1
|
Busatto N, Farneti B, Tadiello A, Oberkofler V, Cellini A, Biasioli F, Delledonne M, Cestaro A, Noutsos C, Costa F. Wide transcriptional investigation unravel novel insights of the on-tree maturation and postharvest ripening of 'Abate Fetel' pear fruit. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:32. [PMID: 30854209 PMCID: PMC6395599 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To decipher the transcriptomic regulation of the on-tree fruit maturation in pear cv. 'Abate Fetel', a RNA-seq transcription analysis identified 8939 genes differentially expressed across four harvesting stages. These genes were grouped into 11 SOTA clusters based on their transcriptional pattern, of which three included genes upregulated while the other four were represented by downregulated genes. Fruit ripening was furthermore investigated after 1 month of postharvest cold storage. The most important variation in fruit firmness, production of ethylene and volatile organic compounds were observed after 5 days of shelf-life at room temperature following cold storage. The role of ethylene in controlling the ripening of 'Abate Fetel' pears was furthermore investigated through the application of 1-methylcyclopropene, which efficiently delayed the progression of ripening by reducing fruit softening and repressing both ethylene and volatile production. The physiological response of the interference at the ethylene receptor level was moreover unraveled investigating the expression pattern of 12 candidate genes, initially selected to validate the RNA-seq profile. This analysis confirmed the effective role of the ethylene competitor in downregulating the expression of cell wall (PG) and ethylene-related genes (ACS, ACO, ERS1, and ERS2), as well as inducing one element involved in the auxin signaling pathway (Aux/IAA), highlighting a possible cross-talk between these two hormones. The expression patterns of these six elements suggest their use as molecular toolkit to monitor at molecular level the progression of the fruit on-tree maturation and postharvest ripening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Busatto
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Brian Farneti
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Alice Tadiello
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Vicky Oberkofler
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Antonio Cellini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Bologna, Via Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Department of Biotecnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Cà Vignal 1, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cestaro
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Christos Noutsos
- Biology Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568 USA
| | - Fabrizio Costa
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nham NT, de Freitas ST, Macnish AJ, Carr KM, Kietikul T, Guilatco AJ, Jiang CZ, Zakharov F, Mitcham EJ. A transcriptome approach towards understanding the development of ripening capacity in 'Bartlett' pears (Pyrus communis L.). BMC Genomics 2015; 16:762. [PMID: 26452470 PMCID: PMC4600301 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The capacity of European pear fruit (Pyrus communis L.) to ripen after harvest develops during the final stages of growth on the tree. The objective of this study was to characterize changes in 'Bartlett' pear fruit physico-chemical properties and transcription profiles during fruit maturation leading to attainment of ripening capacity. RESULTS The softening response of pear fruit held for 14 days at 20 °C after harvest depended on their maturity. We identified four maturity stages: S1-failed to soften and S2- displayed partial softening (with or without ET-ethylene treatment); S3 - able to soften following ET; and S4 - able to soften without ET. Illumina sequencing and Trinity assembly generated 68,010 unigenes (mean length of 911 bp), of which 32.8 % were annotated to the RefSeq plant database. Higher numbers of differentially expressed transcripts were recorded in the S3-S4 and S1-S2 transitions (2805 and 2505 unigenes, respectively) than in the S2-S3 transition (2037 unigenes). High expression of genes putatively encoding pectin degradation enzymes in the S1-S2 transition suggests pectic oligomers may be involved as early signals triggering the transition to responsiveness to ethylene in pear fruit. Moreover, the co-expression of these genes with Exps (Expansins) suggests their collaboration in modifying cell wall polysaccharide networks that are required for fruit growth. K-means cluster analysis revealed that auxin signaling associated transcripts were enriched in cluster K6 that showed the highest gene expression at S3. AP2/EREBP (APETALA 2/ethylene response element binding protein) and bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) transcripts were enriched in all three transition S1-S2, S2-S3, and S3-S4. Several members of Aux/IAA (Auxin/indole-3-acetic acid), ARF (Auxin response factors), and WRKY appeared to play an important role in orchestrating the S2-S3 transition. CONCLUSIONS We identified maturity stages associated with the development of ripening capacity in 'Bartlett' pear, and described the transcription profile of fruit at these stages. Our findings suggest that auxin is essential in regulating the transition of pear fruit from being ethylene-unresponsive (S2) to ethylene-responsive (S3), resulting in fruit softening. The transcriptome will be helpful for future studies about specific developmental pathways regulating the transition to ripening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc T Nham
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Sergio Tonetto de Freitas
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Present address: Embrapa Tropical Semi-Arid, Petrolina, PE, 56302-970, Brazil.
