1
|
Kunz HH, Armbruster U, Mühlbauer S, de Vries J, Davis GA. Chloroplast ion homeostasis - what do we know and where should we go? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:543-559. [PMID: 38515227 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Plant yields heavily depend on proper macro- and micronutrient supply from the soil. In the leaf cells, nutrient ions fulfill specific roles in biochemical reactions, especially photosynthesis housed in the chloroplast. Here, a well-balanced ion homeostasis is maintained by a number of ion transport proteins embedded in the envelope and thylakoid membranes. Ten years ago, the first alkali metal transporters from the K+ EFFLUX ANTIPORTER family were discovered in the model plant Arabidopsis. Since then, our knowledge about the physiological importance of these carriers and their substrates has greatly expanded. New insights into the role of alkali ions in plastid gene expression and photoprotective mechanisms, both prerequisites for plant productivity in natural environments, were gained. The discovery of a Cl- channel in the thylakoid and several additional plastid alkali and alkali metal transport proteins have advanced the field further. Nevertheless, scientists still have long ways to go before a complete systemic understanding of the chloroplast's ion transportome will emerge. In this Tansley review, we highlight and discuss the achievements of the last decade. More importantly, we make recommendations on what areas to prioritize, so the field can reach the next milestones. One area, laid bare by our similarity-based comparisons among phototrophs is our lack of knowledge what ion transporters are used by cyanobacteria to buffer photosynthesis fluctuations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Henning Kunz
- Plant Biochemistry, Biology, LMU Munich, Großhadernerstr. 2-4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ute Armbruster
- Institute of Molecular Photosynthesis, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- CEPLAS - Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Mühlbauer
- Plant Biochemistry, Biology, LMU Munich, Großhadernerstr. 2-4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Geoffry A Davis
- Plant Biochemistry, Biology, LMU Munich, Großhadernerstr. 2-4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Inago H, Sato R, Masuda S. Regulation of light-induced H + extrusion and uptake by cyanobacterial homologs of the plastidial FLAP1, DLDG1, and Ycf10 in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148258. [PMID: 32619428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Upon a dark-to-light transition, multiple species of cyanobacteria release a certain amount of H+ from the inside to the outside of their cells. Previous studies revealed the plasma membrane-localizing Proton exchange A (PxcA) is involved in the light-induced H+ extrusion in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Among oxygenic phototrophs, two PxcA homologs are conserved; they are the nuclear-encoded Day-length-dependent delayed-greening1 (DLDG1) and the plastid-encoded Ycf10 in Arabidopsis thaliana. We previously identified the putative DLDG1/Ycf10-interacting protein, Fluctuating-light acclimation protein1 (FLAP1), required for pH regulation in Arabidopsis chloroplasts. Synechocystis has PxcA and FLAP1 homologs designated here as PxcA like (PxcL) and FLAP1 homolog A (FlpA). Synechocystis mutants lacking pxcA, pxcL, and flpA were constructed and characterized to gain more insight into regulatory mechanisms of light-induced H+ extrusion in cyanobacteria. pH change kinetics of the extracellular solvent after shifting Synechocystis cells from dark to light indicated that PxcA is essential for the light-induced H+ extrusion, and both PxcA and PxcL were involved in H+ uptake. Mutational loss of flpA resulted in altered PxcA- and PxcL-dependent H+ efflux/influx activities, and the flpA-null mutant showed inhibited growth under dark-light cycles, indicating the importance of FlpA function for photosynthetic growth under fluctuating light. Collectively, these data suggest that PxcA is involved in H+ efflux immediately after light irradiation for the rapid formation of the H+ concentration gradient across the thylakoid membranes, PxcL is involved in H+ influx for activation of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, and FlpA controls the H+ transport under fluctuating light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruya Inago
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Matsuda Y, Hopkinson BM, Nakajima K, Dupont CL, Tsuji Y. Mechanisms of carbon dioxide acquisition and CO 2 sensing in marine diatoms: a gateway to carbon metabolism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160403. [PMID: 28717013 PMCID: PMC5516112 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are one of the most successful marine eukaryotic algal groups, responsible for up to 20% of the annual global CO2 fixation. The evolution of a CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) allowed diatoms to overcome a number of serious constraints on photosynthesis in the marine environment, particularly low [CO2]aq in seawater relative to concentrations required by the CO2 fixing enzyme, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO), which is partly due to the slow diffusion rate of CO2 in water and a limited CO2 formation rate from [Formula: see text] in seawater. Diatoms use two alternative strategies to take up dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the environment: one primarily relies on the direct uptake of [Formula: see text] through plasma-membrane type solute carrier (SLC) 4 family [Formula: see text] transporters and the other is more reliant on passive diffusion of CO2 formed by an external carbonic anhydrase (CA). Bicarbonate taken up into the cytoplasm is most likely then actively transported into the chloroplast stroma by SLC4-type transporters on the chloroplast membrane