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Liu T, Ou JY, MacDonald KF, Zheludev NI. Detection of sub-atomic movement in nanostructures. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2213-2216. [PMID: 36133771 PMCID: PMC9419005 DOI: 10.1039/d0na01068e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale objects move fast and oscillate billions of times per second. Such movements occur naturally in the form of thermal (Brownian) motion while stimulated movements underpin the functionality of nano-mechanical sensors and active nano-(electro/opto) mechanical devices. Here we introduce a methodology for detecting such movements, based on the spectral analysis of secondary electron emission from moving nanostructures, that is sensitive to displacements of sub-atomic amplitude. We demonstrate the detection of nanowire Brownian oscillations of ∼10 pm amplitude and hyperspectral mapping of stimulated oscillations of setae on the body of a common flea. The technique opens a range of opportunities for the study of dynamic processes in materials science, nanotechnology and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjun Liu
- Optoelectronics Research Centre & Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Jun-Yu Ou
- Optoelectronics Research Centre & Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Kevin F MacDonald
- Optoelectronics Research Centre & Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Nikolay I Zheludev
- Optoelectronics Research Centre & Centre for Photonic Metamaterials, University of Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
- Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies & the Photonics Institute, Nanyanag Technological University 637371 Singapore
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2
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Klimm D, Guguschev C, Ganschow S, Bickermann M, Schlom DG. REScO
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Substrates—Purveyors of Strain Engineering. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.201900111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Klimm
- Leibniz‐Institut für Kristallzüchtung Max‐Born‐Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Christo Guguschev
- Leibniz‐Institut für Kristallzüchtung Max‐Born‐Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Steffen Ganschow
- Leibniz‐Institut für Kristallzüchtung Max‐Born‐Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | | | - Darrell G. Schlom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science Ithaca NY 14853‐1501 USA
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3
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Ponomarev I, Kroll P. 29Si NMR Chemical Shifts in Crystalline and Amorphous Silicon Nitrides. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11091646. [PMID: 30205451 PMCID: PMC6164960 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigate 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts, δiso, of silicon nitride. Our goal is to relate the local structure to the NMR signal and, thus, provide the means to extract more information from the experimental 29Si NMR spectra in this family of compounds. We apply structural modeling and the gauge-included projector augmented wave (GIPAW) method within density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our models comprise known and hypothetical crystalline Si3N4, as well as amorphous Si3N4 structures. We find good agreement with available experimental 29Si NMR data for tetrahedral Si[4] and octahedral Si[6] in crystalline Si3N4, predict the chemical shift of a trigonal-bipyramidal Si[5] to be about −120 ppm, and quantify the impact of Si-N bond lengths on 29Si δiso. We show through computations that experimental 29Si NMR data indicates that silicon dicarbodiimide, Si(NCN)2 exhibits bent Si-N-C units with angles of about 143° in its structure. A detailed investigation of amorphous silicon nitride shows that an observed peak asymmetry relates to the proximity of a fifth N neighbor in non-bonding distance between 2.5 and 2.8 Å to Si. We reveal the impact of both Si-N(H)-Si bond angle and Si-N bond length on 29Si δiso in hydrogenated silicon nitride structure, silicon diimide Si(NH)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Ponomarev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - Peter Kroll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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Singh P, Harbola MK, Johnson DD. Better band gaps for wide-gap semiconductors from a locally corrected exchange-correlation potential that nearly eliminates self-interaction errors. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:424001. [PMID: 28766508 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa837b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work constitutes a comprehensive and improved account of electronic-structure and mechanical properties of silicon-nitride ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]) polymorphs via van Leeuwen and Baerends (LB) exchange-corrected local density approximation (LDA) that enforces the exact exchange potential asymptotic behavior. The calculated lattice constant, bulk modulus, and electronic band structure of [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] polymorphs are in good agreement with experimental results. We also show that, for a single electron in a hydrogen atom, spherical well, or harmonic oscillator, the LB-corrected LDA reduces the (self-interaction) error to exact total energy to ∼10%, a factor of three to four lower than standard LDA, due to a dramatically improved representation of the exchange-potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Singh
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, United States of America
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Suehiro T, Tansho M, Shimizu T. Na-α′-GeGaON Solid Solution Analogous to α′-SiAlON: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Potentiality as a Photocatalyst. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:2355-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Suehiro
- SiAlON
Unit, Environment and Energy Materials Division, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Masataka Tansho
- High
Field NMR Group, Nano Characterization Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, 3-13 Sakura, Tsukuba 305-0003, Japan
| | - Tadashi Shimizu
- High
