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Zhong Y, Li Y, Chen Q, Ji S, Xu M, Liu Y, Wu X, Li S, Li K, Lu B. Catalytic efficiency and thermal stability promotion of the cassava linamarase with multiple mutations for better cyanogenic glycoside degradation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126677. [PMID: 37717874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, we found that cassava cyanogenic glycosides had an acute health risk. Therefore, to solve this problem, the improvement of specific degradation of cyanogenic glycosides of cassava linamarase during processing is the key. In this study, the catalytic activity and thermal stability of enzymes were screened before investigating the degradation efficiency of cyanogenic glycosides with a cassava linamarase mutant K263P-T53F-S366R-V335C-F339C (CASmut) -controlled technique. The CASmut was obtained with the optimum temperature of 45 °C, which was improved by 10 °C. The specific activity of CASmut was 85.1 ± 4.6 U/mg, which was 2.02 times higher than that of the wild type. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis and flexible docking showed there were more hydrogen bonding interactions at the pocket, and the aliphatic glycoside of the linamarin was partially surrounded by hydrophobic residues. The optimum conditions of degradation reactions was screened with CASmut addition of 47 mg/L at 45 °C, pH 6.0. The CASmut combined with ultrasonication improved the degradation from 478.2 ± 10.4 mg/kg to 86.7 ± 7.4 mg/kg. Those results indicating the great potential of CASmut in applying in the cassava food or cyanogenic food. However, challenges in terms of the catalytic mechanism research is worthy of being noticed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongheng Zhong
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ye Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shengyang Ji
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Minhao Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shimin Li
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kaimian Li
- Tropical Crop Germplasm Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, China
| | - Baiyi Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agro-Products Storage and Preservation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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2
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Chappell J. Anticipating the unexpected. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:456-458. [PMID: 37060279 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Chappell
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 S Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA
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Thaweewong P, Anuntagool J. CHANGE IN FREE CYANIDE CONTENT OF BITTER CASSAVA DURING INCUBATION AND DRYING AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DRY-MILLED CASSAVA FLOUR. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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4
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McMahon J, Sayre R, Zidenga T. Cyanogenesis in cassava and its molecular manipulation for crop improvement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1853-1867. [PMID: 34905020 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
While cassava is one of the most important staple crops worldwide, it has received the least investment per capita consumption of any of the major global crops. This is in part due to cassava being a crop of subsistence farmers that is grown in countries with limited resources for crop improvement. While its starchy roots are rich in calories, they are poor in protein and other essential nutrients. In addition, they contain potentially toxic levels of cyanogenic glycosides which must be reduced to safe levels before consumption. Furthermore, cyanogens compromise the shelf life of harvested roots due to cyanide-induced inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, and associated production of reactive oxygen species that accelerate root deterioration. Over the past two decades, the genetic, biochemical, and developmental factors that control cyanogen synthesis, transport, storage, and turnover have largely been elucidated. It is now apparent that cyanogens contribute substantially to whole-plant nitrogen metabolism and protein synthesis in roots. The essential role of cyanogens in root nitrogen metabolism, however, has confounded efforts to create acyanogenic varieties. This review proposes alternative molecular approaches that integrate accelerated cyanogen turnover with nitrogen reassimilation into root protein that may offer a solution to creating a safer, more nutritious cassava crop.
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Easson MLAE, Malka O, Paetz C, Hojná A, Reichelt M, Stein B, van Brunschot S, Feldmesser E, Campbell L, Colvin J, Winter S, Morin S, Gershenzon J, Vassão DG. Activation and detoxification of cassava cyanogenic glucosides by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13244. [PMID: 34168179 PMCID: PMC8225905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-component plant defenses such as cyanogenic glucosides are produced by many plant species, but phloem-feeding herbivores have long been thought not to activate these defenses due to their mode of feeding, which causes only minimal tissue damage. Here, however, we report that cyanogenic glycoside defenses from cassava (Manihot esculenta), a major staple crop in Africa, are activated during feeding by a pest insect, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, and the resulting hydrogen cyanide is detoxified by conversion to beta-cyanoalanine. Additionally, B. tabaci was found to utilize two metabolic mechanisms to detoxify cyanogenic glucosides by conversion to non-activatable derivatives. First, the cyanogenic glycoside linamarin was glucosylated 1–4 times in succession in a reaction catalyzed by two B. tabaci glycoside hydrolase family 13 enzymes in vitro utilizing sucrose as a co-substrate. Second, both linamarin and the glucosylated linamarin derivatives were phosphorylated. Both phosphorylation and glucosidation of linamarin render this plant pro-toxin inert to the activating plant enzyme linamarase, and thus these metabolic transformations can be considered pre-emptive detoxification strategies to avoid cyanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osnat Malka
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Christian Paetz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Hojná
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Beate Stein
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sharon van Brunschot
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK.,University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | | | - Lahcen Campbell
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB, Kent, UK
| | - Stephan Winter
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Shai Morin
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Daniel G Vassão
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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6
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Thiel Z, Nguyen J, Rivera‐Fuentes P. Genetically Encoded Activators of Small Molecules for Imaging and Drug Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7669-7677. [PMID: 31898373 PMCID: PMC7318188 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical biologists have developed many tools based on genetically encoded macromolecules and small, synthetic compounds. The two different approaches are extremely useful, but they have inherent limitations. In this Minireview, we highlight examples of strategies that combine both concepts to tackle challenging problems in chemical biology. We discuss applications in imaging, with a focus on super-resolved techniques, and in probe and drug delivery. We propose future directions in this field, hoping to inspire chemical biologists to develop new combinations of synthetic and genetically encoded probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Thiel
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringEPF LausanneCH C2 425, Station 61015LausanneSwitzerland
