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Oliveira DC, Isaias RMS, Fernandes GW, Ferreira BG, Carneiro RGS, Fuzaro L. Manipulation of host plant cells and tissues by gall-inducing insects and adaptive strategies used by different feeding guilds. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 84:103-113. [PMID: 26620152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biologists who study insect-induced plant galls are faced with the overwhelming diversity of plant forms and insect species. A challenge is to find common themes amidst this diversity. We discuss common themes that have emerged from our cytological and histochemical studies of diverse neotropical insect-induced galls. Gall initiation begins with recognition of reactive plant tissues by gall inducers, with subsequent feeding and/or oviposition triggering a cascade of events. Besides, to induce the gall structure insects have to synchronize their life cycle with plant host phenology. We predict that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in gall induction, development and histochemical gradient formation. Controlled levels of ROS mediate the accumulation of (poly)phenols, and phytohormones (such as auxin) at gall sites, which contributes to the new cell developmental pathways and biochemical alterations that lead to gall formation. The classical idea of an insect-induced gall is a chamber lined with a nutritive tissue that is occupied by an insect that directly harvests nutrients from nutritive cells via its mouthparts, which function mechanically and/or as a delivery system for salivary secretions. By studying diverse gall-inducing insects we have discovered that insects with needle-like sucking mouthparts may also induce a nutritive tissue, whose nutrients are indirectly harvested as the gall-inducing insects feeds on adjacent vascular tissues. Activity of carbohydrate-related enzymes across diverse galls corroborates this hypothesis. Our research points to the importance of cytological and histochemical studies for elucidating mechanisms of induced susceptibility and induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Instituto de Biologia (INBIO), Campus Umuarama, Caixa Postal 593, Av. Pará 1720, CEP 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - R M S Isaias
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - G W Fernandes
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DBG, ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - B G Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - R G S Carneiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas 1, Departamento de Botânica, Sala 203. Avenida Esperança, s/n, Câmpus Samambaia. CEP 74.690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - L Fuzaro
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Instituto de Biologia (INBIO), Campus Umuarama, Caixa Postal 593, Av. Pará 1720, CEP 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Abeles FB. Role of Ethylene in Lactuca sativa cv ;Grand Rapids' Seed Germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1986; 81:780-7. [PMID: 16664902 PMCID: PMC1075426 DOI: 10.1104/pp.81.3.780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Promotion of thermoinhibited (30 degrees C) lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv ;Grand Rapids') seed germination by ethylene is similar to the action of the gas in other hormonal systems. Ethylene was more active than propylene and ethane was inactive. An inhibitor of ethylene production, aminoethoxy-vinylglycine, reduced ethylene evolution and germination. Inhibitors of ethylene action such as, 5-methyl-7-chloro-4-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, 2,5-norbornadiene, and silver thiosulfate inhibited germination and the effect was reversed by the addition of ethylene to the gas phase. The action of ethylene appears to be due to the promotion of radial cell expansion in the embryonic hypocotyl. The action of N6-benzyladenine and fusiccocin, which also overcome thermoinhibition, appears to be due to a promotion of hypocotyl elongation. None of the germination promoters studied appeared to function by lowering the mechanical resistance of the endosperm to embryonic growth. Data presented here are consistent with the view that ethylene plays a role in lettuce seed germination under thermoinhibited and normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Abeles
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Rt. 2, Box 45, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430
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Eisinger W, Croner LJ, Taiz L. Ethylene-induced lateral expansion in etiolated pea stems : kinetics, cell wall synthesis, and osmotic potential. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1983; 73:407-12. [PMID: 16663229 PMCID: PMC1066474 DOI: 10.1104/pp.73.2.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L.) internode tissue with ethylene gas inhibits elongation and induces lateral expansion. Precise kinetics of the induction of this altered mode of growth of excised internode segments were recorded using a double laser optical monitoring device. Inhibition of elongation and promotion of lateral expansion began after about 1 hour of treatment and achieved a maximum by 3 hours. Similar induction kinetics were observed after treating internodes with colchicine and 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile, an inhibitor of cellulose synthesis. In sealed flask experiments, ethylene had no detectable effect on incorporation of label from [(14)C]glucose into any of the classical pectin, hemicellulose, or cellulose wall fractions. Ethylene inhibited fresh weight increase (total cell expansion) of both excised internode segments (in sealed flasks) and intact seedlings. Ethylene treatment resulted in an increase in cell sap osmolality in those tissues (intact and excised) which are inhibited by the gas. A model for ethylene-induced inhibition of elongation and induction of lateral expansion is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Eisinger
- Department of Biology, University of Santa Clara, Santa Clara, California 95053
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