Structure of the 4:1 inclusion compound between deoxycholic acid and (E)-p-dimethylaminoazobenzene

(20S)-20-Acet-oxy-4-pregnene-3,16-dione from Commiphora wightii

The title triterpene compound, C(23)H(32)O(4), isolated from Commiphora wightii features four trans-fused rings, among which the five-membered ring adopts an envelope conformation, the cyclo-hexene ring adopts a half-chair conformation and the two cyclo-hexane rings exist in chair conformations. The asymmetric unit contains two independent mol-ecules. Weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonding is present in the crystal structure.

Structural requirements for substrates of cytochromes P-450 and P-448

Distinct and different molecular structural features are manifested by substrates, inhibitors and inducers of the two families of liver microsomal enzymes, the phenobarbital-induced cytochromes P-450 and the 3-methylcholanthrene-induced cytochromes P-448. In a theoretical study based on molecular orbital calculations and molecular graphics, it is established that cytochrome P-448 substrates contain fused aromatic or heteroaromatic rings giving rise to overall molecular planarity with relatively small molecular depth. In contrast, substrates of the cytochromes P-450 have greater conformational freedom and an ability to bind at more than one point of attachment, as a result of possession of certain characteristic functions, namely, a carbonyl and/or amine moiety coupled with an iso-propyl group, or similar function of equivalent shape and hydrophobicity. The implications are that the binding sites of cytochromes P-448 contain a number of hydrophobic aromatic amino acid residues orientated so as to allow occupation by similar substrates containing co-planar aromatic rings, whereas those of the phenobarbital-induced cytochromes P-450 contain hydrophilic amino acid residues capable of hydrogen bonding to greater than C = O moieties and at least one leucine or valine residue, as these contain the complementary isopropyl function. The corollary of these findings is the possibility of prediction of the toxicity of new chemicals on the basis of their molecular dimensions.

Molecular dimensions of the substrate binding site of cytochrome P-448

The molecular geometries of specific substrates, inhibitors and inducers of cytochrome P-448 activity were determined using computer-graphic techniques for use in defining the molecular dimensions of the substrate binding site of this enzyme. Specific substrates of cytochrome P-448 are essentially planar molecules characterised by a small depth and a large area/depth ratio. In contrast, compounds that do not serve as substrates of cytochrome P-448 are bulky, non-planar molecules characterised by small area/depth ratios and greater flexibility in molecular conformation. Specific inhibitors of cytochrome P-448 whose effect is mediated through interaction with the haem still meet the dimensional criteria for substrates indicating that they must also interact with the substrate binding-site, which is probably located in proximity to the haem. Inducers of cytochrome P-448 activity exhibit similar molecular geometries to the substrates from which it may be inferred that the cytosolic receptor associated with the induction of cytochrome P-448 activity is structurally related to the active site of the cytochrome.

Cholic acids/salts as barriers to diffusing species: effect of pH

Bile acids have been absorbed on a microporous polypropylene membrane and the diffusion of ionic and non-ionic compounds through the barriers obtained has been studied at different pH values. Results indicate that permeation rates are affected by environmental pH conditions and an explanation of this behaviour is proposed. This study represents an approach for a pH-controlled drug delivery system.