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 38093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jade Nguyen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringEPF LausanneCH C2 425, Station 61015LausanneSwitzerland
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 38093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Pablo Rivera‐Fuentes
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringEPF LausanneCH C2 425, Station 61015LausanneSwitzerland
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7
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Thiel Z, Nguyen J, Rivera‐Fuentes P. Genetically Encoded Activators of Small Molecules for Imaging and Drug Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Thiel
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering EPF Lausanne CH C2 425, Station 6 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jade Nguyen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering EPF Lausanne CH C2 425, Station 6 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Pablo Rivera‐Fuentes
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering EPF Lausanne CH C2 425, Station 6 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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8
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Paul L, Mudogo CN, Mtei KM, Machunda RL, Ntie-Kang F. A computer-based approach for developing linamarase inhibitory agents. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCassava is a strategic crop, especially for developing countries. However, the presence of cyanogenic compounds in cassava products limits the proper nutrients utilization. Due to the poor availability of structure discovery and elucidation in the Protein Data Bank is limiting the full understanding of the enzyme, how to inhibit it and applications in different fields. There is a need to solve the three-dimensional structure (3-D) of linamarase from cassava. The structural elucidation will allow the development of a competitive inhibitor and various industrial applications of the enzyme. The goal of this review is to summarize and present the available 3-D modeling structure of linamarase enzyme using different computational strategies. This approach could help in determining the structure of linamarase and later guide the structure elucidationin silicoand experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Paul
- The Department of Materials and Energy Science & Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447Arusha, Tanzania
- Department of Chemistry, Dar es Salaam University College of Education, P.O. Box 2329, 255Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Celestin N. Mudogo
- Biochemistry and Molecularbiology, University of Hamburg Institute of Biochemistry and Molecularbiology, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo (Democratic Republic of the)
| | - Kelvin M. Mtei
- The Department of Water and Environmental Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Revocatus L. Machunda
- The Department of Water and Environmental Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck Str. 4, Halle (Saale)06120, Germany
- Department of Informatics and Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, Dejvice 166 28, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, P. O. Box 63Buea, Cameroon
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9
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Samanthi KAU, Welideniya DT, Acharige AD, Samarakoon SR, Rathnayaka RK, de Silva M, Perera SS, Pieris C, Wanninayake UK, Jayathilaka A, Karunaratne V, Amaratunga GAJ, Gunasekera DS. An efficient and high-yielding method for extraction and purification of linamarin from Cassava; in vitro biological evaluation. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:4169-4172. [PMID: 32223339 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1744136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During the last three decades, studies of linamarin extracted from cassava have received increased attention due to the presence of high cyanogenic compounds in these extracts. The methods that are utilized to isolate linamarin are either tedious or use acidic conditions resulting in poor yields. In this study, a novel cryocooled method of extraction has been developed to isolate linamarin from Cassava root peel. Approximately 18 g of linamarin was isolated from 1 kg of fresh Cassava root peel, which is the highest amount reported to date. Linamarin was fully characterized using NMR, IR and LCMS. The anti-cancer properties of pure linamarin and Cassava crude extract were evaluated by a comprehensive cytotoxic assay, using MCF-7, HepG2, NCI H-292, AN3CA and MRC-5 cell lines. The crude extract showed higher cytotoxicity compared to pure linamarin. The results of the biological evaluation are comparable to other reported studies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A U Samanthi
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology, Homagama, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Sameera R Samarakoon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Rajitha K Rathnayaka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Colin Pieris
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology, Homagama, Sri Lanka
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10
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Preparation, optimization and characterization of foam from white-flesh and yellow-flesh cassava (Manihot esculenta) for powder production. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Díaz-Sobac R, Vázquez-Luna A, Rivadeneyra-Domínguez E, Rodríguez-Landa JF, Guerrero T, Durand-Niconoff JS. New paths of cyanogenesis from enzymatic-promoted cleavage of β-cyanoglucosides are suggested by a mixed DFT/QTAIM approach. J Mol Model 2019; 25:295. [PMID: 31478108 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyanogenesis is an enzyme-promoted cleavage of β-cyanoglucosides; the release of hydrogen cyanide is believed to produce food poisoning by consumption of certain crops as Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The production of hydrogen cyanide by some disruption of the plant wall is related to the content of two β-cyanoglucosides (linamarin and lotaustralin) which are stored within the tuber. Some features about the mechanistic bases of these transformations have been published; nevertheless, there are still questions about the exact mechanism, such as the feasibility of a difference in the kinetics of cyanogenesis between both cyanoglucosides. In this work, we have performed a theoretical analysis using DFT and QTAIM theoretical frameworks to propose a feasible mechanism of the observed first step of the enzyme-catalyzed rupture of these glucosides; our results led us to explain the observed difference between linamarin and lotaustralin. Meanwhile, DFT studies suggest that there are no differences between local reactivity indexes of both glucosides; QTAIM topological analysis suggests two important intramolecular interactions which we found to fix the glucoside in such a way that suggests the linamarin as a more reactive system towards a nucleophilic attack, thus explaining the readiness to liberate hydrogen cyanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Díaz-Sobac
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190, Xalapa, Ver, Mexico
- Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Circuito Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán s/n, Zona Universitaria, 91190, Xalapa, Ver., Mexico
| | - Alma Vázquez-Luna
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190, Xalapa, Ver, Mexico
- Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Circuito Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán s/n, Zona Universitaria, 91190, Xalapa, Ver., Mexico
| | - Eduardo Rivadeneyra-Domínguez
- Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Circuito Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán s/n, Zona Universitaria, 91190, Xalapa, Ver., Mexico
| | - Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Landa
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190, Xalapa, Ver., Mexico
| | - Tomás Guerrero
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190, Xalapa, Ver, Mexico.
| | - J Sergio Durand-Niconoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190, Xalapa, Ver, Mexico.
