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Kumada T, Nakagawa H, Miura D, Sekine Y, Motokawa R, Hiroi K, Inamura Y, Oku T, Ohishi K, Morikawa T, Kawamura Y, Kawai K. Polarized Neutrons Observed Nanometer-Thick Crystalline Ice Plates in Frozen Glucose Solution. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7638-7643. [PMID: 37605312 PMCID: PMC10476184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Spin-contrast-variation (SCV) small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a technique to determine the nanostructure of composite materials from the scattering of polarized neutrons that changes with proton polarization of samples. The SCV-SANS enabled us to determine structure of nanoice crystals that were generated in rapidly frozen sugar solutions by separating the overlapped signals from the nanoice crystals and frozen amorphous solutions. In the frozen glucose solution, we found that the nanoice crystals formed a planar structure with a radius larger than several tens of nanometers and a thickness of 2.5 ± 0.5 nm, which was close to the critical nucleation size of ice crystals in supercooled water. This result suggests that the glucose molecules were preferentially bound to a specific face of nanoice crystals and then blocked the crystal growth perpendicular to that face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kumada
- Materials
Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
- J-PARC
Center, Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Materials
Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
- J-PARC
Center, Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miura
- Materials
Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Yurina Sekine
- Materials
Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Motokawa
- Materials
Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hiroi
- J-PARC
Center, Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Inamura
- J-PARC
Center, Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Takayuki Oku
- J-PARC
Center, Japan Atomic Energy
Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ohishi
- Neutron
Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive
Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Morikawa
- Neutron
Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive
Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Kawamura
- Neutron
Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive
Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kawai
- Graduate
School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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2
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Watanabe Y, Nishitsuji S, Takenaka M. Anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering analyses on hierarchical structures of rubber-filler systems. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:461-467. [PMID: 37032963 PMCID: PMC10077847 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The hierarchical structures of poly(styrene-ran-butadiene) (SBR) rubber/carbon black (CB) systems vulcanized with sulfur and ZnO have been clarified using anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS) near the Zn absorption edge. In the case of SBR/CB systems vulcanized with peroxide, it has been found previously that the hierarchical structures formed by CB consist of aggregates of primary particles and agglomerates of those aggregates with mass-fractal dimensions. However, to date the hierarchical structures in SBR/CB systems vulcanized with sulfur and ZnO have not been well investigated, despite being commonly used. This is because the strong scattering contrast of Zn prevents the quantitative analyses of the hierarchical structures of CB using X-ray scattering. In this study, the effects of Zn on the scattering intensity were eliminated and the structure factors of CB in SBR/CB systems were obtained using the ASAXS method. By extrapolating to the zero volume fraction of CB, the particle structure factor of the CB aggregates was estimated and it was found that the CB aggregates consist of closely packed CB primary particles. The presence of large particles of ZnO and particles of ZnS on the order of 10 nm in size is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nishitsuji
- Graduate School of Organic Materials science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Mikkihito Takenaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
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3
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Zhao Y, Yoshimura K, Sawada S, Motegi T, Hiroki A, Radulescu A, Maekawa Y. Unique Structural Characteristics of Graft-Type Proton-Exchange Membranes Using SANS Partial Scattering Function Analysis. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Kimio Yoshimura
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sawada
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Toshinori Motegi
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hiroki
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science @ MLZ, Lichtenbergstraße 1, Garching D-85747, Germany
| | - Yasunari Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
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4
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Malyeyev A, Titov I, Dewhurst C, Suzuki K, Honecker D, Michels A. Uniaxial polarization analysis of bulk ferromagnets: theory and first experimental results. J Appl Crystallogr 2022; 55:569-585. [PMID: 35719309 PMCID: PMC9172034 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576722003508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
On the basis of Brown's static equations of micromagnetics, the uniaxial polarization of the scattered neutron beam of a bulk magnetic material is computed. The approach considers a Hamiltonian that takes into account the isotropic exchange interaction, the antisymmetric Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction, magnetic anisotropy, the dipole–dipole interaction and the effect of an applied magnetic field. In the high-field limit, the solutions for the magnetization Fourier components are used to obtain closed-form results for the spin-polarized small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) cross sections and the ensuing polarization. The theoretical expressions are compared with experimental data on a soft magnetic nanocrystalline alloy. The micromagnetic SANS theory provides a general framework for polarized real-space neutron methods, and it may open up a new avenue for magnetic neutron data analysis on magnetic microstructures.