system. Bicarbonate in the stroma is converted into CO2 only in close proximity to RubisCO preventing unnecessary CO2 leakage. CAs play significant roles in mobilizing DIC as it is progressively moved towards the site of fixation. However, the evolutionary types and subcellular locations of CAs are not conserved between different diatoms, strongly suggesting that this DIC mobilization strategy likely evolved multiple times with different origins. By contrast, the recent discovery of the thylakoid luminal θ-CA indicates that the strategy to supply CO2 to RubisCO in the pyrenoid may be very similar to that of green algae, and strongly suggests convergent coevolution in CCM function of the thylakoid lumen not only among diatoms but among eukaryotic algae in general. In this review, both experimental and corresponding theoretical models of the diatom CCMs are discussed.This article is part of the themed issue 'The peculiar carbon metabolism in diatoms'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsuda
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Brian M Hopkinson
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kensuke Nakajima
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | | | - Yoshinori Tsuji
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Winckelmann D, Bleeke F, Bergmann P, Klöck G. Growth of Cyanobacterium aponinum influenced by increasing salt concentrations and temperature. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:253-260. [PMID: 28324290 PMCID: PMC4434411 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing requirement of food neutral biofuels demands the detection of alternative sources. The use of non-arable land and waste water streams is widely discussed in this regard. A Cyanobacterium was isolated on the area of a possible algae production side near a water treatment plant in the arid desert region al-Wusta. It was identified as Cyanobacterium aponinum PB1 and is a possible lipid source. To determine its suitability of a production process using this organism, a set of laboratory experiments were performed. Its growth behavior was examined in regard to high temperatures and increasing NaCl concentrations. A productivity of 0.1 g L-1 per day was measured at an alga density below 0.75 g L-1. C. aponinum PB1 showed no sign of altered growth behavior in media containing 70 g L-1 NaCl or less. Detection of a negative effect of NaCl on the growth using Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation chlorophyll fluorescence analysis was not more sensitive than optical density measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Winckelmann
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs-University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences Bremen, Am Neustadtswall 30, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| | - Franziska Bleeke
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs-University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences Bremen, Am Neustadtswall 30, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| | - Peter Bergmann
- University of Applied Sciences Bremen, Am Neustadtswall 30, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| | - Gerd Klöck
- University of Applied Sciences Bremen, Am Neustadtswall 30, 28199, Bremen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tsunekawa K, Shijuku T, Hayashimoto M, Kojima Y, Onai K, Morishita M, Ishiura M, Kuroda T, Nakamura T, Kobayashi H, Sato M, Toyooka K, Matsuoka K, Omata T, Uozumi N. Identification and characterization of the Na+/H+ antiporter Nhas3 from the thylakoid membrane of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:16513-16521. [PMID: 19372598 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.001875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Na+/H+ antiporters influence proton or sodium motive force across the membrane. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 has six genes encoding Na+/H+ antiporters, nhaS1-5 and sll0556. In this study, the function of NhaS3 was examined. NhaS3 was essential for growth of Synechocystis, and loss of nhaS3 was not complemented by expression of the Escherichia coli Na+/H+ antiporter NhaA. Membrane fractionation followed by immunoblotting as well as immunogold labeling revealed that NhaS3 was localized in the thylakoid membrane of Synechocystis. NhaS3 was shown to be functional over a pH range from pH 6.5 to 9.0 when expressed in E. coli. A reduction in the copy number of nhaS3 in the Synechocystis genome rendered the cells more sensitive to high Na+ concentrations. NhaS3 had no K+/H+ exchange activity itself but enhanced K+ uptake from the medium when expressed in an E. coli potassium uptake mutant. Expression of nhaS3 increased after shifting from low CO2 to high CO2 conditions. Expression of nhaS3 was also found to be controlled by the circadian rhythm. Gene expression peaked at the beginning of subjective night. This coincided with the time of the lowest rate of CO2 consumption caused by the ceasing of O2-evolving photosynthesis. This is the first report of a Na+/H+ antiporter localized in thylakoid membrane. Our results suggested a role of NhaS3 in the maintenance of ion homeostasis of H+, Na+, and K+ in supporting the conversion of photosynthetic products and in the supply of energy in the dark.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Tsunekawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601
| | - Toshiaki Shijuku
- From the Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 6-6-07, Sendai 980-8579
| | - Mitsuo Hayashimoto
- From the Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 6-6-07, Sendai 980-8579
| | - Yoichi Kojima
- Department of Environment and Forest Resources Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529
| | - Kiyoshi Onai
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602
| | | | | | - Teruo Kuroda
- Department of Genome Applied Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530
