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Li R, Tao J, Huang D, Zhou W, Gao L, Wang X, Chen H, Huang H. Investigating the effects of biodegradable microplastics and copper ions on probiotic (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens): Toxicity and application. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130081. [PMID: 36367472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Currently, microplastic pollution is more serious and complicates the toxic effects of other co-existing pollutants in the environment. However, the effect and mechanism of biodegradable plastics on the growth and metabolism of probiotic remain unclear. This work selected Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as model bacterium for a three-day exposure experiment to probe the issues. The results showed that 100 mg/L polylactic acid microplastics (PLA MPs) (3-4 mm, flake shape) caused oxidative damage to cell membranes, disrupted cell wall composition and inhibited cell growth by 21.2-27.5 %. The toxicity was not simply additive or synergistic effects when PLA MPs (100 mg/L) and copper ions (10 mg/L) coexisted. PLA MPs did not significantly increase the toxicity of copper to bacteria, instead triggered some mechanisms to resist the toxicity of copper. The bacteria formed spores to resist PLA MPs, while the copper ions toxicity was weaken by chelation and efflux. It is worth noting that copper ions instead increased the expression of genes related fengycin and iturin then improving the bacteriostatic activity of the probiotic. This paper deeply analyzes the toxicity mechanism of combined pollution on Bacillus amyloliquefacien, and also provides new perspective for helping to inhibit pathogenic bacteria under biodegradable microplastics and metal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Jiaxi Tao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Danlian Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Lan Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xinya Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Haojie Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Hai Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
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Barra ALC, Ullah N, Morão LG, Wrenger C, Betzel C, Nascimento AS. Structural Dynamics and Perspectives of Vitamin B6 Biosynthesis Enzymes in Plasmodium: Advances and Open Questions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:688380. [PMID: 34327152 PMCID: PMC8313854 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.688380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is still today one of the most concerning diseases, with 219 million infections in 2019, most of them in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, causing approx. 409,000 deaths per year. Despite the tremendous advances in malaria treatment and prevention, there is still no vaccine for this disease yet available and the increasing parasite resistance to already existing drugs is becoming an alarming issue globally. In this context, several potential targets for the development of new drug candidates have been proposed and, among those, the de novo biosynthesis pathway for the B6 vitamin was identified to be a promising candidate. The reason behind its significance is the absence of the pathway in humans and its essential presence in the metabolism of major pathogenic organisms. The pathway consists of two enzymes i.e. Pdx1 (PLP synthase domain) and Pdx2 (glutaminase domain), the last constituting a transient and dynamic complex with Pdx1 as the prime player and harboring the catalytic center. In this review, we discuss the structural biology of Pdx1 and Pdx2, together with and the understanding of the PLP biosynthesis provided by the crystallographic data. We also highlight the existing evidence of the effect of PLP synthesis inhibition on parasite proliferation. The existing data provide a flourishing environment for the structure-based design and optimization of new substrate analogs that could serve as inhibitors or even suicide inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Luana C Barra
- Pólo TerRa, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Najeeb Ullah
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luana G Morão
- Pólo TerRa, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christian Betzel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Martínez-Guitián M, Vázquez-Ucha JC, Álvarez-Fraga L, Conde-Pérez K, Vallejo JA, Perina A, Bou G, Poza M, Beceiro A. Global Transcriptomic Analysis During Murine Pneumonia Infection Reveals New Virulence Factors in Acinetobacter baumannii. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1356-1366. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens such as Acinetobacter baumannii constitute a major health problem worldwide. In this study we present a global in vivo transcriptomic analysis of A. baumannii isolated from the lungs of mice with pneumonia infection.
Methods
Mice were infected with A. baumannii ATCC 17978 and AbH12O-A2 strains and the total bacterial RNA were analyzed by RNA sequencing. Lists of differentially expressed genes were obtained and 14 of them were selected for gene deletion and further analysis.
Results
Transcriptomic analysis revealed a specific gene expression profile in A. baumannii during lung infection with upregulation of genes involved in iron acquisition and host invasion. Mutant strains lacking feoA, mtnN, yfgC, basB, hisF, oatA, and bfnL showed a significant loss of virulence in murine pneumonia. A decrease in biofilm formation, adherence to human epithelial cells, and growth rate was observed in selected mutants.
Conclusions
This study provides an insight into A. baumannii gene expression profile during murine pneumonia infection. Data revealed that 7 in vivo upregulated genes were involved in virulence and could be considered new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martínez-Guitián
- Servicio de Microbiología del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas, Universidad de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Juan C Vázquez-Ucha
- Servicio de Microbiología del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas, Universidad de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Laura Álvarez-Fraga
- Servicio de Microbiología del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas, Universidad de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Kelly Conde-Pérez
- Servicio de Microbiología del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas, Universidad de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Juan A Vallejo
- Servicio de Microbiología del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas, Universidad de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Germán Bou
- Servicio de Microbiología del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas, Universidad de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Margarita Poza
- Servicio de Microbiología del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas, Universidad de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alejandro Beceiro
- Servicio de Microbiología del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas, Universidad de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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Barra ALC, Dantas LDOC, Morão LG, Gutierrez RF, Polikarpov I, Wrenger C, Nascimento AS. Essential Metabolic Routes as a Way to ESKAPE From Antibiotic Resistance. Front Public Health 2020; 8:26. [PMID: 32257985 PMCID: PMC7093009 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide concern that requires a concerted action from physicians, patients, governmental agencies, and academia to prevent infections and the spread of resistance, track resistant bacteria, improve the use of current antibiotics, and develop new antibiotics. Despite the efforts spent so far, the current antibiotics in the market are restricted to only five general targets/pathways highlighting the need for basic research focusing on the discovery and evaluation of new potential targets. Here we interrogate two biosynthetic pathways as potentially druggable pathways in bacteria. The biosynthesis pathway for thiamine (vitamin B1), absent in humans, but found in many bacteria, including organisms in the group of the ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter sp.) and the biosynthesis pathway for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and its vitamers (vitamin B6), found in S. aureus. Using current genomic data, we discuss the possibilities of inhibition of enzymes in the pathway and review the current state of the art in the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luana Galvão Morão
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Raíssa F. Gutierrez
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Structure of ThiM from Vitamin B1 biosynthetic pathway of Staphylococcus aureus - Insights into a novel pro-drug approach addressing MRSA infections. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22871. [PMID: 26960569 PMCID: PMC4785402 DOI: 10.1038/srep22871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are today known to be a substantial threat for global health. Emerging multi-drug resistant bacteria have created a substantial need to identify and discover new drug targets and to develop novel strategies to treat bacterial infections. A promising and so far untapped antibiotic target is the biosynthesis of vitamin B1 (thiamin). Thiamin in its activated form, thiamin pyrophosphate, is an essential co-factor for all organisms. Therefore, thiamin analogous compounds, when introduced into the vitamin B1 biosynthetic pathway and further converted into non-functional co-factors by the bacterium can function as pro-drugs which thus block various co-factor dependent pathways. We characterized one of the key enzymes within the S. aureus vitamin B1 biosynthetic pathway, 5-(hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole kinase (SaThiM; EC 2.7.1.50), a potential target for pro-drug compounds and analyzed the native structure of SaThiM and complexes with the natural substrate 5-(hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole (THZ) and two selected substrate analogues.
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