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Miura D, Kumada T, Sekine Y, Motokawa R, Nakagawa H, Oba Y, Ohhara T, Takata SI, Hiroi K, Morikawa T, Kawamura Y, Ohishi K, Suzuki JI, Miyachi Y, Iwata T. Development of spin-contrast-variation neutron powder diffractometry for extracting the structure factor of hydrogen atoms. J Appl Crystallogr 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A spin-contrast-variation neutron powder diffractometry technique that extracts the structure factor of hydrogen atoms, i.e. the contribution of hydrogen atoms to a crystal's structure factor, has been developed. Crystals of L-glutamic acid were dispersed in a D-polystyrene matrix containing 4-methacryloyloxy-2,2,6,6,-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy to polarize their proton spins dynamically. The intensities of the diffraction peaks of the sample changed according to the proton polarization, and the structure factor of the hydrogen atoms was extracted from the proton-polarization-dependent intensities. This technique is expected to enable analyses of the structures of hydrogen-containing materials that are difficult to determine with conventional powder diffractometry.
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First Experiment of Spin Contrast Variation Small-Angle Neutron Scattering on the iMATERIA Instrument at J-PARC. QUANTUM BEAM SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/qubs4040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have developed a novel dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) apparatus with a magnetic field of 7 T and a sample temperature of 1 K. High proton spin polarizations from −84% to 76%, for TEMPO doped polystyrene samples, have been demonstrated. This DNP apparatus satisfies the simultaneous requirement for quick and easy sample exchange and high DNP performance. On the iMATERIA (BL20) instrument at J-PARC, the first beam experiment using this DNP apparatus has been performed. For this experiment, the beamline was equipped with a supermirror polarizer. The stray magnetic field due to the superconducting magnet for DNP was also evaluated. The stray magnetic field plays an important role for in maintaining the neutron polarization during the transportation from the polarizer to the sample. The small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) profiles of silica-filled rubber under dynamically polarized conditions are presented. By applying our new analytical approach for SANS coherent scattering intensity, neutron polarization (PN) as a function of neutron wavelength was determined. Consequently, for the neutron wavelength, range from 4 Å to 10 Å, |PN| was sufficient for DNP-SANS studies.
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Holderer O, Carmo M, Shviro M, Lehnert W, Noda Y, Koizumi S, Appavou MS, Appel M, Frielinghaus H. Fuel Cell Electrode Characterization Using Neutron Scattering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1474. [PMID: 32213913 PMCID: PMC7143551 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical energy conversion and storage is key for the use of regenerative energies at large scale. A thorough understanding of the individual components, such as the ion conducting membrane and the electrode layers, can be obtained with scattering techniques on atomic to molecular length scales. The largely heterogeneous electrode layers of High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells are studied in this work with small- and wide-angle neutron scattering at the same time with the iMATERIA diffractometer at the spallation neutron source at J-PARC, opening a view on structural properties on atomic to mesoscopic length scales. Recent results on the proton mobility from the same samples measured with backscattering spectroscopy are put into relation with the structural findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Holderer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at MLZ, 85747 Garching, Germany; (M.-S.A.); (M.A.); (H.F.)
| | - Marcelo Carmo
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-14: Electrochemical Process Engineering, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.C.); (M.S.); (W.L.)
| | - Meital Shviro
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-14: Electrochemical Process Engineering, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.C.); (M.S.); (W.L.)
| | - Werner Lehnert
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-14: Electrochemical Process Engineering, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.C.); (M.S.); (W.L.)
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yohei Noda
- Ibaraki University, D302 IQBRC 162-1, Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; (Y.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Satoshi Koizumi
- Ibaraki University, D302 IQBRC 162-1, Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; (Y.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Marie-Sousai Appavou
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at MLZ, 85747 Garching, Germany; (M.-S.A.); (M.A.); (H.F.)
| | - Marina Appel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at MLZ, 85747 Garching, Germany; (M.-S.A.); (M.A.); (H.F.)
| | - Henrich Frielinghaus
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at MLZ, 85747 Garching, Germany; (M.-S.A.); (M.A.); (H.F.)
