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de la Paz Santangelo M, Gest PM, Guerin ME, Coinçon M, Pham H, Ryan G, Puckett SE, Spencer JS, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Daher R, Lenaerts AJ, Schnappinger D, Therisod M, Ehrt S, Sygusch J, Jackson M. Glycolytic and non-glycolytic functions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, an essential enzyme produced by replicating and non-replicating bacilli. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40219-31. [PMID: 21949126 PMCID: PMC3220552 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.259440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for antituberculosis drugs active against persistent bacilli has led to our interest in metallodependent class II fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA-tb), a key enzyme of gluconeogenesis absent from mammalian cells. Knock-out experiments at the fba-tb locus indicated that this gene is required for the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on gluconeogenetic substrates and in glucose-containing medium. Surface labeling and enzymatic activity measurements revealed that this enzyme was exported to the cell surface of M. tuberculosis and produced under various axenic growth conditions including oxygen depletion and hence by non-replicating bacilli. Importantly, FBA-tb was also produced in vivo in the lungs of infected guinea pigs and mice. FBA-tb bound human plasmin(ogen) and protected FBA-tb-bound plasmin from regulation by α(2)-antiplasmin, suggestive of an involvement of this enzyme in host/pathogen interactions. The crystal structures of FBA-tb in the native form and in complex with a hydroxamate substrate analog were determined to 2.35- and 1.9-Å resolution, respectively. Whereas inhibitor attachment had no effect on the plasminogen binding activity of FBA-tb, it competed with the natural substrate of the enzyme, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and substantiated a previously unknown reaction mechanism associated with metallodependent aldolases involving recruitment of the catalytic zinc ion by the substrate upon active site binding. Altogether, our results highlight the potential of FBA-tb as a novel therapeutic target against both replicating and non-replicating bacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de la Paz Santangelo
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas-Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, 1686 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Petra M. Gest
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Marcelo E. Guerin
- Unidad de Biofísica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Aptdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mathieu Coinçon
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Station centre-ville, Montréal PQ H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ha Pham
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Gavin Ryan
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Susan E. Puckett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - John S. Spencer
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Racha Daher
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique-Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, UMR 8182, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France and
| | - Anne J. Lenaerts
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Michel Therisod
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique-Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, UMR 8182, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay, France and
| | - Sabine Ehrt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Jurgen Sygusch
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Station centre-ville, Montréal PQ H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mary Jackson
- From the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
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Lal A, Plaxton WC, Kayastha AM. Purification and characterization of an allosteric fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from germinating mung beans (Vigna radiata). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:968-74. [PMID: 15896364 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic fructose-1,6-P(2) (FBP) aldolase (ALD(c)) from germinated mung beans has been purified 1078-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity and a final specific activity of 15.1 micromol FBP cleaved/min per mg of protein. SDS-PAGE of the final preparation revealed a single protein-staining band of 40 kDa that cross-reacted strongly with rabbit anti-(carrot ALD(c))-IgG. The enzyme's native M(r) was determined by gel filtration chromatography to be 160 kDa, indicating a homotetrameric quaternary structure. This ALD is a class I ALD, since EDTA or Mg(2+) had no effect on its activity, and was relatively heat-stable losing 0-25% of its activity when incubated for 5 min at 55-65 degrees C. It demonstrated: (i) a temperature coefficient (Q(10)) of 1.7; (ii) an activation energy of 9.2 kcal/mol active site; and (iii) a broad pH-activity optima of 7.5. Mung bean ALD(c) is bifunctional for FBP and sedoheptulose-1,7-P(2) (K(m) approximately 17 microM for both substrates). ATP, ADP, AMP and ribose-5-P exerted inhibitory effects on the activity of the purified enzyme. Ribose-5-P, ADP and AMP functioned as competitive inhibitors (K(i) values=2.2, 3.1 and 7.5mM, respectively). By contrast, the addition of 2mM ATP: (i) reduced V(max) by about 2-fold, (ii) increased K(m)(FBP) by about 4-fold, and (iii) shifted the FBP saturation kinetic plot from hyperbolic to sigmoidal (h=1.0 and 2.6 in the absence and presence of 2mM ATP, respectively). Potent feedback inhibition of ALD(c) by ATP is suggested to help balance cellular ATP demands with the control of cytosolic glycolysis and respiration in germinating mung beans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Lal