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12
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Lou W, Wolf BM, Blankenship RE, Liu H. Cu+ Contributes to the Orange Carotenoid Protein-Related Phycobilisome Fluorescence Quenching and Photoprotection in Cyanobacteria. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3109-3115. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Lou
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Benjamin M. Wolf
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Robert E. Blankenship
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Haijun Liu
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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13
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Vassão DG, Wielsch N, Gomes AMDMM, Gebauer-Jung S, Hupfer Y, Svatoš A, Gershenzon J. Plant Defensive β-Glucosidases Resist Digestion and Sustain Activity in the Gut of a Lepidopteran Herbivore. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1389. [PMID: 30349548 PMCID: PMC6186830 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-component activated chemical defenses are a major part of many plants' strategies to disrupt herbivory. The activation step is often the β-glucosidase-catalyzed removal of a glucose moiety from a pro-toxin, leading to an unstable and toxic aglycone. While some β-glucosidases have been well studied, several aspects of their roles in vivo, such as their precise sites of enzymatic activity during and after ingestion, and the importance of particular isoforms in plant defense are still not fully understood. Here, plant defensive β-glucosidases from maize, white mustard and almonds were shown to resist digestion by larvae of the generalist lepidopteran Spodoptera littoralis, and the majority of the ingested activities toward both general and plant pro-toxic substrates was recovered in the frass. Among other proteins potentially involved in defense, we identified specific plant β-glucosidases and a maize β-glucosidase aggregating factor in frass from plant-fed insects using proteomic methods. We therefore found that, while S. littoralis larvae efficiently degraded bulk food protein during digestion, β-glucosidases were among a small number of plant defensive proteins that resist insect digestive proteolysis. These enzymes remain intact in the gut lumen and frass and can therefore further catalyze the activation of plant defenses after ingestion, especially in pH-neutral regions of the digestive system. As most of the ingested enzymatic activity persists in the frass, and only particular β-glucosidases were detected via proteomic analyses, our data support the involvement of specific isoforms (maize ZmGlu1 and S. alba MA1 myrosinase) in defense in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Wielsch
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Steffi Gebauer-Jung
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yvonne Hupfer
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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14
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Bekhit AEDA, Shavandi A, Jodjaja T, Birch J, Teh S, Mohamed Ahmed IA, Al-Juhaimi FY, Saeedi P, Bekhit AA. Flaxseed: Composition, detoxification, utilization, and opportunities. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Zidenga T, Siritunga D, Sayre RT. Cyanogen Metabolism in Cassava Roots: Impact on Protein Synthesis and Root Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:220. [PMID: 28286506 PMCID: PMC5323461 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a staple crop for millions of sub-Saharan Africans, contains high levels of cyanogenic glycosides which protect it against herbivory. However, cyanogens have also been proposed to play a role in nitrogen transport from leaves to roots. Consistent with this hypothesis, analyses of the distribution and activities of enzymes involved in cyanide metabolism provides evidence for cyanide assimilation, derived from linamarin, into amino acids in cassava roots. Both β-cyanoalanine synthase (CAS) and nitrilase (NIT), two enzymes involved in cyanide assimilation to produce asparagine, were observed to have higher activities in roots compared to leaves, consistent with their proposed role in reduced nitrogen assimilation. In addition, rhodanese activity was not detected in cassava roots, indicating that this competing means for cyanide metabolism was not a factor in cyanide detoxification. In contrast, leaves had sufficient rhodanese activity to compete with cyanide assimilation into amino acids. Using transgenic low cyanogen plants, it was shown that reducing root cyanogen levels is associated with elevated root nitrate reductase activity, presumably to compensate for the loss of reduced nitrogen from cyanogens. Finally, we overexpressed Arabidopsis CAS and NIT4 genes in cassava roots to study the feasibility of enhancing root cyanide assimilation into protein. Optimal overexpression of CAS and NIT4 resulted in up to a 50% increase in root total amino acids and a 9% increase in root protein accumulation. However, plant growth and morphology was altered in plants overexpressing these enzymes, demonstrating a complex interaction between cyanide metabolism and hormonal regulation of plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawanda Zidenga
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los AlamosNM, USA
| | - Dimuth Siritunga
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, MayaguezPR, USA
| | - Richard T. Sayre
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los AlamosNM, USA
- New Mexico Consortium, Los AlamosNM, USA
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16
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Ngolong Ngea GL, Guillon F, Essia Ngang JJ, Bonnin E, Bouchet B, Saulnier L. Modification of cell wall polysaccharides during retting of cassava roots. Food Chem 2016; 213:402-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Glucosinolate-related glucosides in Alliaria petiolata: sources of variation in the plant and different metabolism in an adapted specialist herbivore, Pieris rapae. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:1063-79. [PMID: 25308480 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Specialized metabolites in plants influence their interactions with other species, including herbivorous insects, which may adapt to tolerate defensive phytochemicals. The chemical arsenal of Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard, Brassicaceae) includes the glucosinolate sinigrin and alliarinoside, a hydroxynitrile glucoside with defensive properties to glucosinolate-adapted specialists. To further our understanding of the chemical ecology of A. petiolata, which is spreading invasively in North America, we investigated the metabolite profile and here report a novel natural product, petiolatamide, which is structurally related to sinigrin. In an extensive study of North American populations of A. petiolata, we demonstrate that genetic population differences as well as developmental regulation contribute to variation in the leaf content of petiolatamide, alliarinoside, sinigrin, and a related glycoside. We furthermore demonstrate widely different metabolic fates of these metabolites after ingestion in the glucosinolate-adapted herbivore Pieris rapae, ranging from simple passage over metabolic conversion to sequestration. The differences in metabolic fate were influenced by plant β-glucosidases, insect-mediated degradation, and the specificity of the larval gut transport system mediating sequestration.
