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Ye LC, Chow SY, Chang SC, Kuo CH, Wang YL, Wei YJ, Lee GC, Liaw SH, Chen WM, Chen SC. Structural and Mutational Analyses of Trehalose Synthase from Deinococcus radiodurans Reveal the Interconversion of Maltose-Trehalose Mechanism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:18649-18657. [PMID: 39109746 PMCID: PMC11342931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Trehalose synthase (TreS) catalyzes the reversible interconversion of maltose to trehalose, playing a vital role in trehalose production. Understanding the catalytic mechanism of TreS is crucial for optimizing the enzyme activity and enhancing its suitability for industrial applications. Here, we report the crystal structures of both the wild type and the E324D mutant of Deinococcus radiodurans trehalose synthase in complex with the trehalose analogue, validoxylamine A. By employing structure-guided mutagenesis, we identified N253, E320, and E324 as crucial residues within the +1 subsite for isomerase activity. Based on these complex structures, we propose the catalytic mechanism underlying the reversible interconversion of maltose to trehalose. These findings significantly advance our comprehension of the reaction mechanism of TreS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ci Ye
- Department
of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Yao Chow
- Department
of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - San-Chi Chang
- Department
of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan
University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Kuo
- Department
of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University
of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haijhuan Rd, Kaohsiung, Nanzih District 81157, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lin Wang
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National
Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Jun Wei
- Department
of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Chiun Lee
- Department
of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal
University, No. 162, Sec. 1, Heping East Road, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Huey Liaw
- Department
of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ming Chen
- Department
of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University
of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haijhuan Rd, Kaohsiung, Nanzih District 81157, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chia Chen
- Department
of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University
of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haijhuan Rd, Kaohsiung, Nanzih District 81157, Taiwan
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2
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Urbániková Ľ, Janeček Š. Trehalose synthases from the subfamily GH13_16 involved in α-glucan biosynthesis - a focus on their maltokinase domain. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131680. [PMID: 38641282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The subfamily GH13_16 trehalose synthase (TreS) converts maltose to trehalose and vice versa. Typically, it consists of three domains, but it may contain a C-terminal extension exhibiting clear sequence features of a maltokinase (MaK). The present in silico study was focused on collection of naturally fused TreS-MaKs and their subsequent detailed bioinformatics analysis. Hence a set of total 3354 unique sequences was compared consisting of 1900 single TreSs, 1426 fused TreS-MaKs and 28 single MaKs. Fused TreS-MaKs were divided into five groups, namely with a standard MaK, with mutations in the maltose-binding site, of the catalytic nucleophile, of the general acid/base and of both catalytic residues. Sequence logos bearing the best conserved sequence regions were prepared for both TreSs and MaKs in an effort to find unique sequence features. In addition, linkers connecting the TreS and MaK parts in the fused enzymes were analysed. This analysis revealed that MaKs in fused enzymes have an extended N-terminal regions compared to single MaKs. Finally, the evolutionary relationships were demonstrated by phylogenetic trees of TreS parts from single TreSs and fused TreS-MaKs from the same organism as well as of single TreSs existing in multiple isoforms in the same organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ľubica Urbániková
- Laboratory of Protein Evolution, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84551 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Štefan Janeček
- Laboratory of Protein Evolution, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, SK-84551 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia.
