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Puzorjov A, Dunn KE, McCormick AJ. Production of thermostable phycocyanin in a mesophilic cyanobacterium. Metab Eng Commun 2021; 13:e00175. [PMID: 34168957 PMCID: PMC8209669 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2021.e00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycocyanin (PC) is a soluble phycobiliprotein found within the light-harvesting phycobilisome complex of cyanobacteria and red algae, and is considered a high-value product due to its brilliant blue colour and fluorescent properties. However, commercially available PC has a relatively low temperature stability. Thermophilic species produce more thermostable variants of PC, but are challenging and energetically expensive to cultivate. Here, we show that the PC operon from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 (cpcBACD) is functional in the mesophile Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Expression of cpcBACD in an 'Olive' mutant strain of Synechocystis lacking endogenous PC resulted in high yields of thermostable PC (112 ± 1 mg g-1 DW) comparable to that of endogenous PC in wild-type cells. Heterologous PC also improved the growth of the Olive mutant, which was further supported by evidence of a functional interaction with the endogenous allophycocyanin core of the phycobilisome complex. The thermostability properties of the heterologous PC were comparable to those of PC from T. elongatus, and could be purified from the Olive mutant using a low-cost heat treatment method. Finally, we developed a scalable model to calculate the energetic benefits of producing PC from T. elongatus in Synechocystis cultures. Our model showed that the higher yields and lower cultivation temperatures of Synechocystis resulted in a 3.5-fold increase in energy efficiency compared to T. elongatus, indicating that producing thermostable PC in non-native hosts is a cost-effective strategy for scaling to commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Puzorjov
- SynthSys & Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Katherine E Dunn
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK
| | - Alistair J McCormick
- SynthSys & Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
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David L, Prado M, Arteni AA, Elmlund DA, Blankenship RE, Adir N. Structural studies show energy transfer within stabilized phycobilisomes independent of the mode of rod-core assembly. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:385-95. [PMID: 24407142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The major light harvesting complex in cyanobacteria and red algae is the phycobilisome (PBS), comprised of hundreds of seemingly similar chromophores, which are protein bound and assembled in a fashion that enables highly efficient uni-directional energy transfer to reaction centers. The PBS is comprised of a core containing 2-5 cylinders surrounded by 6-8 rods, and a number of models have been proposed describing the PBS structure. One of the most critical steps in the functionality of the PBS is energy transfer from the rod substructures to the core substructure. In this study we compare the structural and functional characteristics of high-phosphate stabilized PBS (the standard fashion of stabilization of isolated complexes) with cross-linked PBS in low ionic strength buffer from two cyanobacterial species, Thermosynechococcus vulcanus and Acaryochloris marina. We show that chemical cross-linking preserves efficient energy transfer from the phycocyanin containing rods to the allophycocyanin containing cores with fluorescent emission from the terminal emitters. However, this energy transfer is shown to exist in PBS complexes of different structures as characterized by determination of a 2.4Å structure by X-ray crystallography, single crystal confocal microscopy, mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained and cryogenically preserved complexes. We conclude that the PBS has intrinsic structural properties that enable efficient energy transfer from rod substructures to the core substructures without requiring a single unique structure. We discuss the significance of our observations on the functionality of the PBS in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron David
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Mindy Prado
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ana A Arteni
- IMPMC-UMR7590, CNRS-Université Pierre & Marie Curie-IRD, Paris 75005, France
| | - Dominika A Elmlund
- Stanford University Medical School, Dept. of Structural Biology, Stanford, CA 94305-5126, USA
| | - Robert E Blankenship
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Noam Adir