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Uarrota VG, Moresco R, Coelho B, Nunes EDC, Peruch LAM, Neubert EDO, Rocha M, Maraschin M. Metabolomics combined with chemometric tools (PCA, HCA, PLS-DA and SVM) for screening cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots during postharvest physiological deterioration. Food Chem 2014; 161:67-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Koehler FM, Raso RA, Grass RN, Stark WJ. β-D-glucosidase assisted gold dissolution as non-optical and quantifiable detection technique for immunoassays. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:4000-4005. [PMID: 23670861 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Immunoassays are used for detecting protein targets for various applications. Here, a modification of immunoassays to allow a purely electrical detection of the target protein concentration is shown. The modification comprises a β-D-glucosidase as reporter enzyme and a cyanogenic glycoside as substrate. The enzymatic reaction produces cyanide in small quantities. For electrical detection of the cyanide, a novel sensor is developed, based on a gold micro wire. The cyanide dissolves the gold wire and changes the electrical resistance of the wire. Monitoring the resistance change allows a quantitative measurement of the target human C-reactive protein (an inflammatory marker) in blood plasma in the physiological relevant concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Koehler
- Institute of Chemical- and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland, Fax: (+) 41 44 633 15 71
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Glinka EM. Eukaryotic expression vectors containing genes encoding plant proteins for killing of cancer cells. Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37:1014-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Screening for Bacillus subtilis group isolates that degrade cyanogens at pH4.5–5.0. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 161:31-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zidenga T, Leyva-Guerrero E, Moon H, Siritunga D, Sayre R. Extending cassava root shelf life via reduction of reactive oxygen species production. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1396-407. [PMID: 22711743 PMCID: PMC3425186 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.200345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
One of the major constraints facing the large-scale production of cassava (Manihot esculenta) roots is the rapid postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) that occurs within 72 h following harvest. One of the earliest recognized biochemical events during the initiation of PPD is a rapid burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. We have investigated the source of this oxidative burst to identify possible strategies to limit its extent and to extend cassava root shelf life. We provide evidence for a causal link between cyanogenesis and the onset of the oxidative burst that triggers PPD. By measuring ROS accumulation in transgenic low-cyanogen plants with and without cyanide complementation, we show that PPD is cyanide dependent, presumably resulting from a cyanide-dependent inhibition of respiration. To reduce cyanide-dependent ROS production in cassava root mitochondria, we generated transgenic plants expressing a codon-optimized Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mitochondrial alternative oxidase gene (AOX1A). Unlike cytochrome c oxidase, AOX is cyanide insensitive. Transgenic plants overexpressing AOX exhibited over a 10-fold reduction in ROS accumulation compared with wild-type plants. The reduction in ROS accumulation was associated with a delayed onset of PPD by 14 to 21 d after harvest of greenhouse-grown plants. The delay in PPD in transgenic plants was also observed under field conditions, but with a root biomass yield loss in the highest AOX-expressing lines. These data reveal a mechanism for PPD in cassava based on cyanide-induced oxidative stress as well as PPD control strategies involving inhibition of ROS production or its sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawanda Zidenga
- Department of Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (T.Z., E.L.-G., H.M., D.S., R.S.); Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (T.Z., E.L.-G., R.S.); New Mexico Consortium/Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544 (T.Z., R.S.); Phycal, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (E.L.-G.); Syngenta, Research Park, North Carolina 27709 (H.M.); and Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00680 (D.S.)
| | - Elisa Leyva-Guerrero
- Department of Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (T.Z., E.L.-G., H.M., D.S., R.S.); Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (T.Z., E.L.-G., R.S.); New Mexico Consortium/Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544 (T.Z., R.S.); Phycal, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (E.L.-G.); Syngenta, Research Park, North Carolina 27709 (H.M.); and Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00680 (D.S.)
| | - Hangsik Moon
- Department of Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (T.Z., E.L.-G., H.M., D.S., R.S.); Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (T.Z., E.L.-G., R.S.); New Mexico Consortium/Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544 (T.Z., R.S.); Phycal, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (E.L.-G.); Syngenta, Research Park, North Carolina 27709 (H.M.); and Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00680 (D.S.)
| | - Dimuth Siritunga
- Department of Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (T.Z., E.L.-G., H.M., D.S., R.S.); Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (T.Z., E.L.-G., R.S.); New Mexico Consortium/Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544 (T.Z., R.S.); Phycal, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (E.L.-G.); Syngenta, Research Park, North Carolina 27709 (H.M.); and Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00680 (D.S.)
| | - Richard Sayre
- Department of Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (T.Z., E.L.-G., H.M., D.S., R.S.); Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (T.Z., E.L.-G., R.S.); New Mexico Consortium/Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544 (T.Z., R.S.); Phycal, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (E.L.-G.); Syngenta, Research Park, North Carolina 27709 (H.M.); and Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00680 (D.S.)
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Leyva-Guerrero E, Narayanan NN, Ihemere U, Sayre RT. Iron and protein biofortification of cassava: lessons learned. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 23:257-64. [PMID: 22226461 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over two hundred and fifty million Africans rely on the starchy root crop cassava (Manihot esculenta) as their primary source of calories. Cassava roots, however, have the lowest protein:energy ratio of all the world's major staple crops. Furthermore, a typical cassava-based diet provides less than 10-20% of the required amounts of iron, zinc, vitamin A and vitamin E. The BioCassava Plus program employed modern biotechnologies to improve the health of Africans through development and delivery of novel cassava germplasm with increased nutrient levels. Here we describe the development of molecular strategies and their outcomes to meet minimum daily allowances for protein and iron in cassava based diets. We demonstrate that cyanogens play a central role in cassava nitrogen metabolism and that strategies employed to increase root protein levels result in reduced cyanogen levels in roots. We also demonstrate that enhancing root iron uptake has an impact on the expression of genes that regulate iron homeostasis in multiple tissues. These observations demonstrate the complex metabolic interactions involved in enhancing targeted nutrient levels in plants and identify potential new strategies for further enhancing nutrient levels in cassava.
