNA, which would not be translated in the cytoplasm. We obtained one to two plastid transformation events per bombarded sample in spectinomycin-hypersensitive Slavice and Columbia acc2 knockout backgrounds, an approximately 100-fold enhanced plastid transformation frequency. Slavice and Columbia are accessions in which plant regeneration is uncharacterized or difficult to obtain. A practical system for Arabidopsis plastid transformation will be obtained by creating an ACC2 null background in a regenerable Arabidopsis accession. The recognition that the duplicated ACCase in Arabidopsis is an impediment to plastid transformation provides a rational template to implement plastid transformation in related recalcitrant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguo Yu
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Kerry Ann Lutz
- Department of Biology, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, New York 11735
| | - Pal Maliga
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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19
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Bölter B, Soll J. Ycf1/Tic214 Is Not Essential for the Accumulation of Plastid Proteins. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:219-221. [PMID: 27780781 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Bölter
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Großhadernerstraße 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Soll
- Department Biologie I-Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Großhadernerstraße 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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20
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Köhler D, Helm S, Agne B, Baginsky S. Importance of Translocon Subunit Tic56 for rRNA Processing and Chloroplast Ribosome Assembly. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:2429-2444. [PMID: 27733515 PMCID: PMC5129725 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Toc159-containing complexes at the outer chloroplast envelope membrane form stable supercomplexes with a 1-MD translocon at the inner chloroplast envelope membrane of which Tic56 is one essential subunit. While the single mutants tic56-1 and ppi2 (toc159) have an albino phenotype and are able to grow heterotrophically, we find the double mutant to be embryo lethal. Comprehensive quantitative proteome profiling with both single mutants in combination with GeneChip analyses identified a posttranscriptional defect in the accumulation of plastid ribosomal proteins and diminished expression of plastid encoded proteins. In the tic56-1 mutant, the assembly of functional ribosomes is furthermore hampered by a processing defect of the plastid 23S rRNA. Spectinomycin-treatment of wild-type plants phenocopies the molecular phenotype of plastid proteome accumulation in tic56-1 and to a smaller degree also ppi2 plastids, suggesting that a defect in plastid translation is largely responsible for the phenotype of both import mutants. Import experiments with the tic56-3 mutant revealed no significant defect in the import of small ribosomal protein 16 in the absence of full-length Tic56, suggesting that the defect in ribosome assembly in tic56-1 may be independent of a function of Tic56 in protein import. Our data establish a previously unknown link between plastid protein import, the processing of plastid rRNAs, and the assembly of plastid ribosomes and provide further knowledge on the function of the translocon components and the molecular basis for their albino phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Köhler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Helm
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Birgit Agne
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sacha Baginsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Biozentrum, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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