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Tao L, Xiao X, Huang Q, Zhu H, Feng Y, Li Y, Li X, Guo Z, Liu J, Wu F, Pirayesh N, Mahmud S, Shen RF, Shabala S, Baluška F, Shi L, Yu M. Boron supply restores aluminum-blocked auxin transport by the modulation of PIN2 trafficking in the root apical transition zone. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:176-192. [PMID: 36721978 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The supply of boron (B) alleviates the toxic effects of aluminum (Al) on root growth; however, the mechanistic basis of this process remains elusive. This study filled this knowledge gap, demonstrating that boron modifies auxin distribution and transport in Al-exposed Arabidopsis roots. In B-deprived roots, treatment with Al induced an increase in auxin content in the root apical meristem zone (MZ) and transition zone (TZ), whereas in the elongation zone (EZ) the auxin content was decreased beyond the level required for adequate growth. These distribution patterns are explained by the fact that basipetal auxin transport from the TZ to the EZ was disrupted by Al-inhibited PIN-FORMED 2 (PIN2) endocytosis. Experiments involving the modulation of protein biosynthesis by cycloheximide (CHX) and transcriptional regulation by cordycepin (COR) demonstrated that the Al-induced increase of PIN2 membrane proteins was dependent upon the inhibition of PIN2 endocytosis, rather than on the transcriptional regulation of the PIN2 gene. Experiments reporting on the profiling of Al3+ and PIN2 proteins revealed that the inhibition of endocytosis of PIN2 proteins was the result of Al-induced limitation of the fluidity of the plasma membrane. The supply of B mediated the turnover of PIN2 endosomes conjugated with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and thus restored the Al-induced inhibition of IAA transport through the TZ to the EZ. Overall, the reported results demonstrate that boron supply mediates PIN2 endosome-based auxin transport to alleviate Al toxicity in plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyi Xiao
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Qiuyu Huang
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Hu Zhu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Yingming Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yalin Li
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Xuewen Li
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Zhishan Guo
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Jiayou Liu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Feihua Wu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Niloufar Pirayesh
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sakil Mahmud
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ren Fang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lei Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Min Yu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
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Miguel-Tomé S, Llinás RR. Broadening the definition of a nervous system to better understand the evolution of plants and animals. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1927562. [PMID: 34120565 PMCID: PMC8331040 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1927562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Most textbook definitions recognize only animals as having nervous systems. However, for the past couple decades, botanists have been meticulously studying long-distance signaling systems in plants, and some researchers have stated that plants have a simple nervous system. Thus, an academic conflict has emerged between those who defend and those who deny the existence of a nervous system in plants. This article analyses that debate, and we propose an alternative to answering yes or no: broadening the definition of a nervous system to include plants. We claim that a definition broader than the current one, which is based only on a phylogenetic viewpoint, would be helpful in obtaining a deeper understanding of how evolution has driven the features of signal generation, transmission and processing in multicellular beings. Also, we propose two possible definitions and exemplify how broader a definition allows for new viewpoints on the evolution of plants, animals and the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Miguel-Tomé
- Grupo De Investigación En Minería De Datos (Mida), Universidad De Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodolfo R. Llinás
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
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Do Plasmodesmata Play a Prominent Role in Regulation of Auxin-Dependent Genes at Early Stages of Embryogenesis? Cells 2021; 10:cells10040733. [PMID: 33810252 PMCID: PMC8066550 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodesmata form intercellular channels which ensure the transport of various molecules during embryogenesis and postembryonic growth. However, high permeability of plasmodesmata may interfere with the establishment of auxin maxima, which are required for cellular patterning and the development of distinct tissues. Therefore, diffusion through plasmodesmata is not always desirable and the symplastic continuum must be broken up to induce or accomplish some developmental processes. Many data show the role of auxin maxima in the regulation of auxin-responsive genes and the establishment of various cellular patterns. However, still little is known whether and how these maxima are formed in the embryo proper before 16-cell stage, that is, when there is still a nonpolar distribution of auxin efflux carriers. In this work, we focused on auxin-dependent regulation of plasmodesmata function, which may provide rapid and transient changes of their permeability, and thus take part in the regulation of gene expression.
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Zhang X, Cui Y, Yu M, Su B, Gong W, Baluška F, Komis G, Šamaj J, Shan X, Lin J. Phosphorylation-Mediated Dynamics of Nitrate Transceptor NRT1.1 Regulate Auxin Flux and Nitrate Signaling in Lateral Root Growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:480-498. [PMID: 31431511 PMCID: PMC6776865 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The dual-affinity nitrate transceptor NITRATE TRANSPORTER1.1 (NRT1.1) has two modes of transport and signaling, governed by Thr-101 (T101) phosphorylation. NRT1.1 regulates lateral root (LR) development by modulating nitrate-dependent basipetal auxin export and nitrate-mediated signal transduction. Here, using the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) NRT1.1T101D phosphomimetic and NRT1.1T101A nonphosphorylatable mutants, we found that the phosphorylation state of NRT1.1 plays a key role in NRT1.1 function during LR development. Single-particle tracking revealed that phosphorylation affected NRT1.1 spatiotemporal dynamics. The phosphomimetic NRT1.1T101D form showed fast lateral mobility and membrane partitioning that facilitated auxin flux under low-nitrate conditions. By contrast, nonphosphorylatable NRT1.1T101A showed low lateral mobility and oligomerized at the plasma membrane (PM), where it induced endocytosis via the clathrin-mediated endocytosis and microdomain-mediated endocytosis pathways under high-nitrate conditions. These behaviors promoted LR development by suppressing NRT1.1-controlled auxin transport on the PM and stimulating Ca2+-ARABIDOPSIS NITRATE REGULATED1 signaling from the endosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
| | - Yaning Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
| | - Bodan Su
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - George Komis
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc 78301, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc 78301, Czech Republic
| | - Xiaoyi Shan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China
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