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Girald W, Collin A, Izquierdo M. Toxicity and delivery methods for the linamarase/linamarin/glucose oxidase system, when used against human glioma tumors implanted in the brain of nude rats. Cancer Lett 2011; 313:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Overexpression of hydroxynitrile lyase in cassava roots elevates protein and free amino acids while reducing residual cyanogen levels. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21996. [PMID: 21799761 PMCID: PMC3143114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassava is the major source of calories for more than 250 million Sub-Saharan Africans, however, it has the lowest protein-to-energy ratio of any major staple food crop in the world. A cassava-based diet provides less than 30% of the minimum daily requirement for protein. Moreover, both leaves and roots contain potentially toxic levels of cyanogenic glucosides. The major cyanogen in cassava is linamarin which is stored in the vacuole. Upon tissue disruption linamarin is deglycosylated by the apolplastic enzyme, linamarase, producing acetone cyanohydrin. Acetone cyanohydrin can spontaneously decompose at pHs >5.0 or temperatures >35°C, or is enzymatically broken down by hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL) to produce acetone and free cyanide which is then volatilized. Unlike leaves, cassava roots have little HNL activity. The lack of HNL activity in roots is associated with the accumulation of potentially toxic levels of acetone cyanohydrin in poorly processed roots. We hypothesized that the over-expression of HNL in cassava roots under the control of a root-specific, patatin promoter would not only accelerate cyanogenesis during food processing, resulting in a safer food product, but lead to increased root protein levels since HNL is sequestered in the cell wall. Transgenic lines expressing a patatin-driven HNL gene construct exhibited a 2–20 fold increase in relative HNL mRNA levels in roots when compared with wild type resulting in a threefold increase in total root protein in 7 month old plants. After food processing, HNL overexpressing lines had substantially reduced acetone cyanohydrin and cyanide levels in roots relative to wild-type roots. Furthermore, steady state linamarin levels in intact tissues were reduced by 80% in transgenic cassava roots. These results suggest that enhanced linamarin metabolism contributed to the elevated root protein levels.
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Nzwalo H, Cliff J. Konzo: from poverty, cassava, and cyanogen intake to toxico-nutritional neurological disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1051. [PMID: 21738800 PMCID: PMC3125150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Konzo is a distinct neurological entity with selective upper motor neuron damage, characterized by an abrupt onset of an irreversible, non-progressive, and symmetrical spastic para/tetraparesis. Despite its severity, konzo remains a neglected disease. The disease is associated with high dietary cyanogen consumption from insufficiently processed roots of bitter cassava combined with a protein-deficient diet. Epidemics occur when these conditions coincide at times of severe food shortage. Up to 1993, outbreaks in poor rural areas in Africa contributed to more than 3,700 cases of konzo. The number of affected people is underestimated. From unofficial reports, the number of cases was estimated to be at least 100,000 in 2000, in contrast to the 6,788 cases reported up to 2009 from published papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolawole O. Falade
- a Department of Food Technology , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria
| | - John O. Akingbala
- b Food Science and Technology Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of the West Indies , St Augustine , Trinidad and Tobago
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Brauman A, Keleke S, Malonga M, Miambi E, Ampe F. Microbiological and biochemical characterization of cassava retting, a traditional lactic Acid fermentation for foo-foo (cassava flour) production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 62:2854-8. [PMID: 16535378 PMCID: PMC1388916 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.8.2854-2858.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall kinetics of retting, a spontaneous fermentation of cassava roots performed in central Africa, was investigated in terms of microbial-population evolution and biochemical and physicochemical parameters. During the traditional process, endogenous cyanogens were almost totally degraded, plant cell walls were lysed by the simultaneous action of pectin methylesterase and pectate lyase, and organic acids (C(inf2) to C(inf4)) were produced. Most microorganisms identified were found to be facultative anaerobes which used the sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) present in the roots as carbon sources. After 24 h of retting, the fermentation reached an equilibrium that was reproducible in all the spontaneous fermentations studied. Lactic acid bacteria were largely predominant (over 99% of the total flora after 48 h) and governed the fermentation. The epiphytic flora was first replaced by Lactococcus lactis, then by Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and finally, at the end of the process, by Lactobacillus plantarum. These organisms produced ethanol and high concentrations of lactate, which strongly acidified the retting juice. In addition, the rapid decrease in partial oxygen pressure rendered the process anaerobic. Strict anaerobes, such as Clostridium spp., developed and produced the volatile fatty acids (mainly butyrate) responsible, together with lactate, for the typical flavor of retted cassava. Yeasts (mostly Candida spp.) did not seem to play a significant role in the process, but their increasing numbers in the last stage of the process might influence the flavor and the preservation of the end products.