| | - Andrew J Macnish
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Present address: Horticulture and Forestry Science, Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Maroochy Research Facility, Nambour, QLD, 4560, Australia.
| | - Kevin M Carr
- Research Technology Support Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Trisha Kietikul
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Angelo J Guilatco
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Florence Zakharov
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Elizabeth J Mitcham
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao Y, Hasenstein KH. Physiological interactions of antiauxins with auxin in roots. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 167:879-884. [PMID: 20149478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The compound 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-(indole-3-)butyric acid (TFIBA) typically promotes root elongation but inhibits hypocotyl elongation and therefore can be described as antiauxin. We compared the mode of action of TFIBA with the classical antiauxin p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB). TFIBA, more than PCIB, promoted primary root elongation in young flax (Linum usitatissimum) roots on plain agar, but inhibited root growth in older seedlings in the presence of nutrients. The root content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) after TFIBA and PCIB treatment increased almost two-fold. Abscisic acid was affected only by supraoptimal TFIBA, but increased after PCIB application. TFIBA inhibited acropetal auxin transport at concentrations higher than optimal for root elongation while PCIB had no effect. Basipetal auxin transport was promoted at less than 0.1mM but inhibited at 1mM TFIBA. In contrast, PCIB promoted basipetal auxin transport between 0.1 and 0.5mM; higher concentrations had no effect. Gravitropism was promoted by TFIBA at concentrations optimal for growth, but inhibited by higher concentrations. PCIB inhibited root gravitropism in a concentration dependent manner. The selective effect of TFIBA on IAA but not ABA and the interference with auxin transport and gravicurvature indicate that the mode of action of TFIBA is different from that of PCIB despite similar functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Zhao
- Biology Department, University of Louisiana Lafayette, LA 70504-2451, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rungruchkanont K, Ketsa S, Chatchawankanphanich O, van Doorn WG. Endogenous auxin regulates the sensitivity of Dendrobium (cv. Miss Teen) flower pedicel abscission to ethylene. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:885-894. [PMID: 32689417 DOI: 10.1071/fp07146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium flower buds and flowers have an abscission zone at the base of the pedicel (flower stalk). Ethylene treatment of cv. Miss Teen inflorescences induced high rates of abscission in flower buds but did not affect abscission once the flowers had opened. It is not known if auxin is a regulator of the abscission of floral buds and open flowers. The hypotheses that auxin is such a regulator and is responsible for the decrease in ethylene sensitivity were tested. Severed inflorescences bearing 4-8 floral buds and 4-6 open flowers were used in all tests. The auxin antagonists 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA, an inhibitor of auxin transport) or 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methyl propionic acid (CMPA, an inhibitor of auxin action) were applied to the stigma of open flowers. Both chemicals induced high flower abscission rates, even if the inflorescences were not treated with ethylene. The effects of these auxin antagonists virtually disappeared when the inflorescences were treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), indicating that the abscission induced by the auxin antagonists was due to ethylene. Removal of the open flowers at the distal end of the pedicel hastened the time to abscission of the remaining pedicel, and also resulted in an increase in ethylene sensitivity. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in lanolin, placed on the cut surface of the pedicel, replaced the effect of the removed flower. Treatments that promoted abscission of open flowers up-regulated a gene encoding a β-1,4-glucanase (Den-Cel1) in the abscission zone (AZ). The abundance of Den-Cel1 mRNA was highly correlated with β-1,4-glucanase activity in the AZ. The results show that auxin is an endogenous regulator of floral bud and flower abscission and suggest that auxin might explain, at least partially, why pedicel abscission of Dendrobium cv. Miss Teen changes from very ethylene-sensitive to ethylene-insensitive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karnchana Rungruchkanont
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Saichol Ketsa
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Orawan Chatchawankanphanich
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsaen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Wouter G van Doorn
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ketsa S, Wisutiamonkul A, van Doorn WG. Auxin is required for pollination-induced ovary growth in Dendrobium orchids. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:887-892. [PMID: 32689299 DOI: 10.1071/fp06034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In Dendrobium and other orchids the ovule becomes mature long after pollination, whereas the ovary starts growing within two days of pollination. The signalling pathway that induces rapid ovary growth after pollination has remained elusive. We placed the auxin antagonist α-(p-chlorophenoxy) isobutyric acid (PCIB) or the auxin transport inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) on the stigma, before pollination. Both treatments nullified pollination-induced ovary growth. The ovaries also did not grow after similar stigma treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), AgNO3 (both inhibitors of ethylene action), aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) or CoCl2 (which both inhibit ethylene synthesis), before pollination. Pollination could be replaced by placement of the auxin naphthylacetic acid (NAA) on the stigma. All mentioned inhibitors nullified the effect of NAA, indicating that if auxin is the initiator of ovary growth, it acts through ethylene. The results suggest that the pollination effect on ovary growth requires auxin (at least auxin transport and maybe also auxin signalling), and both ethylene synthesis and ethylene action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saichol Ketsa
