Similar Photosynthetic Performance in Low Light-Grown Isonuclear Triazine-Resistant and -Susceptible Brassica napus L

Atrazine resistance entails a limited xanthophyll cycle activity, a lower PSII efficiency and an altered pattern of excess excitation dissipation

Atrazine-resistant (AR) weeds have a modified D1 protein structure, with a Ser264-->Gly mutation on the D1 protein, near the plastoquinone binding niche. The photosynthetic performance, the light response of the xanthophyll cycle and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching-related parameters were compared in attached leaves of susceptible (S) and AR biotypes of the C3 dicot Chenopodium album L., Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn., Erigeron canadensis L., Senecio vulgaris L. and Solanum nigrum L. and the C4 dicot Amaranthus retroflexus L. grown under natural high-light conditions. No significant difference in CO2 assimilation rate per leaf area unit was found between the S and AR biotypes of the investigated C3 plants, whereas the AR biotype of A. retroflexus exhibited a relatively poor photosynthetic performance. The D1 protein mutant plants expressed a reduced activity of light-stimulated zeaxanthin formation. Neither the lower violaxanthin de-epoxidase activity nor the depletion of ascorbate seems to be the cause of the lower in vivo zeaxanthin formation in the AR plants. All the D1 mutant weeds had limited light-induced non-photochemical (NPQ) and photochemical (qP) quenching capacities, and displayed a higher photosensitivity, as characterized by the ratio (1-qP)/NPQ and a higher susceptibility to photoinhibition. Analysis of the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters showed that a lower proportion of excitation energy was allocated to PSII photochemistry, while a higher excess of excitation remained in the AR weeds relative to the S plants.

Regulation of Photosynthesis in Triazine-Resistant and -Susceptible Brassica napus

The response of photosynthetic carbon assimilation and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching to changes in intercellular CO(2) partial pressure (C(i)), O(2) partial pressure, and leaf temperature (15-35 degrees C) in triazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Brassica napus were examined to determine the effects of the changes in the resistant biotype on the overall process of photosynthesis in intact leaves. Three categories of photosynthetic regulation were observed. The first category of photosynthetic response, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco)-limited photosynthesis, was observed at 15, 25, and 35 degrees C leaf temperatures with low C(i). When the carbon assimilation rate was Rubisco-limited, there was little difference between the resistant and susceptible biotypes, and Rubisco activity parameters were similar between the two biotypes. A second category, called feedback-limited photosynthesis, was evident at 15 and 25 degrees C above 300 microbars C(i). The third category, photosynthetic electron transport-limited photosynthesis, was evident at 25 and 35 degrees C at moderate to high CO(2). At low temperature, when the response curves of carbon assimilation to C(i) indicated little or no electron transport limitation, the carbon assimilation rate was similar in the resistant and susceptible biotypes. With increasing temperature, more electron transport-limited carbon assimilation was observed, and a greater difference between resistant and susceptible biotypes was observed. These observations reveal the increasing importance of photosynthetic electron transport in controlling the overall rate of photosynthesis in the resistant biotype as temperature increases. Photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (q(P)) in the resistant biotype never exceeded 60%, and triazine resistance effects were more evident when the susceptible biotype had greater than 60% q(P), but not when it had less than 60% q(P).

High Light-Induced Reduction and Low Light-Enhanced Recovery of Photon Yield in Triazine-Resistant Brassica napus L

Triazine-resistant and -susceptible Brassica napus L. plants grown under low photon flux density (PFD) have previously been shown to exhibit a similar photon yield. In contrast, high PFD-grown resistant plants have a lower photon yield than high PFD-grown susceptible plants (JJ Hart, A Stemler [1990] Plant Physiol 94: 1295-1300). In this work we tested the hypothesis that high PFD can induce a differential decrease in photon yield in low PFD-grown plants. We measured photon yield, variable fluorescence/maximum fluorescence, and O(2) flash yield in low PFD-grown resistant and susceptible leaf discs before and after exposure to high PFD exposure. The results demonstrated that high PFD exposure results in a greater decrease in photosystem II (PSII) activity in resistant plants. Characteristics of recovery and other evidence suggest that the differential decrease in PSII efficiency in resistant leaf discs is caused by photoinhibitory damage. We propose that the differential reduction in photon yield and photosynthesis often observed in resistant plants is the result of increased sensitivity to photoinhibition.