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Li J, Li H, Zhu L, Song W, Li R, Wang D, Dou K. The adenovirus-mediated linamarase/linamarin suicide system: A potential strategy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2010; 289:217-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sornyotha S, Kyu KL, Ratanakhanokchai K. An efficient treatment for detoxification process of cassava starch by plant cell wall-degrading enzymes. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 109:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ray RC, Sivakumar PS. Traditional and novel fermented foods and beverages from tropical root and tuber crops: review. Int J Food Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.01933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Removing allergens and reducing toxins from food crops. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2009; 20:191-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Montagnac JA, Davis CR, Tanumihardjo SA. Processing Techniques to Reduce Toxicity and Antinutrients of Cassava for Use as a Staple Food. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2008.00064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Morant AV, Bjarnholt N, Kragh ME, Kjaergaard CH, Jørgensen K, Paquette SM, Piotrowski M, Imberty A, Olsen CE, Møller BL, Bak S. The beta-glucosidases responsible for bioactivation of hydroxynitrile glucosides in Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:1072-91. [PMID: 18467457 PMCID: PMC2442532 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.109512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lotus japonicus accumulates the hydroxynitrile glucosides lotaustralin, linamarin, and rhodiocyanosides A and D. Upon tissue disruption, the hydroxynitrile glucosides are bioactivated by hydrolysis by specific beta-glucosidases. A mixture of two hydroxynitrile glucoside-cleaving beta-glucosidases was isolated from L. japonicus leaves and identified by protein sequencing as LjBGD2 and LjBGD4. The isolated hydroxynitrile glucoside-cleaving beta-glucosidases preferentially hydrolyzed rhodiocyanoside A and lotaustralin, whereas linamarin was only slowly hydrolyzed, in agreement with measurements of their rate of degradation upon tissue disruption in L. japonicus leaves. Comparative homology modeling predicted that LjBGD2 and LjBGD4 had nearly identical overall topologies and substrate-binding pockets. Heterologous expression of LjBGD2 and LjBGD4 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) enabled analysis of their individual substrate specificity profiles and confirmed that both LjBGD2 and LjBGD4 preferentially hydrolyze the hydroxynitrile glucosides present in L. japonicus. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a third L. japonicus putative hydroxynitrile glucoside-cleaving beta-glucosidase, LjBGD7. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that LjBGD2 and LjBGD4 are expressed in aerial parts of young L. japonicus plants, while LjBGD7 is expressed exclusively in roots. The differential expression pattern of LjBGD2, LjBGD4, and LjBGD7 corresponds to the previously observed expression profile for CYP79D3 and CYP79D4, encoding the two cytochromes P450 that catalyze the first committed step in the biosyntheis of hydroxynitrile glucosides in L. japonicus, with CYP79D3 expression in aerial tissues and CYP79D4 expression in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vinther Morant
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology, Center for Molecular Plant Physiology and VKR Research Centre "Pro-Active Plants" , University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Morant AV, Jørgensen K, Jørgensen C, Paquette SM, Sánchez-Pérez R, Møller BL, Bak S. beta-Glucosidases as detonators of plant chemical defense. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:1795-813. [PMID: 18472115 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Some plant secondary metabolites are classified as phytoanticipins. When plant tissue in which they are present is disrupted, the phytoanticipins are bio-activated by the action of beta-glucosidases. These binary systems--two sets of components that when separated are relatively inert--provide plants with an immediate chemical defense against protruding herbivores and pathogens. This review provides an update on our knowledge of the beta-glucosidases involved in activation of the four major classes of phytoanticipins: cyanogenic glucosides, benzoxazinoid glucosides, avenacosides and glucosinolates. New aspects of the role of specific proteins that either control oligomerization of the beta-glucosidases or modulate their product specificity are discussed in an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vinther Morant
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and The VKR Research Centre Proactive Plants, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Chapter 18 Toxic disorders of the upper motor neuron system. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2007; 82:353-72. [DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)80021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Agbor-Egbe T, Lape Mbome I. The effects of processing techniques in reducing cyanogen levels during the production of some Cameroonian cassava foods. J Food Compost Anal 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jørgensen K, Bak S, Busk PK, Sørensen C, Olsen CE, Puonti-Kaerlas J, Møller BL. Cassava plants with a depleted cyanogenic glucoside content in leaves and tubers. Distribution of cyanogenic glucosides, their site of synthesis and transport, and blockage of the biosynthesis by RNA interference technology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 139:363-374. [PMID: 16126856 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.065904.cassava] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, cv MCol22) plants with a 92% reduction in cyanogenic glucoside content in tubers and acyanogenic (<1% of wild type) leaves were obtained by RNA interference to block expression of CYP79D1 and CYP79D2, the two paralogous genes encoding the first committed enzymes in linamarin and lotaustralin synthesis. About 180 independent lines with acyanogenic (<1% of wild type) leaves were obtained. Only a few of these were depleted with respect to cyanogenic glucoside content in tubers. In agreement with this observation, girdling experiments demonstrated that cyanogenic glucosides are synthesized in the shoot apex and transported to the root, resulting in a negative concentration gradient basipetal in the plant with the concentration of cyanogenic glucosides being highest in the shoot apex and the petiole of the first unfolded leaf. Supply of nitrogen increased the cyanogenic glucoside concentration in the shoot apex. In situ polymerase chain reaction studies demonstrated that CYP79D1 and CYP79D2 were preferentially expressed in leaf mesophyll cells positioned adjacent to the epidermis. In young petioles, preferential expression was observed in the epidermis, in the two first cortex cell layers, and in the endodermis together with pericycle cells and specific parenchymatic cells around the laticifers. These data demonstrate that it is possible to drastically reduce the linamarin and lotaustralin content in cassava tubers by blockage of cyanogenic glucoside synthesis in leaves and petioles. The reduced flux to the roots of reduced nitrogen in the form of cyanogenic glucosides did not prevent tuber formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Jørgensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology, Center for Molecular Plant Physiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jørgensen K, Bak S, Busk PK, Sørensen C, Olsen CE, Puonti-Kaerlas J, Møller BL. Cassava plants with a depleted cyanogenic glucoside content in leaves and tubers. Distribution of cyanogenic glucosides, their site of synthesis and transport, and blockage of the biosynthesis by RNA interference technology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 139:363-74. [PMID: 16126856 PMCID: PMC1203385 