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Apinya Wisutiamonkul
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wouter G van Doorn
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 17, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oono Y, Ooura C, Rahman A, Aspuria ET, Hayashi KI, Tanaka A, Uchimiya H. p-Chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid impairs auxin response in Arabidopsis root. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 133:1135-47. [PMID: 14526108 PMCID: PMC281609 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.027847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2003] [Revised: 06/26/2003] [Accepted: 07/29/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
p-Chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB) is known as a putative antiauxin and is widely used to inhibit auxin action, although the mechanism of PCIB-mediated inhibition of auxin action is not characterized very well at the molecular level. In the present work, we showed that PCIB inhibited BA::beta-glucuronidase (GUS) expression induced by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid. PCIB also inhibited auxin-dependent DR5::GUS expression. RNA hybridization and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses suggested that PCIB reduced auxin-induced accumulation of transcripts of Aux/IAA genes. In addition, PCIB relieved the reduction of GUS activity in HS::AXR3NT-GUS transgenic line in which auxin inhibits GUS activity by promoting degradation of the AXR3NT-GUS fusion protein. Physiological analysis revealed that PCIB inhibited lateral root production, gravitropic response of roots, and growth of primary roots. These results suggest that PCIB impairs auxin-signaling pathway by regulating Aux/IAA protein stability and thereby affects the auxin-regulated Arabidopsis root physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Oono
- Department of Ion-beam-applied Biology, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Takasaki 370-1292, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yamada T, Marubashi W, Nakamura T, Niwa M. Possible involvement of auxin-induced ethylene in an apoptotic cell death during temperature-sensitive lethality expressed by hybrid between Nicotiana glutinosa and N. repanda. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 42:923-30. [PMID: 11577186 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Interspecific hybrids of Nicotiana glutinosa L. x N. repanda Willd. express temperature-sensitive lethality induced by apoptotic cell death. Hybrid seedlings cultured at 28 degrees C began to exhibit lethal symptoms during early growth stages, and then they showed a high level of endogenous auxin compared with those of parental seedlings. Meanwhile, the level of auxin in hybrid seedlings cultured at 32 degrees C, which is a condition suppressing the lethality of this cross combination, was equal to or lower than those of parental seedlings. Administration of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) as an auxin transport inhibitor into the hybrid seedlings suppressed lethal symptoms and had a life-extending effect. Additionally, TIBA has an effect to suppress DNA fragmentation, which is one of characteristics of apoptosis and has been detected in the hybrid seedlings expressing the lethality. Administration of aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) as an ethylene synthesis inhibitor, which could inhibit ethylene production, also showed the same effects as TIBA for the lethality. From these results, we suggested that auxin and ethylene were involved in an apoptotic cell death during the lethality, and the abnormal increase of endogenous auxin may lead to the ethylene production in hybrid seedlings during early growth stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Yamada
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, Ibaraki Agricultural Center, Iwama, Ibaraki, 319-0292 Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Krikorian AD. Strategies for "minimal growth maintenance" of cell cultures: a perspective on management for extended duration experimentation in the microgravity environment of a Space station. THE BOTANICAL REVIEW; INTERPRETING BOTANICAL PROGRESS 1996; 62:41-108. [PMID: 11540094 DOI: 10.1007/bf02868920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