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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Kondo K, Ochiai Y, Katayama M, Ikeuchi M. The membrane-associated CpcG2-phycobilisome in Synechocystis: a new photosystem I antenna. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:1200-10. [PMID: 17468217 PMCID: PMC1914160 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.099267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The phycobilisome (PBS) is a supramolecular antenna complex required for photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and bilin-containing red algae. While the basic architecture of PBS is widely conserved, the phycobiliproteins, core structure and linker polypeptides, show significant diversity across different species. By contrast, we recently reported that the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 possesses two types of PBSs that differ in their interconnecting "rod-core linker" proteins (CpcG1 and CpcG2). CpcG1-PBS was found to be equivalent to conventional PBS, whereas CpcG2-PBS retains phycocyanin rods but is devoid of the central core. This study describes the functional analysis of CpcG1-PBS and CpcG2-PBS. Specific energy transfer from PBS to photosystems that was estimated for cells and thylakoid membranes based on low-temperature fluorescence showed that CpcG2-PBS transfers light energy preferentially to photosystem I (PSI) compared to CpcG1-PBS, although they are able to transfer to both photosystems. The preferential energy transfer was also supported by the increased photosystem stoichiometry (PSI/PSII) in the cpcG2 disruptant. The cpcG2 disruptant consistently showed retarded growth under weak PSII light, in which excitation of PSI is limited. Isolation of thylakoid membranes with high salt showed that CpcG2-PBS is tightly associated with the membrane, while CpcG1-PBS is partly released. CpcG2 is characterized by its C-terminal hydrophobic segment, which may anchor CpcG2-PBS to the thylakoid membrane or PSI complex. Further sequence analysis revealed that CpcG2-like proteins containing a C-terminal hydrophobic segment are widely distributed in many cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Kondo
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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Liu LN, Chen XL, Zhang YZ, Zhou BC. Characterization, structure and function of linker polypeptides in phycobilisomes of cyanobacteria and red algae: An overview. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2005; 1708:133-42. [PMID: 15922288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and red algae have intricate light-harvesting systems comprised of phycobilisomes that are attached to the outer side of the thylakoid membrane. The phycobilisomes absorb light in the wavelength range of 500-650 nm and transfer energy to the chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Phycobilisomes, which biochemically consist of phycobiliproteins and linker polypeptides, are particularly wonderful subjects for the detailed analysis of structure and function due to their spectral properties and their various components affected by growth conditions. The linker polypeptides are believed to mediate both the assembly of phycobiliproteins into the highly ordered arrays in the phycobilisomes and the interactions between the phycobilisomes and the thylakoid membrane. Functionally, they have been reported to improve energy migration by regulating the spectral characteristics of colored phycobiliproteins. In this review, the progress regarding linker polypeptides research, including separation approaches, structures and interactions with phycobiliproteins, as well as their functions in the phycobilisomes, is presented. In addition, some problems with previous work on linkers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ning Liu
- State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
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Ducret A, Müller SA, Goldie KN, Hefti A, Sidler WA, Zuber H, Engel A. Reconstitution, characterisation and mass analysis of the pentacylindrical allophycocyanin core complex from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. J Mol Biol 1998; 278:369-88. [PMID: 9571058 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The phycobilisome (PBS) of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 was allowed to dissociate into its constituents and the resulting allophycocyanin (AP) fraction was purified. Its reconstitution yielded a complex which according to negative stain electron microscopy and spectral analysis was identical to the native pentacylindrical PBS core domain. Each cylinder of the central tricylindric unit was comprised of four AP (alphabeta)3 disks. Mass analysis using the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) showed the presence of 16 AP trimers in the intact reconstitute, which had a total mass of 1966(+/-66) kDa. Composition analysis indicated an AP trimer distribution of (AP-II):(AP-LCM):(AP-B):(AP-I)=6:2:2:6, i.e. an addition of two AP-I and two AP-II complexes compared to a tricylindrical PBS core domain. Therefore, we suggest that each supplementary half-core cylinder found in pentacylindrical AP core domains is comprised of one AP-I and one AP-II trimer, in agreement with the current model. The structural significance of the 127 kDa core membrane linker polypeptide was further investigated by subjecting the AP core reconstitute to mild chymotryptic degradation. After isolation, the digested complex exhibited a tricylindrical appearance while STEM mass analysis confirmed the presence of only 12 AP complexes. Polypeptide analysis by SDS-PAGE and Edman degradation related the half-cylinder loss to cleavage of the Rep4 domain of the core membrane linker polypeptide. On the basis of these data, a general model for the assembly of the three hemidiscoidal PBS types known to date is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ducret