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.065904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, cv MCol22) plants with a 92% reduction in cyanogenic glucoside content in tubers and acyanogenic (<1% of wild type) leaves were obtained by RNA interference to block expression of CYP79D1 and CYP79D2, the two paralogous genes encoding the first committed enzymes in linamarin and lotaustralin synthesis. About 180 independent lines with acyanogenic (<1% of wild type) leaves were obtained. Only a few of these were depleted with respect to cyanogenic glucoside content in tubers. In agreement with this observation, girdling experiments demonstrated that cyanogenic glucosides are synthesized in the shoot apex and transported to the root, resulting in a negative concentration gradient basipetal in the plant with the concentration of cyanogenic glucosides being highest in the shoot apex and the petiole of the first unfolded leaf. Supply of nitrogen increased the cyanogenic glucoside concentration in the shoot apex. In situ polymerase chain reaction studies demonstrated that CYP79D1 and CYP79D2 were preferentially expressed in leaf mesophyll cells positioned adjacent to the epidermis. In young petioles, preferential expression was observed in the epidermis, in the two first cortex cell layers, and in the endodermis together with pericycle cells and specific parenchymatic cells around the laticifers. These data demonstrate that it is possible to drastically reduce the linamarin and lotaustralin content in cassava tubers by blockage of cyanogenic glucoside synthesis in leaves and petioles. The reduced flux to the roots of reduced nitrogen in the form of cyanogenic glucosides did not prevent tuber formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Jørgensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology, Center for Molecular Plant Physiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Cardoso A, Mirione E, Ernesto M, Massaza F, Cliff J, Rezaul Haque M, Bradbury J. Processing of cassava roots to remove cyanogens. J Food Compost Anal 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Siritunga D, Sayre R. Engineering cyanogen synthesis and turnover in cassava (Manihot esculenta). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 56:661-669. [PMID: 15630626 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-004-3415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2003] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cassava is the major root crop for a quarter billion subsistence farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. It is valued for its ability to grow in adverse environments and the food security it provides. Cassava contains potentially toxic levels of cyanogenic glycosides (linamarin) which protect the plant from herbivory and theft. The cyanogens, including linamarin and its deglycosylated product, acetone cyanohydrin, can be efficiently removed from the root by various processing procedures. Short-cuts in processing, which may occur during famines, can result in only partial removal of cyanogens. Residual cyanogens in cassava foods may cause neurological disorders or paralysis, particularly in nutritionally compromised individuals. To address this problem and to further understand the function of cyanogenic glycosides in cassava, we have generated transgenic cassava in which cyanogenic glycoside synthesis has been selectively inhibited in leaves and roots by antisense expression of CYP79D1/D2 gene fragments. The CYP79D1/D2 genes encode two highly similar cytochrome P450s that catalyze the first-dedicated step in cyanogenic glycoside synthesis. Transgenic plants in which the expression of these genes was selectively inhibited in leaves had substantially reduced (60- 94% reduction) linamarin leaf levels. Surprisingly, these plants also had a greater than a 99% reduction in root linamarin content. In contrast, transgenic plants in which the CYP79D1/D2 transcripts were reduced to non-detectable levels in roots had normal root linamarin levels. These results demonstrate that linamarin synthesized in leaves is transported to the roots and accounts for nearly all of the root linamarin content. Importantly, transgenic plants having reduced leaf and root linamarin content were unable to grow in the absence of reduced nitrogen (NH3) . Cassava roots have previously been demonstrated to have an active cyanide assimilation pathway leading to the synthesis of amino acids. We propose that cyanide derived from linamarin is a major source of reduced nitrogen for cassava root protein synthesis. Disruption of linamarin transport from leaves in CYP79D1/D2 anti-sense plants prevents the growth of cassava roots in the absence of an alternate source of reduced nitrogen. An alternative strategy for reducing cyanogen toxicity in cassava foods is to accelerate cyanogenesis and cyanide volatilization during food processing. To achieve this objective, we have expressed the leaf-specific enzyme hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL) in roots. HNL catalyzes the breakdown of acetone cyanohydrin to cyanide. Expression of HNL in roots accelerated cyanogenesis by more than three-fold substantially reducing the accumulation of acetone cyanohydrin during processing relative to wild-type roots.
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Obilie EM, Tano-Debrah K, Amoa-Awua WK. Souring and breakdown of cyanogenic glucosides during the processing of cassava into akyeke. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 93:115-21. [PMID: 15135588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2002] [Revised: 09/15/2003] [Accepted: 11/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The population and composition of the lactic acid bacteria microbiota as well as the content of cyanogenic glucosides occurring at various stages of fermentation and subsequent processing of cassava roots into akyeke, a steamed sour cassava meal, were investigated. The number of lactic acid bacteria and percentage titratable acidity increased during 5 days of fermentation, but decreases were observed in the subsequent operations of 'washing' the dough with water followed by partial drying and steaming. In field and laboratory samples, Lactobacillus plantarum accounted for 59.3% and 52.3%, Lactobacillus brevis 23.3% and 22.8% and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris 14.5% and 15.8%, respectively, of all lactic acid bacteria isolated at various stages of fermentation and processing. A reduction of about 98% occurred in the total cyanogens (CN) content of cassava roots during processing, from 69.3 to 1.4 and 110.3 to 2.8 mg CN equivalent/kg dry weight for laboratory and field samples of akyeke, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mantey Obilie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Siritunga D, Arias-Garzon D, White W, Sayre RT. Over-expression of hydroxynitrile lyase in transgenic cassava roots accelerates cyanogenesis and food detoxification. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2004; 2:37-43. [PMID: 17166141 DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-7652.2003.00047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) roots are the primary source of calories for more than 500 million people, the majority of whom live in the developing countries of Africa. Cassava leaves and roots contain potentially toxic levels of cyanogenic glycosides. Consumption of residual cyanogens (linamarin or acetone cyanohydrin) in incompletely processed cassava roots can cause cyanide poisoning. Hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL), which catalyses the conversion of acetone cyanohydrin to cyanide, is expressed predominantly in the cell walls and laticifers of leaves. In contrast, roots have very low levels of HNL expression. We have over-expressed HNL in transgenic cassava plants under the control of a double 35S CaMV promoter. We show that HNL activity increased more than twofold in leaves and 13-fold in roots of transgenic plants relative to wild-type plants. Elevated HNL levels were correlated with substantially reduced acetone cyanohydrin levels and increased cyanide volatilization in processed or homogenized roots. Unlike acyanogenic cassava, transgenic plants over-expressing HNL in roots retain the herbivore deterrence of cyanogens while providing a safer food product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimuth Siritunga