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, India
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Hodgson RJ, Plaxton WC. Purification and characterization of cytosolic fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase from endosperm of germinated castor oil seeds. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 355:189-96. [PMID: 9675026 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1998.0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) aldolase (ALDc) from the endosperm of 4- to 5-day germinated castor oil seeds (COS) has been purified 83-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity and a final specific activity of 2.5 micromol FBP cleaved/min/mg protein. SDS-PAGE and denaturing isoelectric focusing of the final preparation revealed a single protein-staining band of 40 kDa and pI value 7.2. The native Mr was determined by gel-filtration chromatography and multiangle laser light scattering to be 160-175 kDa, indicating that the enzyme is homotetrameric. The enzyme (a) is a class I aldolase, since EDTA or Mg2+ had no effect on its activity; and (b) was relatively heat stable and had an activation energy of 100 kJ/mol. It exhibited a broad pH-activity optima of 7.2, a relatively high affinity for FBP (Km = 0.16 microM), and a forward:reverse Vmax ratio of 0.77. Rabbit anti-(COS ALDc) antibodies cross-reacted with COS ALDc, but not with the corresponding plastidic isozyme. Time-course studies revealed that (a) the increase in total ALD activity that occurs during COS development and early germination coincides with an increase in ALDc concentration and (b) the latter stages of COS maturation and germination are accompanied by marked reductions in ALD activity and ALDc concentration. The most significant elevation in ALDc concentration occurred over the first 4 days of germination when COS initiates the gluconeogenic conversion of P-enolpyruvate and triose-P, derived from reserve triacylglycerols, into the sucrose required to support early seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Hodgson
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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Tsutsumi K, Kagaya Y, Hidaka S, Suzuki J, Tokairin Y, Hirai T, Hu DL, Ishikawa K, Ejiri S. Structural analysis of the chloroplastic and cytoplasmic aldolase-encoding genes implicated the occurrence of multiple loci in rice. Gene 1994; 141:215-20. [PMID: 8163192 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The genes AldP and AldC-a, encoding the rice chloroplastic (cp) and cytoplasmic (ct) types of aldolase, respectively, were isolated and sequenced, and their transcription start points (tsp) were determined. Organization of the two genes was found to differ greatly; AldP consisted of six exons while AldC-a consisted of two exons. The deduced amino acid (aa) sequence of AldP contained a cp stromal targeting signal, followed by a sequence that matches the experimentally determined N-terminal sequence of mature AldP. The two enzymes share only 55% aa identity. However, rice AldP had about 73% homology with the cp aldolase of spinach. Also, the homology of AldC-a with maize, spinach and Arabidopsis thaliana cytoplasmic aldolases ranged from 70 to 90%. Southern blot analyses indicated that AldP is encoded at a single locus, whereas the gene encoding the ct counterpart is distributed at three loci on the genome. This feature is quite different from those of maize and spinach, in which only one locus was found for the ct aldolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsutsumi
- Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Japan
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Fonollá J, Hermoso R, Carrasco JL, Chueca A, Lázaro JJ, Prado FE, López-Gorgé J. Antigenic relationships between chloroplast and cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 104:381-6. [PMID: 7512735 PMCID: PMC159209 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.2.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic fructose-1,6-biphosphatases (FBPase, EC 3.1.3.11) from pea (Pisum sativum L. cv Lincoln) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv Winter Giant) did not cross-react by double immunodiffusion and western blotting with either of the antisera raised against the chloroplast enzyme of both species; similarly, pea and spinach chloroplast FBPases did not react with the spinach cytosolic FBPase antiserum. On the other hand, spinach and pea chloroplast FBPases showed strong cross-reactions against the antisera to chloroplast FBPases, in the same way that the pea and spinach cytosolic enzymes displayed good cross-reactions against the antiserum to spinach cytosolic FBPase. Crude extracts from spinach and pea leaves, as well as the corresponding purified chloroplast enzymes, showed by western blotting only one band (44 and 43 kD, respectively) in reaction with either of the antisera against the chloroplast