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
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Ducret A, Sidler W, Wehrli E, Frank G, Zuber H. Isolation, characterization and electron microscopy analysis of a hemidiscoidal phycobilisome type from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 236:1010-24. [PMID: 8665889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.01010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work we present the characterization of a hemidiscoidal phycobilisome type of the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. The phycobilisome of this organism contains allophycocyanin, phycocyanin and phycoerythrocyanin, similar to the closely related thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus. Intact phycobilisomes exhibit an absorption maximum at 619 nm and two fluorescence maxima at 664 nm and 680 nm, corroborating the presence of a complete energy pathyway along the antenna. Upon dissociation, the phycobiliproteins were released from the phycobilisome. One phycoerythrocyanin, one phycocyanin and three allophycocyanin complexes were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and characterized by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and by SDS/PAGE. The amino-terminal sequences of the polypeptides belonging to the phycoerythrocyanin and phycocyanin families were identical with the derived sequences of their corresponding genes. Partial amino-terminal sequences of the polypeptides belonging to the allophycocyanin family are presented here. Our results show that the phycobiliproteins and linker polypeptides from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 are similar to the phycobilisome components characterized in other cyanobacteria. The phycobilisome of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 was extensively analyzed by electron microscopy. It differs from the common hemidiscoidal tricylindrical, six-rod phycobilisome type by a core domain consisting of five core cylinders surrounded by up to eight rods radiating in a hemidiscoidal manner. One rod is linked to each basal core cylinder, whereas the remaining core cylinders bind two rods each. On the basis of the data presented in this work, a revised model for the hemidiscoidal pentacylindrical phycobilisome of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, M. laminosus and Anabaena variabilis is proposed. This model accounts more accurately for the 'grape' pattern typically exhibited by these phycobilisomes in electron micrographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ducret
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
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Gottschalk L, Lottspeich F, Scheer H. RECONSTITUTION OF ALLOPHYCOCYANIN FROM Mastigocladus laminosus WITH ISOLATED LINKER POLYPEPTIDE. Photochem Photobiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb04966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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De Marsac NT, Mazel D, Damerval T, Guglielmi G, Capuano V, Houmard J. Photoregulation of gene expression in the filamentous cyanobacterium Calothrix sp. PCC 7601: light-harvesting complexes and cell differentiation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1988; 18:99-132. [PMID: 24425162 DOI: 10.1007/bf00042981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/1987] [Accepted: 12/23/1987] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Light plays a major role in many physiological processes in cyanobacteria. In Calothrix sp. PCC 7601, these include the biosynthesis of the components of the light-harvesting antenna (phycobilisomes) and the differentiation of the vegetative trichomes into hormogonia (short chains of smaller cells). In order to study the molecular basis for the photoregulation of gene expression, physiological studies have been coupled with the characterization of genes involved either in the formation of phycobilisomes or in the synthesis of gas vesicles, which are only present at the hormogonial stage.In each system, a number of genes have been isolated and sequenced. This demonstrated the existence of multigene families, as well as of gene products which have not yet been identified biochemically. Further studies have also established the occurrence of both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. The transcription of genes encoding components of the phycobilisome rods is light-wavelength dependent, while translation of the phycocyanin genes may require the synthesis of another gene product irrespective of the light regime. In this report, we propose two hypothetical models which might be part of the complex regulatory mechanisms involved in the formation of functional phycobilisomes. On the other hand, transcription of genes involved in the gas vesicles formation (gvp genes) is turned on during hormogonia differentiation, while that of phycobiliprotein genes is simultaneously turned off. In addition, and antisense RNA which might modulate the translation of the gvp mRNAs is synthezised.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T De Marsac