How cells manage without gravity and how they change in the absence of gravity are basic questions that only prolonged life on a Space station will enable us to answer. We know from investigations carried out on various kinds of Space vehicles and stations that profound physiological effects can and often to occur. We need to know more of the basic biochemistry and biophysics both of cells and of whole organisms in conditions of reduced gravity. The unique environment of Space affords plant scientists an unusual opportunity to carry out experiments in microgravity, but some major challenges must be faced before this can be done with confidence. Various laboratory activities that are routine on Earth take on special significance and offer problems that need imaginative resolution before even a relatively simple experiment can be reliably executed on a Space station. For example, scientists might wish to investigate whether adaptive or other changes that have occurred in the environment of Space are retained after return to Earth-normal conditions. Investigators seeking to carry out experiments in the low-gravity environment of Space using cultured cells will need to solve the problem of keeping cultures quiescent for protracted periods before an experiment is initiated, after periodic sampling is carried out, and after the experiment is completed. This review gives an evaluation of a range of strategies that can enable one to manipulate cell physiology and curtail growth dramatically toward this end. These strategies include cryopreservation, chilling, reduced oxygen, gel entrapment strategies, osmotic adjustment, nutrient starvation, pH manipulation, and the use of mitotic inhibitors and growth-retarding chemicals. Cells not only need to be rendered quiescent for protracted periods but they also must be recoverable and further grown if it is so desired. Elaboration of satisfactory procedures for management of cells and tissues at "near zero or minimal growth" will have great value and practical consequences for experimentation on Earth as well as in Space. All of the parameters and conditions and procedural details needed to meet all the specific objectives will be the basis of the design and fabrication of cell culture units for use in the Space environment. It is expected that this will be an evolutionary process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D Krikorian
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) anionic peroxidase was found to catalyze oxidase reactions with NADH, glutathione, dithiothreitol, oxaloacetate, and hydroquinone as substrates with a mean activity 30% that of horseradish peroxidase; this is in contrast to the negligible activity of the tomato enzyme as compared to the horseradish enzyme in catalyzing an indoleacetic acid-oxidase reaction with only Mn(2+) and a phenol as cofactors. Substitution of Ce(3+) for Mn(2+) produced an 18-fold larger response with the tomato enzyme than with the horseradish enzyme, suggesting a significant difference in the autocatalytic indoleacetic acid-oxidase reactions with these two enzymes. In attempting to compare enzyme activities with 2,4-dichlorophenol as a cofactor, it was found that reaction rates increased exponentially with both increasing cofactor concentration and increasing enzyme concentration. While the former response may be analogous to allosteric control of enzyme activity, the latter response is contrary to the principle that reaction rate is proportional to enzyme concentration, and additionally makes any comparison of enzyme activity difficult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Brooks
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Stange L. Cell Cycle, Cell Expansion and Polarity During Morphogenesis of Appendicular Structures in Riella helicophylla. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(83)80050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
11
|
Balagué C, Latché A, Fallot J, Pech JC. Some Physiological Changes Occurring during the Senescence of Auxin-Deprived Pear Cells in Culture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1982; 69:1339-43. [PMID: 16662398 PMCID: PMC426413 DOI: 10.1104/pp.69.6.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Part of the changes in the hormonal balance involved in plant senescence is due to an auxin limitation. Some of its physiological consequences are studied using pear (Pyrus communis L.) cells cultured in a continuously renewed medium in which 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was absent. In these conditions, an assessment was made of the absence of nutrient deficiency.In the period preceding cell death, the rate of respiration and ethylene production remain low, and no major changes were observed in the total protein and RNA content of the cells. Beginning around day 9, an important efflux of three amino acids (serine, threonine, and aspartic acid) occurs among which serine represents more than 52%. However, exogenous serine supplied to the medium fails to show any senescence promoting effect. At the same time, leucine uptake and incorporation sharply and simultaneously increased. The presence of 2,4-D inhibits both these phenomena and prevents cell death. It is proposed that auxin deprivation is responsible for unmasking a program of synthesis of new proteins involved in cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Balagué
- Ecole Nationale Superieure Agronomique de Toulouse, 145, Avenue de Muret 31076 Toulouse Cédex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Codron H, Latché A, Pech J, Nebie B, Fallot J. Control of quiescence and viability in auxin-deprived pear cells in batch and continuous culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4211(79)90105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
14
|
Kokkinakis DM, Brooks JL. Hydrogen Peroxide-mediated Oxidation of Indole-3-acetic Acid by Tomato Peroxidase and Molecular Oxygen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1979; 64:220-3. [PMID: 16660936 PMCID: PMC543058 DOI: 10.1104/pp.64.2.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of indole-3-acetic acid by anionic tomato peroxidase was found to be negligible unless reaction mixtures were supplemented with H(2)O(2). The addition of H(2)O(2) to reaction mixtures initiated a period of rapid indole-3-acetic acid oxidation and O(2) uptake; this phase ended and O(2) uptake fell to a low level when the H(2)O(2) was exhausted. The stoichiometry of the reaction, which is highly dependent on enzyme concentration and pH, suggests that H(2)O(2) initiates a sequence of reactions in which indole-3-acetic acid is oxidized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Kokkinakis