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3
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Trakarnpaiboon S, Bunterngsook B, Lekakarn H, Prongjit D, Champreda V. Characterization of cold-active trehalose synthase from Pseudarthrobacter sp. for trehalose bioproduction. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:65. [PMID: 38647947 PMCID: PMC10992939 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00681-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a functional sugar that has numerous applications in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. Production of trehalose from maltose via a single-step enzymatic catalysis using trehalose synthase (TreS) is a promising method compared with the conventional two-step process due to its simplicity with lower formation of byproducts. In this study, a cold-active trehalose synthase (PaTreS) from Pseudarthrobacter sp. TBRC 2005 was heterologously expressed and characterized. PaTreS showed the maximum activity at 20 °C and maintained 87% and 59% of its activity at 10 °C and 4 °C, respectively. The enzyme had remarkable stability over a board pH range of 7.0-9.0 with the highest activity at pH 7.0. The activity was enhanced by divalent metal ions (Mg2+, Mn2+ and Ca2+). Conversion of high-concentration maltose syrup (100-300 g/L) using PaTreS yielded 71.7-225.5 g/L trehalose, with 4.5-16.4 g/L glucose as a byproduct within 16 h. The work demonstrated the potential of PaTreS as a promising biocatalyst for the development of low-temperature trehalose production, with the advantages of reduced risk of microbial contamination with low generation of byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srisakul Trakarnpaiboon
- Enzyme Technology Research Team, Biorefinery Technology and Bioproduct Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueang, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Benjarat Bunterngsook
- Enzyme Technology Research Team, Biorefinery Technology and Bioproduct Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueang, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Hataikarn Lekakarn
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Khlong Nueang, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Daran Prongjit
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Khlong Nueang, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Verawat Champreda
- Enzyme Technology Research Team, Biorefinery Technology and Bioproduct Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueang, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
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4
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Chen Y, Zhao Y, Zhou X, Liu N, Ming D, Zhu L, Jiang L. Improving the thermostability of trehalose synthase from Thermomonospora curvata by covalent cyclization using peptide tags and investigation of the underlying molecular mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 168:13-21. [PMID: 33285196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the most desirable properties for industrial enzymes is high thermotolerance, which can reduce the amount of biocatalyst used and lower the production cost. Aiming to improve the thermotolerance of trehalose synthase (TreS, EC 5.4.99.16) from Thermomonospora curvata, four mutants (G78D, V289L, G322A, I323L) and four cyclized TreS variants fused using different Tag/Catcher pairs (SpyTag-TreS-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-TreS-KTag, SnoopTag-TreS-SnoopCatcher, SnoopTagJR-TreS-DogTag) were constructed. The results showed that cyclization led to a much larger increase of thermostability than that achieved via site-directed mutagenesis. The t1/2 of all four cyclized TreS variants at 55 °C increased 2- to 3- fold, while the analysis of kinetic and thermodynamic stability indicated that the T50 of the different cyclized TreS variants increased by between 7.5 °C and 15.5 °C. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the Rg values of cyclized TreS decreased significantly, indicating that the protein maintained a tight tertiary structure at high temperatures, avoiding exposure of the hydrophobic core to the solvent. Cyclization using a Tag/Catcher pair is a simple and effective method for improving the thermotolerance of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Nian Liu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Dengming Ming
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Liying Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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Structural basis for amino acid exchange by a human heteromeric amino acid transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21281-21287. [PMID: 32817565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteromeric amino acid transporters (HATs) comprise a group of membrane proteins that belong to the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily. They are formed by two different protein components: a light chain subunit from an SLC7 family member and a heavy chain subunit from the SLC3 family. The light chain constitutes the transport subunit whereas the heavy chain mediates trafficking to the plasma membrane and maturation of the functional complex. Mutation, malfunction, and dysregulation of HATs are associated with a wide range of pathologies or represent the direct cause of inherited and acquired disorders. Here we report the cryogenic electron microscopy structure of the neutral and basic amino acid transport complex (b[0,+]AT1-rBAT) which reveals a heterotetrameric protein assembly composed of two heavy and light chain subunits, respectively. The previously uncharacterized interaction between two HAT units is mediated via dimerization of the heavy chain subunits and does not include participation of the light chain subunits. The b(0,+)AT1 transporter adopts a LeuT fold and is captured in an inward-facing conformation. We identify an amino-acid-binding pocket that is formed by transmembrane helices 1, 6, and 10 and conserved among SLC7 transporters.
