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McGrogan A, Byrne EL, Guiney R, Headen TF, Youngs TGA, Chrobok A, Holbrey JD, Swadźba-Kwaśny M. The structure of protic ionic liquids based on sulfuric acid, doped with excess of sulfuric acid or with water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:9785-9795. [PMID: 36647728 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04292d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neutron scattering with isotopic substitution was used to study the structure of concentrated sulfuric acid, and two protic ionic liquids (PILs): a Brønsted-acidic PIL, synthesised using pyridine and excess of sulfuric acid, [Hpy][HSO4]·H2SO4, and a hydrated PIL, in which an equimolar mixture of sulfuric acid and pyridine has been doped with water, [Hpy][HSO4]·2H2O. Brønsted acidic PILs are excellent solvents/catalysts for esterifications, driving reaction to completion by phase-separating water and ester products. Water-doped PILs are efficient solvents/antisolvents in biomass fractionation. This study was carried out to provide an insight into the relationship between the performance of PILs in the two respective processes and their liquid structure. It was found that a persistent sulfate/sulfuric acid/water network structure was retained through the transition from sulfuric acid to PILs, even in the presence of 2 moles (∼17 wt%) of water. Hydrogen sulfate PILs have the propensity to incorporate water into hydrogen-bonded anionic chains, with strong and directional hydrogen bonds, which essentially form a new water-in-salt solvent system, with its own distinct structure and physico-chemical properties. It is the properties of this hydrated PIL that can be credited both for the good performance in esterification and beneficial solvent/antisolvent behaviour in biomass fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne McGrogan
- The QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Emily L Byrne
- The QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Robert Guiney
- The QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Thomas F Headen
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | | | - Anna Chrobok
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gilwice, Poland
| | - John D Holbrey
- The QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Małgorzata Swadźba-Kwaśny
- The QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK.
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Kinnibrugh T, Fister T. Structure of Sulfuric Acid Solutions Using Pair Distribution Function Analysis. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3099-3106. [PMID: 35435687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solvation and mesoscale ordering of sulfuric acid and other strong acid solutions leads to suppressed freezing points and strong rheological changes with varying concentration. While the solid-state structures are well-understood, studies focused on the evolving solvation structure in the solution phase have probed a limited concentration range (∼1-6 M). This study applies a total scattering approach in both the wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and pair distribution function (PDF) regimes to elucidate the evolving solvation structure over its full range of acid concentration (0-18 M). The emergence of a prepeak in the WAXS regime at intermediate concentrations indicates a transition from noninteracting sulfate molecules in the dilute limit to sterically limited sulfates at concentrations near its deep eutectic point. Fits to the PDF data quantify this trend, showing a transition from octahedrally hydrated sulfates up to 6-7 M concentrations, followed by gradual dehydration, and eventually reaching a solution structure similar to that of water-in-salt electrolyte systems at high acid concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Kinnibrugh
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tim Fister
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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Bazak JD, Wong AR, Duanmu K, Han KS, Reed D, Murugesan V. Concentration-Dependent Solvation Structure and Dynamics of Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Using Multinuclear NMR and DFT. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:5089-5099. [PMID: 33970627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulfuric acid is a ubiquitous compound for industrial processes, and aqueous sulfate solutions also play a critical role as electrolytes for many prominent battery chemistries. While the thermodynamic literature on it is quite well-developed, comprehensive studies of the solvation structure, particularly molecular-scale dynamical and transport properties, are less available. This study applies a multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approach to the elucidation of the solvation structure and dynamics over wide temperature (-10 to 50 °C) and concentration (0-18 M) ranges, combining the 17O shift, line width, and T1 relaxation measurements, 33S shift and line width measurements, and 1H pulsed-field gradient NMR measurements of proton self-diffusivity. In conjunction, these results indicate a crossover between two regimes of solvation structure and dynamics, occurring above the concentration associated with the deep eutectic point (∼4.5 M), with the high-concentration regime dominated by a strong water-sulfate correlation. This description was borne out in detail by the activation energy trends with increasing concentration derived from the relaxation of both the H2O/H3O+ and H2SO4/HSO4-/SO42- 17O resonances and the 1H self-diffusivity. However, the 17O chemical shift difference between the H2O/H3O+ and H2SO4/HSO4-/SO42- resonances across the entire temperature range is nevertheless strikingly linear. A computational approach coupling molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory NMR shift calculations to reproduce this trend is presented, which will be the subject of further development. This combination of multinuclear, dynamical NMR, and computational methods, and the results furnished by this study, will provide a platform for future studies on battery electrolytes where aqueous sulfate chemistry plays a central role in the solution structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Bazak
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Allison R Wong
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Kaining Duanmu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Kee Sung Han
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - David Reed
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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Wu X, Qiu S, Xu Y, Ma L, Bi X, Yuan Y, Wu T, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Lu J, Ji X. Hydrous Nickel-Iron Turnbull's Blue as a High-Rate and Low-Temperature Proton Electrode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:9201-9208. [PMID: 32011119 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Proton batteries are emerging as a promising solution for energy storage; however, their development has been hindered by the lack of suitable cathode materials. Herein, a hydrous Turnbull's blue analogue (TBA) of Ni[Fe(CN)6]2/3·4H2O has been investigated as a viable proton cathode. Particularly, it shows an extremely high rate performance up to 6000 C (390 A g-1) at room temperature and delivers good capacity values at a low temperature of -40 °C in an aqueous electrolyte. The excellent rate capability is also amenable to high mass loadings of 10 mg cm-2. Such fast and low-temperature rate behavior likely stems from the fast proton conduction that is afforded by the Grotthuss mechanism inside the TBA structure. Furthermore, advanced characterization, including in operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) were employed to understand the changes of crystal structures and the oxidation-states of metal elements of the electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyong Wu
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Shen Qiu
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Yunkai Xu
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Lu Ma
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Sources , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Xuanxuan Bi
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Yifei Yuan
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Tianpin Wu
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Sources , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Reza Shahbazian-Yassar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Jun Lu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Xiulei Ji
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
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Altomare A, Cuocci C, Moliterni A, Rizzi R, Corriero N, Falcicchio A. The Shift_and_Fix procedure inEXPO: advances for solvingab initiocrystal structures by powder diffraction data. J Appl Crystallogr 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717015400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Shift_and_Fix procedure is a new method which has been developed for improving the quality of a structure model obtained by theab initiosolution process from powder diffraction data. The main features of the new approach, which is fully automatic, are as follows: (a) the structure model usually attained at the end of the phasing process by direct methods is shifted partly and randomly; (b) a combination of Fourier map calculation and least-squares cycles has been designed for relocating the shifted atoms onto positions which can finally be moved onto the true ones by the standard model optimization approaches; (c) the Fourier map is calculated using coefficients which depend on the chemical content of the compound under study. When the figure of merit for selecting the best set of phases derived by direct methods does not work well, the ALLTRIALS strategy can be applied: it aims to investigate, automatically and sequentially, all the stored direct methods phasing sets and pick up the correct solution. The Shift_and_Fix method has been applied for improving the structure model calculated by each one of the phasing sets processed by ALLTRIALS. It has been implemented in the computer programEXPOand proved to be effective in providing a better ALLTRIALS outcome and increasing the probability of succeeding in theab initiopowder solution.
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Maynard-Casely HE. ‘Peaks in space’ – crystallography in planetary science: past impacts and future opportunities. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/0889311x.2016.1242127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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