| | - Tatsunosuke Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata 950-2081
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8675
| | - Mayuko Sato
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Yokohama 230-0045
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Yokohama 230-0045
| | - Ken Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Omata
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601
| | - Nobuyuki Uozumi
- From the Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 6-6-07, Sendai 980-8579.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lieman-Hurwitz J, Haimovich M, Shalev-Malul G, Ishii A, Hihara Y, Gaathon A, Lebendiker M, Kaplan A. A cyanobacterial AbrB-like protein affects the apparent photosynthetic affinity for CO2by modulating low-CO2-induced gene expression. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11:927-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Ogawa T, Kaplan A. Inorganic carbon acquisition systems in cyanobacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2003; 77:105-15. [PMID: 16228369 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025865500026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This minireview focuses on the mechanism of inorganic carbon uptake in cyanobacteria and in particular the two CO(2)-uptake systems and two bicarbonate transporters recently identified in Synechocycstis PCC 6803, and their presence in other cyanobacterial strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Ogawa
- Bioscience Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan,
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang HL, Postier BL, Burnap RL. Polymerase chain reaction-based mutageneses identify key transporters belonging to multigene families involved in Na+ and pH homeostasis of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Mol Microbiol 2002; 44:1493-506. [PMID: 12067339 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary ion pumps and antiporters exist as multigene families in the Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 genome and show very strong homologies to those found in higher plants. The gene knock-outs of five putative Na+/H+ antiporters (slr1727, sll0273, sll0689, slr1595 and slr0415) and seven cation ATPases (sll1614, sll1920, slr0671-72, slr0822, slr1507-08-09, slr1728- 29 and slr1950) in the model cyanobacterium (http://www.kazusa.or.jp/cyano/cyano.html) were performed in this study relying on homologous recombination with mutagenenic fragments constructed using a fusion polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach. The impacts of these gene knock-outs were evaluated in terms of Na+ and pH, and light-induced acidification and alkalization that are asso-ciated with inorganic carbon uptake. Two of the five putative antiporter mutants exhibit a characteristic interplay between the pH and Na+ dependence of growth, but only one of the antiporters appears to be necessary for high NaCl tolerance. On the other hand, the mutation of one of the two copper-trafficking ATPases produces a cell line that shows acute NaCl sensitivity. Additionally, disruptions of a putative Ca2+-ATPase and a gene cluster encoding a putative Na+-ATPase subunit also cause high NaCl sensitivity. The findings and possible mechanisms are discussed in relation to the potential roles of these transporters in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 307 Life Sciences East, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shibata M, Katoh H, Sonoda M, Ohkawa H, Shimoyama M, Fukuzawa H, Kaplan A, Ogawa T. Genes essential to sodium-dependent bicarbonate transport in cyanobacteria: function and phylogenetic analysis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:18658-64. [PMID: 11904298 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112468200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 possesses two CO(2) uptake systems and two HCO(3)(-) transporters. We transformed a mutant impaired in CO(2) uptake and in cmpA-D encoding a HCO(3)(-)transporter with a transposon inactivation library, and we recovered mutants unable to take up HCO(3)(-) and grow in low CO(2) at pH 9.0. They are all tagged within slr1512 (designated sbtA). We show that SbtA-mediated transport is induced by low CO(2), requires Na(+), and plays the major role in HCO(3)(-) uptake in Synechocystis. Inactivation of slr1509 (homologous to ntpJ encoding a Na(+)/K(+)-translocating protein) abolished the ability of cells to grow at [Na(+)] higher than 100 mm and severely depressed the activity of the SbtA-mediated HCO(3)(-) transport. We propose that the SbtA-mediated HCO(3)(-) transport is driven by DeltamuNa(+) across the plasma membrane, which is disrupted by inactivating ntpJ. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that two types of sbtA exist in various cyanobacterial strains, all of which possess ntpJ. The sbtA gene is the first one identified as essential to Na(+)-dependent HCO(3)(-) transport in photosynthetic organisms and may play a crucial role in carbon acquisition when CO(2) supply is limited, or in Prochlorococcus strains that do not possess CO(2) uptake systems or Cmp-dependent HCO(3)(-) transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Shibata