enzymes. A unique fraction of molecular mass 38 kD appeared when either of the crude extracts or the purified spinach cytosolic FBPase were analyzed against the spinach cytosolic FBPase antiserum. These molecular sizes are in accordance with those reported for the subunits of the photosynthetic and gluconeogenic FBPases. Chloroplast and cytosolic FBPases underwent increasing inactivation when increasing concentrations of chloroplast or cytosolic anti-FBPase immunoglobulin G (IgG), respectively, were added to the reaction mixture. However, inactivations were not observed when the photosynthetic enzyme was incubated with the IgG to cytosolic FBPase, or vice versa. Quantitative results obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) showed 77% common antigenic determinants between the two chloroplast enzymes when tested against the spinach photosynthetic FBPase antiserum, which shifted to 64% when assayed against the pea antiserum. In contrast, common antigenic determinats between the spinach cytosolic FBPase and the two chloroplast enzymes were less than 10% when the ELISA test was carried out with either of the photosynthetic FBPase antisera, and only 5% when the assay was performed with the antiserum to the spinach cytosolic FBPase. These results were supported by sequencing data: the deduced amino acid sequence of a chloroplast FBPase clone isolated from a pea cDNA library indicated a 39,253 molecular weight protein, with a homology of 85% with the spinach chloroplast FBPase but only 48.5% with the cytosolic enzyme from spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fonollá
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
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Pelzer-Reith B, Penger A, Schnarrenberger C. Plant aldolase: cDNA and deduced amino-acid sequences of the chloroplast and cytosol enzyme from spinach. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 21:331-340. [PMID: 8425060 DOI: 10.1007/bf00019948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report the sequences of full-length cDNAs for the nuclear genes encoding the chloroplastic and cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13) from spinach. A comparison of the deduced amino-acid sequences with one another and with published cytosolic aldolase sequences of other plants revealed that the two enzymes from spinach share only 54% homology on their amino acid level whereas the homology of the cytosolic enzyme of spinach with the known sequences of cytosolic aldolases of maize, rice and Arabidopsis range from 67 to 92%. The sequence of the chloroplastic enzyme includes a stroma-targeting N-terminal transit peptide of 46 amino acid residues for import into the chloroplast. The transit peptide exhibits essential features similar to other chloroplast transit peptides. Southern blot analysis implies that both spinach enzymes are encoded by single genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pelzer-Reith
- Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie und Mikrobiologie, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
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Razdan K, Heinrikson RL, Zurcher-Neely H, Morris PW, Anderson LE. Chloroplast and cytoplasmic enzymes: isolation and sequencing of cDNAs coding for two distinct pea chloroplast aldolases. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 298:192-7. [PMID: 1524427 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90112-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two cDNAs which correspond to two very similar Class I aldolases have been isolated from a pea (Pisum sativum L.) cDNA library. With the exception of one codon they match the experimentally determined N-terminal sequence of a pea chloroplast aldolase. The deduced C-terminal sequence of one of these clones is unique among Class I aldolases. The deduced C-terminus of the other is more like the C-terminus of other eucaryotic Class I aldolases. Comparisons of sequence homology suggest that the pea chloroplast isozymes are only marginally more closely related to the anaerobically induced plant aldolases than to aldolases from animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Razdan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago 60680
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Raines CA, Lloyd JC, Dyer TA. Molecular biology of the C3 photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1991; 27:1-14. [PMID: 24414440 DOI: 10.1007/bf00029971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/1990] [Accepted: 09/30/1990] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the enzymes of the C3 photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle have been studied using the techniques of molecular biology. In this review we discuss the primary protein sequences and structural predictions that have been made for a number of these enzymes, which, with the input of crystallographic analysis, gives the opportunity to understand the mechanisms of enzyme activity.The genome organisation and gene structure of the PCR enzymes is another area which has recently expanded, and we discuss the regulation of the genes encoding these enzymes and the complex interaction of various factors which influence their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Raines
- Biology Department, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, CO4 3SQ, Colchester, UK
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