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Structure-function analysis of silkworm sucrose hydrolase uncovers the mechanism of substrate specificity in GH13 subfamily 17 exo-α-glucosidases. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8784-8797. [PMID: 32381508 PMCID: PMC7324511 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The domestic silkworm Bombyx mori expresses two sucrose-hydrolyzing enzymes, BmSUH and BmSUC1, belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 13 subfamily 17 (GH13_17) and GH32, respectively. BmSUH has little activity on maltooligosaccharides, whereas other insect GH13_17 α-glucosidases are active on sucrose and maltooligosaccharides. Little is currently known about the structural mechanisms and substrate specificity of GH13_17 enzymes. In this study, we examined the crystal structures of BmSUH without ligands; in complexes with substrates, products, and inhibitors; and complexed with its covalent intermediate at 1.60-1.85 Å resolutions. These structures revealed that the conformations of amino acid residues around subsite -1 are notably different at each step of the hydrolytic reaction. Such changes have not been previously reported among GH13 enzymes, including exo- and endo-acting hydrolases, such as α-glucosidases and α-amylases. Amino acid residues at subsite +1 are not conserved in BmSUH and other GH13_17 α-glucosidases, but subsite -1 residues are absolutely conserved. Substitutions in three subsite +1 residues, Gln191, Tyr251, and Glu440, decreased sucrose hydrolysis and increased maltase activity of BmSUH, indicating that these residues are key for determining its substrate specificity. These results provide detailed insights into structure-function relationships in GH13 enzymes and into the molecular evolution of insect GH13_17 α-glucosidases.
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Ren X, Wang J, Li Y, Wang F, Wang R, Li P, Ma C, Su J. Computational and Enzymatic Analyses Unveil the Catalytic Mechanism of Thermostable Trehalose Synthase and Suggest Strategies for Improved Bioconversion. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8177-8185. [PMID: 31290662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose synthase (TreS) catalyzes the reversible interconversion of maltose to trehalose, and is therefore essential for trehalose production. Consequently, dissecting the catalytic mechanism of TreS is important for enzyme optimization and industrial applications. TreS from Thermobaculum terrenum (TtTreS) is a thermostable enzyme. Here, we studied the composition of the TtTreS active site through computer calculation and enzyme analysis. The results were consistent with a two-step double-displacement mechanism, similar to that of glycoside hydrolase 13 family enzymes. However, our data suggested that glucose rotation, following breakage of the α-1,4 glycosidic bond, is a key factor determining the reaction direction and conversion rate. The N246 residue plays an important role in glucose rotation. Moreover, we established a saturated mutation model for the nonconserved amino acids around the substrate gateway domain. Finally, four TtTreS mutants (K136T, Y137D, K138N, and D139S) resulted in improved trehalose yield compared to that of the wild-type enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP) , Qilu University of Technology , Jinan , Shandong 250353 , China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering , Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) , Jinan , Shandong 250353 , China
| | - Junqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP) , Qilu University of Technology , Jinan , Shandong 250353 , China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering , Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) , Jinan , Shandong 250353 , China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP) , Qilu University of Technology , Jinan , Shandong 250353 , China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering , Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) , Jinan , Shandong 250353 , China
| | - Fen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP) , Qilu University of Technology , Jinan , Shandong 250353 , China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering , Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) , Jinan , Shandong 250353 , China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP) , Qilu University of Technology , Jinan , Shandong 250353 , China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering , Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) , Jinan , Shandong 250353 , China
| | - Piwu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP) , Qilu University of Technology , Jinan , Shandong 250353 , China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering , Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) , Jinan , Shandong 250353 , China
| | - Chunling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP) , Qilu University of Technology , Jinan , Shandong 250353 , China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering , Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) , Jinan , Shandong 250353 , China
| | - Jing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP) , Qilu University of Technology , Jinan , Shandong 250353 , China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering , Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) , Jinan , Shandong 250353 , China