- Unité de Physiologie Microbienne (C.N.R.S., U.A. 1129), Département de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
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Mazel D, Houmard J, de Marsac NT. A multigene family in Calothrix sp. PCC 7601 encodes phycocyanin, the major component of the cyanobacterial light-harvesting antenna. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988; 211:296-304. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00330607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/1987] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zilinskas BA, Howell DA. Immunological conservation of phycobilisome rod linker polypeptides. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1987; 85:322-6. [PMID: 16665695 PMCID: PMC1054253 DOI: 10.1104/pp.85.2.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Monospecific polyclonal antibodies raised against the phycobilisome rod linker polypeptides of Nostoc sp. were used to assess structural similarities among phycobilisome linker proteins from diverse, phycobilisome-containing organisms. While a remarkable conservation of antigenic determinants was demonstrated for two of these rod linker proteins, the third linker polypeptide appeared to be conserved only among closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Zilinskas
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
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Kirilovsky D, Ohad I. Functional assembly in vitro of phycobilisomes with isolated photosystem II particles of eukaryotic chloroplasts. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Csatorday K, Campbell S, Zilinskas BA. Exciton interactions in phycoerythrin. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1986; 10:209-215. [PMID: 24435367 DOI: 10.1007/bf00118285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Upon assembly of the phycoerythrin trimer into hexamer and the hexamer into dodecamer, marked spectral changes are observed. The absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the various phycoerythrin aggregates were resolved into Gaussian components representing individual electronic transitions of phycoerythrobilin chromophores within these proteins. While the contribution of a broad, sensitizing band (at 525 nm) is constant, with increasing aggregate size, a short-wavelength pair of bands centered at 555 nm decreases concomitantly with a dramatic increase in the intensity of a long-wavelength pair of chromophore transitions centered at 563 nm. The implications of these spectral changes for efficient energy transfer in the phycobilisome are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Csatorday
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Cook College, Rutgers University, 08903, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
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Zilinskas BA, Greenwald LS. Phycobilisome structure and function. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1986; 10:7-35. [PMID: 24435274 DOI: 10.1007/bf00024183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/1985] [Revised: 10/18/1985] [Accepted: 10/18/1985] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phycobilisomes are aggregates of light-harvesting proteins attached to the stroma side of the thylakoid membranes of the cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and red algae. The water-soluble phycobiliproteins, of which there are three major groups, tetrapyrrole chromophores covalently bound to apoprotein. Several additional protiens are found within the phycobilisome and serve to link the phycobiliproteins to each other in an ordered fashion and also to attach the phycobilisome to the thylakoid membrane. Excitation energy absorbed by phycoerythrin is transferred through phycocyanin to allophycocyanin with an efficiency approximating 100%. This pathway of excitation energy transfer, directly confirmed by time-resolved spectroscopic measurements, has been incorporated into models describing the ultrastructure of the phycobilisome. The model for the most typical type of phycobilisome describes an allophycocyanin-containing core composed of three cylinders arranged so that their longitudinal axes are parallel and their ends form a triangle. Attached to this core are six rod structures which contain phycocyanin proximal to the core and phycoerythrin distal to the core. The axes of these rods are perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the core. This arrangement ensures a very efficient transfer of energy. The association of phycoerythrin and phycocyanin within the rods and the attachment of the rods to the core and the core to the thylakoid require the presence of several 'linker' polypeptides. It