- Department of Plant Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Siritunga D, Sayre RT. Generation of cyanogen-free transgenic cassava. PLANTA 2003. [PMID: 14520563 DOI: 10.2307/23387818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz.) is the major source of calories for subsistence farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Cassava, however, contains potentially toxic levels of the cyanogenic glucoside, linamarin. The cyanogen content of cassava foods can be reduced to safe levels by maceration, soaking, rinsing and baking; however, short-cut processing techniques can yield toxic food products. Our objective was to eliminate cyanogens from cassava so as to eliminate the need for food processing. To achieve this goal we generated transgenic acyanogenic cassava plants in which the expression of the cytochrome P450 genes ( CYP79D1 and CYP79D2), that catalyze the first-dedicated step in linamarin synthesis, was inhibited. Using a leaf-specific promoter to drive the antisense expression of the CYP79D1/ CYP79D2 genes we observed up to a 94% reduction in leaf linamarin content associated with an inhibition of CYP79D1 and CYP79D2 expression. Importantly, the linamarin content of roots also was reduced by 99% in transgenic plants having between 60 and 94% reduction in leaf linamarin content. Analysis of CYP79D1/ CYP79D2 transcript levels in transgenic roots indicated they were unchanged relative to wild-type plants. These results suggest that linamarin is transported from leaves to roots and that a threshold level of leaf linamarin production is required for transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimuth Siritunga
- Department of Plant Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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47
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Siritunga D, Sayre RT. Generation of cyanogen-free transgenic cassava. PLANTA 2003; 217:367-73. [PMID: 14520563 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-003-1005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2002] [Accepted: 01/25/2003] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz.) is the major source of calories for subsistence farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Cassava, however, contains potentially toxic levels of the cyanogenic glucoside, linamarin. The cyanogen content of cassava foods can be reduced to safe levels by maceration, soaking, rinsing and baking; however, short-cut processing techniques can yield toxic food products. Our objective was to eliminate cyanogens from cassava so as to eliminate the need for food processing. To achieve this goal we generated transgenic acyanogenic cassava plants in which the expression of the cytochrome P450 genes ( CYP79D1 and CYP79D2), that catalyze the first-dedicated step in linamarin synthesis, was inhibited. Using a leaf-specific promoter to drive the antisense expression of the CYP79D1/ CYP79D2 genes we observed up to a 94% reduction in leaf linamarin content associated with an inhibition of CYP79D1 and CYP79D2 expression. Importantly, the linamarin content of roots also was reduced by 99% in transgenic plants having between 60 and 94% reduction in leaf linamarin content. Analysis of CYP79D1/ CYP79D2 transcript levels in transgenic roots indicated they were unchanged relative to wild-type plants. These results suggest that linamarin is transported from leaves to roots and that a threshold level of leaf linamarin production is required for transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimuth Siritunga
- Department of Plant Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Lisha VS, Antony B, Palaniswami MS, Henneberry TJ. Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) biotypes in India. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2003; 96:322-7. [PMID: 14994796 DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493-96.2.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Host plant performance, esterase, and virus transmission tests revealed cassava-strain and sweetpotato-strain populations of whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotypes in India. Individuals from the sweetpotato-reared population did not breed on cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, and the cassava-strain-reared individuals failed to develop on sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatus (L.) Lam. Eggplant, Solanum melongena L., and tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L., were common hosts for both biotypes. The cassava-strain whiteflies but not the sweetpotato-reared whiteflies successfully transmitted cassava mosaic virus from disease-infected cassava seedlings to healthy cassava seedlings. Presence of biotypes in B. tabaci is reported for the first time from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Lisha
- Division of Crop Protection, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), Trivandrum 695 017 Kerala, India
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Mizutani M, Nakanishi H, Ema JI, Ma SJ, Noguchi E, Inohara-Ochiai M, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Nakao M, Sakata K. Cloning of beta-primeverosidase from tea leaves, a key enzyme in tea aroma formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:2164-76. [PMID: 12481100 PMCID: PMC166728 DOI: 10.1104/pp.102.011023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2002] [Revised: 08/27/2002] [Accepted: 09/19/2002] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A beta-primeverosidase from tea (Camellia sinensis) plants is a unique disaccharide-specific glycosidase, which hydrolyzes aroma precursors of beta-primeverosides (6-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosides) to liberate various aroma compounds, and the enzyme is deeply concerned with the floral aroma formation in oolong tea and black tea during the manufacturing process. The beta-primeverosidase was purified from fresh leaves of a cultivar for green tea (C. sinensis var sinensis cv Yabukita), and its partial amino acid sequences were determined. The beta-primeverosidase cDNA has been isolated from a cDNA library of cv Yabukita using degenerate oligonucleotide primers. The cDNA insert encodes a polypeptide consisting of an N-terminal signal peptide of 28 amino acid residues and a 479-amino acid mature protein. The beta-primeverosidase protein sequence was 50% to 60% identical to beta-glucosidases from various plants and was classified in a family 1 glycosyl hydrolase. The mature form of the beta-primeverosidase expressed in Escherichia coli was able to hydrolyze beta-primeverosides to liberate a primeverose unit and aglycons, but did not act on 2-phenylethyl beta-D-glucopyranoside. These results indicate that the beta-primeverosidase selectively recognizes the beta-primeverosides as substrates and specifically hydrolyzes the beta-glycosidic bond between the disaccharide and the aglycons. The stereochemistry for enzymatic hydrolysis of 2-phenylethyl beta-primeveroside by the beta-primeverosidase was followed by (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, revealing that the enzyme hydrolyzes the beta-primeveroside by a retaining mechanism. The roles of the beta-primeverosidase in the defense mechanism in tea plants and the floral aroma formation during tea manufacturing process are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Mizutani
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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50
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Iglesias CA, Sanchez T, Yeoh HH. Cyanogens and Linamarase Activities in Storage Roots of Cassava Plants from Breeding Program. J Food Compost Anal 2002. [DOI: 10.1006/jfca.2002.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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