Field NMR Group, Nano Characterization Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, 3-13 Sakura, Tsukuba 305-0003, Japan
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Optical Properties of Silicon-Rich Silicon Nitride (SixNyHz) from First Principles. COMPUTATION 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/computation3040657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yamane H, Nagura T, Miyazaki T. La3Si6N11. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:i23-i24. [PMID: 24940184 PMCID: PMC4051113 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536814009234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorless transparent single crystals of trilanthanum hexasilicon undecanitrogen, La3Si6N11, were prepared at 0.85 MPa of N2 and 2273 K. The title compound is isotypic with Sm3Si6N11. Silicon-centered nitrogen tetrahedra form a three-dimensional network structure by sharing their corners. Layers of one type of SiN4 tetrahedra and slabs composed of the two different La3+ cations and the other type of SiN4 tetrahedra are alternately stacked along the c axis of the tetragonal unit cell. The site symmetries of the two La3+ cations are are ..m and 4.., respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Yamane
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nagura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyazaki
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
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Kim HS, Zhang Z, Kaiser U. Local symmetry breaking of a thin crystal structure of β-Si3N4 as revealed by spherical aberration corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 2012; 61:145-157. [PMID: 22499470 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfs038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This report is an extension of the study for structural imaging of 5-6 nm thick β-Si(3)N(4) [0001] crystal with a spherical aberration corrected transmission electron microscope by Zhang and Kaiser [2009. Structure imaging of β-Si(3)N(4) by spherical aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 109, 1114-1120]. In this work, a local symmetry breaking with an uneven resolution of dumbbells in the six-membered rings revealed in the reported images in the study of Zhang and Kaiser has been analyzed in detail. It is found that this local asymmetry in the image basically is not relevant to a slight mistilt of the specimen and/or a beam tilt (coma). Rather the certain variation of the tetrahedral bond length of Si-N(4) in the crystal structure is found to be responsible for the uneven resolution with a local structural variation from region to region. This characteristic of the variation is also supposed to give a distorted lattice of apparently 2°-2.5° deviations from the perfect hexagonal unit cell as observed in the reported image in the work of Zhang and Kaiser. It is discussed that this variation may prevail only in a thin specimen with a thickness ranging ~≤ 5-6 nm. At the same time, it is noted that the average of the bond length variation is close to the fixed length known in a bulk crystal of β-Si(3)N(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwang Su Kim
- Department of Physics, Kyungsung University, Busan 608-736, Republic of Korea.
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Krivec S, Buchmayr M, Detzel T, Froemling T, Fleig J, Hutter H. The effect of bias-temperature stress on Na+ incorporation into thin insulating films. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:649-57. [PMID: 21331494 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The action of Na(+) incorporation into thin insulating films and transport therein under influence of a bias voltage and temperature (BT stress) is the subject of this work. Deposited onto highly n-doped Si wafers, the insulators get BT stressed and subsequently investigated by means of time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). A thin PMMA film, spin-coated onto the insulator, serves as host matrix for a defined amount of Na(+), provided via sodium triflate. Combining BT stress and ToF-SIMS depth profiling enables the unambiguous detection of Na(+), incorporated into the insulating material. The insulators of interest vary in their nitride content: SiO(2), SiO(x)N(y), and Si(3)N(4). For SiO(2), it is shown that once a threshold BT stress is exceeded, Na(+) gets quantitatively incorporated from PMMA into the underlying insulator, finally accumulating at the SiO(2)/Si interface. A quantitative assessment by combination of Butler-Volmer kinetics with hopping dynamics reveals activation energies of E(a) = 1.55 - 2.04 eV for Na(+) transport in SiO(2) with varying thickness. On the other hand, SiO(x)N(y) and Si(3)N(4) films show a different Na(+) incorporation characteristic in this type of experiment, which can be explained by the higher coordination of nitrogen and hence the reduced Na(+) permeability within these insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Krivec
- Kompetenzzentrum Automobil- und Industrieelektronik GmbH, Villach, Austria
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Structural imaging of β-Si3N4 by spherical aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2009; 109:1114-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Johannes J, Unciuleac MC, Friedrich T, Warkentin E, Ermler U, Boll M. Inhibitors of the Molybdenum Cofactor Containing 4-Hydroxybenzoyl-CoA Reductase. Biochemistry 2008; 47:4964-72. [DOI: 10.1021/bi800137v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Johannes
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, Molecular Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mihaela-Carmen Unciuleac
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, Molecular Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thorsten Friedrich
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, Molecular Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eberhard Warkentin
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, Molecular Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Uli Ermler
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, Molecular Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Boll
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany, Molecular Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, and Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
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