is recently possible to assemble functionally and structurally intact phycobilisomes in vitro from separated components as well as to reassociate phycobilisomes with stripped thylakoids. Understanding of the biosynthesis and in vivo assembly of phycobilisomes will be greatly aided by the current advances in molecular genetics, as exemplified by recent identification of several genes encoding phycobilisome components.Combined ultrastructural, biochemical and biophysical approaches to the study of cyanobacterial and red algal cells and isolated phycobilisome-thylakoid fractions are leading to a clearer understanding of the phycobilisome-thylakoid structural interactions, energy transfer to the reaction centers and regulation of excitation energy distribution. However, compared to our current knowledge concerning the structural and functional organization of the isolated phycobilisome, this research area is relatively unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Zilinskas
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Cook College, Rutgers University, 08903, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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In vitro reassociation of phycobiliproteins and membranes to form functional membrane-bound phycobilisomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Anderson LK, Rayner MC, Sweet RM, Eiserling FA. Regulation of Nostoc sp. phycobilisome structure by light and temperature. J Bacteriol 1983; 155:1407-16. [PMID: 6411691 PMCID: PMC217841 DOI: 10.1128/jb.155.3.1407-1416.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nostoc sp. strain MAC cyanobacteria were green in color when grown in white light at 30 degrees C and contained phycobilisomes that had phycoerythrin and phycocyanin in a molar ratio of 1:1. Cells grown for 4 to 5 days in green light at 30 degrees C or white light at 39 degrees C turned brown and contained phycoerythrin and phycocyanin in a molar ratio of greater than 2:1. In addition to the change in pigment composition, phycobilisomes from brown cells were missing a 34.5-kilodalton, rod-associated peptide that was present in green cells. The green light-induced changes were typical of the chromatic adaptation response in cyanobacteria, but the induction of a similar response by growth at 39 degrees C was a new observation. Phycobilisomes isolated in 0.65 M phosphate buffer (pH 7) dissociate when the ionic strength or pH is decreased. Analysis of the dissociation products from Nostoc sp. phycobilisomes suggested that the cells contained two types of rod structures: a phycocyanin-rich structure that contained the 34.5-kilodalton peptide and a larger phycoerythrin-rich complex. Brown Nostoc sp. cells that lacked the 34.5-kilodalton peptide also lacked the phycocyanin-rich rod structures in their phycobilisomes. These changes in phycobilisome structure were indistinguishable between cells cultured at 39 degrees C in white light and those cultured at 30 degrees C in green light. A potential role is discussed for rod heterogeneity in the chromatic adaptation response.
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Canaani O, Gantt E. Native and in vitro-associated phycobilisomes of Nostoc sp. Composition, energy transfer, and effect of antibodies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(83)90039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zilinskas BA, Howell DA. Role of the Colorless Polypeptides in Phycobilisome Assembly in Nostoc sp. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1983; 71:379-87. [PMID: 16662834 PMCID: PMC1066041 DOI: 10.1104/pp.71.2.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We have identified the function of the ;extra' polypeptides involved in phycobilisome assembly in Nostoc sp. These phycobilisomes, as those of other cyanobacteria, are composed of an allophycocyanin core, phycoerythrin- and phycocyanin-containing rods, and five additional polypeptides of 95, 34.5, 34, 32, and 29 kilodaltons. The 95 kilodalton polypeptide anchors the phycobilisome to the thylakoid membrane (Rusckowski, Zilinskas 1982 Plant Physiol 70: 1055-1059); the 29 kilodalton polypeptide attaches the phycoerythrin- and phycocyanin-containing rods to the allophycocyanin core (Glick, Zilinskas 1982 Plant Physiol 69: 991-997). Two populations of rods can exist simultaneously or separately in phycobilisomes, depending upon illumination conditions. In white light, only one type of rod with phycoerythrin and phycocyanin in a 2:1 molar ratio is synthesized. Associated with this rod are the 29, 32, and 34 kilodalton colorless polypeptides; the 32 kilodalton polypeptide links the two phycoerythrin hexamers, and the 34 kilodalton polypeptide attaches a phycoerythrin hexamer to a phycocyanin hexamer. The second rod, containing predominantly phycocyanin, and the 34.5 and 29 kilodalton polypeptides, is synthesized by redlight-adapted cells; the 34.5 kilodalton polypeptide links two phycocyanin hexamers. These assignments are based on isolation of rods, dissociation of these rods into their component biliproteins, and analysis of colorless polypeptide composition, followed by investigation of complexes formed or not formed upon their recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Zilinskas