- Bioscience Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sonoda M, Katoh H, Vermaas W, Schmetterer G, Ogawa T. Photosynthetic electron transport involved in PxcA-dependent proton extrusion in Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC6803: effect of pxcA inactivation on CO2, HCO3-, and NO3- uptake. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:3799-803. [PMID: 9683474 PMCID: PMC107361 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.15.3799-3803.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The product of pxcA (formerly known as cotA) is involved in light-induced Na+-dependent proton extrusion. In the presence of 2, 5-dimethyl-p-benzoquinone, net proton extrusion by Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 ceased after 1 min of illumination and a postillumination influx of protons was observed, suggesting that the PxcA-dependent, light-dependent proton extrusion equilibrates with a light-independent influx of protons. A photosystem I (PS I) deletion mutant extruded a large number of protons in the light. Thus, PS II-dependent electron transfer and proton translocation are major factors in light-driven proton extrusion, presumably mediated by ATP synthesis. Inhibition of CO2 fixation by glyceraldehyde in a cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deletion mutant strongly inhibited the proton extrusion. Leakage of PS II-generated electrons to oxygen via COX appears to be required for proton extrusion when CO2 fixation is inhibited. At pH 8.0, NO3- uptake activity was very low in the pxcA mutant at low [Na+] (approximately 100 microM). At pH 6.5, the pxcA strain did not take up CO2 or NO3- at low [Na+] and showed very low CO2 uptake activity even at 15 mM Na+. A possible role of PxcA-dependent proton exchange in charge and pH homeostasis during uptake of CO2, HCO3-, and NO3- is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sonoda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-01, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sonoda M, Kitano K, Katoh A, Katoh H, Ohkawa H, Ogawa T. Size of cotA and identification of the gene product in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:3845-50. [PMID: 9190798 PMCID: PMC179191 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.12.3845-3850.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
cotA of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 is a gene involved in light-induced proton extrusion (A. Katoh, M. Sonoda, H. Katoh, and T. Ogawa, J. Bacteriol. 178:5452-5455, 1996). There are two possible initiation codons in cotA, and either long (L-) or short (S-) cotA encoding a protein of 440 or 247 amino acids could be postulated. To determine the gene size, we inserted L-cotA and S-cotA into the genome of a cotA-less mutant (M29) to construct M29(L-cotA) and M29(S-cotA), respectively. M29(L-cotA) showed essentially the same net proton movement profile as the wild type, whereas no light-induced proton extrusion was observed with M29(S-cotA). Two kinds of antibodies were raised against partial gene products of the N- and C-terminal regions of L-cotA, respectively, fused to glutathione S-transferase expressed in Escherichia coli. Both antibodies cross-reacted with a band at 52 kDa in both cytoplasmic and thylakoid membrane fractions of the wild-type cells. The same cross-reacting band was present in the membranes of M29(L-cotA) but not in M29 or M29(S-cotA). These antibodies cross-reacted more strongly with the cytoplasmic membrane fraction than with the thylakoid membrane fraction. The antibody against NrtA, a nitrate transporter protein present only in the cytoplasmic membrane, also cross-reacted with the thylakoid membrane fraction strongly. Based on these results we concluded that CotA of 440 amino acids (51 kDa) is located in the cytoplasmic membrane. Whether CotA is absent in the thylakoid membrane remains to be solved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sonoda
- Biochemical Regulation, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Katoh A, Sonoda M, Katoh H, Ogawa T. Absence of light-induced proton extrusion in a cotA-less mutant of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:5452-5. [PMID: 8808935 PMCID: PMC178366 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.18.5452-5455.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
cotA of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 was isolated as a gene that complemented a mutant defective in CO2 transport and is homologous to cemA that encodes a chloroplast envelope membrane protein (A. Katoh, K.S. Lee, H. Fukuzawa, K. Ohyama, and T. Ogawa, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:4006-4010, 1996). A mutant (M29) constructed by replacing cotA in the wild-type (WT) Synechocystis strain with the omega fragment was unable to grow in BG11 medium (approximately 17 mM Na+) at pH 6.4 or at any pH in a low-sodium medium (100 microM Na+) under aeration with 3% (vol/vol) CO2 in air. The WT cells grew well in the pH range between 6.4 and 8.5 in BG11 medium but only at alkaline pH in the low-sodium medium. Illumination of the WT cells resulted in an extrusion followed by an uptake of protons. In contrast, only proton uptake was observed for the M29 mutant in the light without proton extrusion. There was no difference in sodium uptake activity between the WT and mutant. The mutant still possessed 51% of the WT CO2 transport activity in the presence of 15 mM NaCl. On the basis of these results we concluded that cotA has a role in light-induced proton extrusion and that the inhibition of CO2 transport in the M29 mutant is a secondary effect of the inhibition of proton extrusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Katoh
- School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Kaplan A, Schwarz R, Lieman-Hurwitz J, Reinhold L. Physiological and molecular aspects of the inorganic carbon-concentrating mechanism in cyanobacteria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 97:851-5. [PMID: 16668522 PMCID: PMC1081095 DOI: 10.1104/pp.97.3.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews progress made in elucidating the inorganic carbon concentrating mechanism in cyanobacteria at the physiological and molecular levels. Emphasis is placed on the mechanism of inorganic carbon transport, physiological and genetical analysis of high-CO(2)-requiring mutants, the polypeptides induced during adaptation to low CO(2), the functional significance of carboxysomes, and the role of carbonic anhydrase. We also make occasional reference to the green algal inorganic carbon-concentrating mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kaplan
- Department of Botany, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|