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Forestry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sood S, Hackenberg D. Interaction of Auxin, Antiauxin and Cytokinin in Relation to the Formation of Buds in Moss Protonema. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(79)80253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
Wang CY, Mellenthin WM. Effect of aminoethoxy analog of rhizobitoxine on ripening of pears. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1977; 59:546-9. [PMID: 16659890 PMCID: PMC542445 DOI: 10.1104/pp.59.4.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ripening reactions in pears (Pyrus communis L.) were differentially affected by an aminoethoxy analog of rhizobitoxine (l-2-amino-4-[2-aminoethoxy]-trans-3-butenoic acid) (AAR). Ethylene production of both ;Anjou' and ;Bartlett' pears was inhibited by AAR. Decrease in firmness, increase in protein N and soluble pectin were delayed by AAR in ;Anjou' but not in ;Bartlett' pears. While loss in malic acid was retarded in ;Anjou' pears, rates of citric acid accumulation and malic acid reduction were not affected by AAR in ;Bartlett' pears.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Y Wang
- Mid-Columbia Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Hood River, Oregon 97031
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stange L. Meristem differentiation in Riella helicophylla (Bory et Mont.) Mont. under the influence of auxin or antiauxin. PLANTA 1977; 135:289-295. [PMID: 24420096 DOI: 10.1007/bf00384902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/1977] [Accepted: 04/13/1977] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During the development of the unistratose gemmae of Riella helicophylla, the single intercalary meristem of the very young gemmae is subdivided into two lateral meristems. The duration of the cell reproduction cycle increases from the margin to the median part of the gemmae. This polarization within the meristem disappears after addition of the antiauxin PCIB to the culture medium. PCIB leads to a retardation or blockage of the cell cycle during the light period of the culture. Under the influence of PCIB the amount of starch in the chloroplasts is strikingly increased, probably because of a reduction of starch degradation. Addition of sugars compensates the effect of PCIB on the cell cycle. The effects of PCIB are counteracted by auxin. The results are taken as evidence that auxin plays a role in directing the transport of substances needed for the continuation of the cell reproduction cycle between adjacent cells of the meristem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Stange
- Abteilung Pflanzenphysiologie, Gesamthochschule Kassel, Postfach 10 13 80, D-3500, Kassel, Federal Republic of Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Grotha R. [The effect of the antiauxin p-Chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid on the formation of meristematic centres during regeneration of isolated tissue fragments of Riella helicophylla (Bory et Mont.) Mont]. PLANTA 1976; 129:235-238. [PMID: 24430962 DOI: 10.1007/bf00398263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/1975] [Accepted: 12/03/1975] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In isolated tissue fragments of Riella cultured in continuous light, p-Chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB) strongly accelerates the polar cell divisions without changing the time of onset of the first nuclear divisions and totally inhibits the formation of unicellular rhizoids. No lateral meristems develop in the cauloids as they do in the control; instead the cells have uniform minimal size. Only preincubating the whole plant in PCIB before the fragments are cut results in a depolarisation with a much higher cell division activity. Preincubation of the whole plant followed by further incubation of the tissue fragments in PCIB decreases the area in which cell embryonization takes place, but the number of cell divisions therein increases to a still larger extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Grotha
- Arbeitsgruppe Pflanzenphysiologie, Gesamthochschule Kassel, Postfach, D-3500, Kassel, Federal Republic of Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tingwa PO, Young RE. The Effect of Indole-3-acetic Acid and Other Growth Regulators on the Ripening of Avocado Fruits. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1975; 55:937-40. [PMID: 16659195 PMCID: PMC541737 DOI: 10.1104/pp.55.5.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Observations were made of the effects of several plant regulators, indole-3-acetic acid, kinetin, abscisic acid, and gibberellic acid, as well as of extracts prepared from leaves and fruit stalks on the respiration pattern, ethylene production, and the number of days to ripen of avocado fruits (Persea americana Mill.). These substances were vacuum infiltrated to insure good penetration and distribution. Kinetin, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, and the extracts had no effect on either ripening time or on the respiration pattern and ethylene production of the fruits. Indoleacetic acid, however, had a marked effect on ripening. At high concentrations (100 and 1000 mum), indoleacetic acid stimulated respiration and induced preclimacteric ethylene production, resulting in accelerated ripening of the fruits. At the low concentrations (1 and 10 mum), it delayed ripening of fruits and suppressed the climacteric respiration and ethylene production. The results reinforce several previous observations with other fruits that auxins may largely constitute ;resistance to ripening' and may be responsible for the lack of ripening shown by unpicked fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P O Tingwa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92502
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
STENVERS N, BRUINSMA J. Ripening of tomato fruits at reduced atmospheric and partial oxygen pressures. Nature 1975. [DOI: 10.1038/253532a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|