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
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Schuster A, K�st HP, R�diger W, Eder J. Investigations on the apoprotein of phycocyanin from Cyanidium caldarium. Arch Microbiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00419478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kipe-Nolt JA, Stevens SE, Bryant DA. Growth and Chromatic Adaptation of Nostoc sp. Strain MAC and the Pigment Mutant R-MAC. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1982; 70:1549-53. [PMID: 16662715 PMCID: PMC1065923 DOI: 10.1104/pp.70.5.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A spontaneous, stable, pigmentation mutant of Nostoc sp. strain MAC was isolated. Under various growth conditions, this mutant, R-MAC, had similar phycoerythrin contents (relative to allophycocyanin) but significantly lower phycocyanin contents (relative to allophycocyanin) than the parent strain. In saturating white light, the mutant grew more slowly than the parent strain. In nonsaturating red light, MAC grew with a shorter generation time than the mutant; however, R-MAC grew more quickly in nonsaturating green light.When the parental and mutant strains were grown in green light, the phycoerythrin contents, relative to allophycocyanin, were significantly higher than the phycoerythrin contents of cells grown in red light. For both strains, the relative phycocyanin contents were only slightly higher for cells grown in red light than for cells grown in green light. These changes characterize both MAC and R-MAC as belonging to chromatic adaptation group II: phycoerythrin synthesis alone photocontrolled.A comparative analysis of the phycobilisomes, isolated from cultures of MAC and R-MAC grown in both red and green light, was performed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 8.0 molar urea or sodium dodecyl sulfate. Consistent with the assignment of MAC and R-MAC to chromatic adaptation group II, no evidence for the synthesis of red light-inducible phycocyanin subunits was found in either strain. Phycobilisomes isolated from MAC and R-MAC contained linker polypeptides with relative molecular masses of 95, 34.5, 34, 32, and 29 kilodaltons. When grown in red light, phycobilisomes of the mutant R-MAC appeared to contain a slightly higher amount of the 32-kilodalton linker polypeptide than did the phycobilisomes isolated from the parental strain under the same conditions. The 34.5-kilodalton linker polypeptide was totally absent from phycobilisomes isolated from cells of either MAC or R-MAC grown in green light.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kipe-Nolt
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Molecular and Cell Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Rusckowski M, Zilinskas BA. Allophycocyanin I and the 95 Kilodalton Polypeptide : The Bridge between Phycobilisomes and Membranes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1982; 70:1055-9. [PMID: 16662612 PMCID: PMC1065824 DOI: 10.1104/pp.70.4.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Allophycocyanin was isolated from dissociated phycobilisomes from Nostoc sp. and was separated into allophycocyanin I, II, III, and B as described elsewhere. If the separation of the proteins following phycobilisome isolation is done in the presence of the protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, associated with allophycocyanin I are two colored polypeptides of 95 kilodalton (kD) and 80 kD, belonging to the class of Group I polypeptides as defined by Tandeau de Marsac and Cohen-Bazire (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977 74: 1635-1639). Allophycocyanin I has a fluorescence maximum of 680 nanometers as do intact phycobilisomes and has thus been suggested to be the final emitter of excitation energy in phycobilisomes. Thylakoid membranes washed in low ionic strength buffer containing phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride lose all biliproteins, but retain the 95 kD and 80 kD polypeptides. As suggested by Tandeau de Marsac and Cohen-Bazire, these are likely to be the polypeptides involved in binding the phycobilisome to the membrane. As these polypeptides are isolated with allophycocyanin I, structural evidence is provided for placing allophycocyanin I as the bridge between the phycobilisome and the membrane. These Group I polypeptides and the 29 kD polypeptide (involved in rod attachment to the APC core) are particularly susceptible to proteolytic breakdown. It is thought that in vivo the active protease may be selectively attacking these polypeptides to detach the phycobilisome from the membrane and release the phycoerythrin and phycocyanin containing rods from the allophycocyanin core for greater susceptibility of the biliproteins to protease attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rusckowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Cook College, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
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