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Cai X, Seitl I, Mu W, Zhang T, Stressler T, Fischer L, Jiang B. Characterization of a Recombinant Trehalose Synthase from Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus and its Unique Kinetics Indicating a Substrate Cooperativity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:1255-1271. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Cai X, Seitl I, Mu W, Zhang T, Stressler T, Fischer L, Jiang B. Combination of sequence-based and in silico screening to identify novel trehalose synthases. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 115:62-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Zhou J, Li Z, Zhang H, Wu J, Ye X, Dong W, Jiang M, Huang Y, Cui Z. Novel Maltogenic Amylase CoMA from Corallococcus sp. Strain EGB Catalyzes the Conversion of Maltooligosaccharides and Soluble Starch to Maltose. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e00152-18. [PMID: 29752267 PMCID: PMC6029087 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00152-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the novel amylolytic enzyme designated CoMA was cloned from Corallococcus sp. strain EGB. The deduced amino acid sequence contained a predicted lipoprotein signal peptide (residues 1 to 18) and a conserved glycoside hydrolase family 13 (GH13) module. The amino acid sequence of CoMA exhibits low sequence identity (10 to 19%) with cyclodextrin-hydrolyzing enzymes (GH13_20) and is assigned to GH13_36. The most outstanding feature of CoMA is its ability to catalyze the conversion of maltooligosaccharides (≥G3) and soluble starch to maltose as the sole hydrolysate. Moreover, it can hydrolyze γ-cyclodextrin and starch to maltose and hydrolyze pullulan exclusively to panose with relative activities of 0.2, 1, and 0.14, respectively. CoMA showed both hydrolysis and transglycosylation activities toward α-1,4-glycosidic bonds but not to α-1,6-linkages. Moreover, glucosyl transfer was postulated to be the major transglycosidation reaction for producing a high level of maltose without the attendant production of glucose. These results indicated that CoMA possesses some unusual properties that distinguish it from maltogenic amylases and typical α-amylases. Its physicochemical properties suggested that it has potential for commercial development.IMPORTANCE The α-amylase from Corallococcus sp. EGB, which was classified to the GH13_36 subfamily, can catalyze the conversion of maltooligosaccharides (≥G3) and soluble starch to maltose as the sole hydrolysate. An action mechanism for producing a high level of maltose without the attendant production of glucose has been proposed. Moreover, it also can hydrolyze γ-cyclodextrin and pullulan. Its biochemical characterization suggested that CoMA may be involved the accumulation of maltose in Corallococcus media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiale Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Biotechnical production of trehalose through the trehalose synthase pathway: current status and future prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2965-2976. [PMID: 29460000 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose (α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 1)-α-D-glucopyranoside) is a non-reducing disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules linked by an α,α-1,1-glycosidic bond. It possesses physicochemical properties, which account for its biological roles in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and invertebrates. Intensive studies of trehalose gradually uncovered its functions, and its applications in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals have increased every year. Currently, trehalose is industrially produced by the two-enzyme method, which was first developed in 1995 using maltooligosyltrehalose synthase (EC 5.4.99.15) and subsequently using maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.141), with starch as the substrate. This biotechnical method has lowered the price of trehalose and expanded its applications. However, when trehalose synthase (EC 5.4.99.16) was later discovered, this method for trehalose production using maltose as the substrate soon became a popular topic because of its simplicity and potential in industrial production. Since then, many trehalose synthases have been studied. This review summarizes the sources and characteristics of reported trehalose synthases, and the most recent advances on structural analysis of trehalose synthase, catalytic mechanism, molecular modification, and usage in industrial production processes.
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Chow SY, Wang YL, Hsieh YC, Lee GC, Liaw SH. The N253F mutant structure of trehalose synthase from Deinococcus radioduransreveals an open active-site topology. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2017; 73:588-594. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x17014303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose synthase (TS) catalyzes the reversible conversion of maltose to trehalose and belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 13 (GH13). Previous mechanistic analysis suggested a rate-limiting protein conformational change, which is probably the opening and closing of the active site. Consistently, crystal structures ofDeinococcus radioduransTS (DrTS) in complex with the inhibitor Tris displayed an enclosed active site for catalysis of the intramoleular isomerization. In this study, the apo structure of the DrTS N253F mutant displays a new open conformation with an empty active site. Analysis of these structures suggests that substrate binding induces a domain rotation to close the active site. Such a substrate-induced domain rotation has also been observed in some other GH13 enzymes.
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Wang J, Ren X, Wang R, Su J, Wang F. Structural Characteristics and Function of a New Kind of Thermostable Trehalose Synthase from Thermobaculum terrenum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7726-7735. [PMID: 28809106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose has important applications in the food industry and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The thermostable enzyme trehalose synthase from Thermobaculum terrenum (TtTS) catalyzes the reversible interconversion of maltose and trehalose. Here, we investigated the structural characteristics of TtTS in complex with the inhibitor TriS. TtTS exhibits the typical three domain glycoside hydrolase family 13 structure. The catalytic cleft consists of Asp202-Glu244-Asp310 and various conserved substrate-binding residues. However, among trehalose synthases, TtTS demonstrates obvious thermal stability. TtTS has more polar (charged) amino acids distributed on its protein structure surface and more aromatic amino acids buried within than other mesophilic trehalose synthases. Furthermore, TtTS structural analysis revealed four potential metal ion-binding sites rather than the two in a homologous structure. These factors may render TtTS relatively more thermostable among mesophilic trehalose synthases. The detailed thermophilic enzyme structure provided herein may provide guidance for further protein engineering in the design of stabilized enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Wang
- Faculty of Light Industry, Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology , Jinan 250353, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Ren
- Faculty of Light Industry, Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology , Jinan 250353, P.R. China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- Faculty of Light Industry, Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology , Jinan 250353, P.R. China
| | - Jing Su
- Faculty of Light Industry, Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology , Jinan 250353, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
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Chen YW, Lee CH, Wang YL, Li TL, Chang HC. Nanodiamonds as Nucleating Agents for Protein Crystallization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:6521-6527. [PMID: 28602087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamond (ND) is a carbon-based nanomaterial with potential for a wide range of biological applications. One of such applications is to facilitate the nucleation of protein crystals in aqueous solution. Here, we show that NDs (nominal diameters of 30 and 100 nm) after surface oxidation in air and subsequent treatment in strong acids are useful as heterogeneous nucleating agents for protein crystallization. Tested with lysozyme, ribonuclease A, proteinase K, and catalase, the nanomaterials in either aggregate or film form are found to be able to increase the crystallization efficiency of all proteins. Particularly, for 30 nm NDs, the films with an area of ∼2 mm2 can effectively induce the crystallization of lysozyme at a concentration as low as 5 mg/mL. The efficiency can be further improved by adding preformed protein clusters (∼300 nm in diameter) as inherent nucleation precursors, as demonstrated for ribonuclease A. This combined approach is easy to implement, highly compatible with existing technologies, and can be applied to other protein samples as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Wei Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsun Lee
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lin Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lin Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Abstract
It has long been reported that Mycobacterium tuberculosis is capable of synthesizing the α-glucan glycogen. However, what makes this bacterium stand out is that it coats itself in a capsule that mainly consists of a glycogen-like α-glucan. This polymer helps the pathogen evade immune responses. In 2010, the biosynthesis of α-glucans has been shown to not only involve the classical enzymes of glycogen metabolism but also a distinct GlgE pathway. Since then, this pathway has attracted attention not least in terms of the quest for new inhibitors that could be developed into new treatments for tuberculosis. Some lines of recent inquiry have shed a lot of light on to how GlgE catalyses the polymerization of α-glucan, using α-maltose 1-phosphate (M1P) as a building block and how the pathways are regulated. Nevertheless, many unanswered questions remain regarding the synthesis and role of α-glucans in mycobacteria and the numerous other bacteria that possess the GlgE pathway.
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