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Decoupling the Contributions of ZnO and Silica in the Characterization of Industrially-Mixed Filled Rubbers by Combining Small Angle Neutron and X-Ray Scattering. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030502. [PMID: 32106486 PMCID: PMC7182841 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scattering techniques with neutrons and X-rays are powerful methods for the investigation of the hierarchical structure of reinforcing fillers in rubber matrices. However, when using only X-ray scattering, the independent determination of the filler response itself sometimes remains an issue because of a strong parasitic contribution of the ZnO catalyst and activator in the vulcanization process. Microscopic characterization of filler-rubber mixtures even with only catalytic amounts of ZnO is, therefore, inevitably complex. Here, we present a study of silica aggregates dispersed in an SBR rubber in the presence of the catalyst and show that accurate partial structure factors of both components can be determined separately from the combination of the two scattering probes, neutrons, and X-rays. A unique separation of the silica filler scattering function devoid of parasitic catalyst scattering becomes possible. From the combined analysis, the catalyst contribution is determined as well and results to be prominent in the correction scheme. The experimental nano-structure of the ZnO after the mixing process as the by-product of the scattering decomposition was found also to be affected by the presence or absence of silica in the rubber mixture, correlated with the shear forces in the mixing and milling processes during sample preparation. The presented method is well suited for studies of novel dual filler systems.
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9
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Kumada T, Akutsu K, Ohishi K, Morikawa T, Kawamura Y, Sahara M, Suzuki JI, Torikai N. Development of spin-contrast-variation neutron reflectometry for the structural analysis of multilayer films. J Appl Crystallogr 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719010616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The spin-contrast-variation neutron reflectometry technique was developed for the structural analysis of multilayer films. Polarized-neutron reflectivity curves of film samples vary as a function of their proton polarization (P
H). The P
H-dependent reflectivity curves of a polystyrene monolayer film were precisely reproduced using a common set of structural parameters and the P
H-dependent neutron scattering length density of polystyrene. This result ensures that these curves are not deformed by inhomogeneous P
H but can be used for structural analysis. Unpolarized reflectivity curves of poly(styrene-block-isoprene) films were reproduced using a flat free-surface model but P
H-dependent polarized reflectivity curves were not. The global fit of the P
H-dependent multiple reflectivity curves revealed that holes with a depth corresponding to one period of the periodic lamellae of microphase-separated polystyrene and polyisoprene domains were produced on the surface of the films, which agrees with the microscopic results. In this manner, the spin-contrast-variation neutron reflectometry technique determines the structure of multiple surfaces and interfaces in a film sample while excluding the incorrect structure that accidentally accounts for a single unpolarized reflectivity curve only.
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Noda Y, Barr MS, Zomorrodi R, Cash RFH, Rajji TK, Farzan F, Chen R, George TP, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM. Reduced Short-Latency Afferent Inhibition in Prefrontal but not Motor Cortex and Its Association With Executive Function in Schizophrenia: A Combined TMS-EEG Study. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:193-202. [PMID: 28379529 PMCID: PMC5768054 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholinergic dysfunction is increasingly assumed to be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) is a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paradigm that has been shown to assay central cholinergic activity from the motor cortex (M1). Recently, we established a method to index SAI from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), an area implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We investigated SAI in M1 and DLPFC in schizophrenia. We hypothesized that modulation of N100 on TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) from the DLPFC would be attenuated in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. METHODS SAI was examined in 12 patients, whose age was matched to controls, using TMS combined with electroencephalography (EEG). SAI was recorded with TMS applied to left M1 (M1-SAI) and DLPFC (DLPFC-SAI). For group comparison, we used the SAI data of healthy participants in our previous study. RESULTS In patients, N100 TEP was significantly attenuated with DLPFC-SAI, whereas P180 TEP was significantly increased with M1-SAI. Between patients and controls, there were significant differences in modulation of P180 TEP by M1-SAI (t22 = -2.748, P = .012; patients > controls) and N100 TEP by DLPFC-SAI (t22 = 5.456, P < .0001; patients < controls). Further, modulation of N100 TEP by DLPFC-SAI significantly correlated with executive function (r = -.740, P = .006, N = 12). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that DLPFC-SAI but not M1-SAI were reduced in patients with schizophrenia and this was linked to deficits in cognition. This may reflect prefrontal cholinergic deficits and represent a biomarker for cholinergic and executive dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Noda
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mera S Barr
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reza Zomorrodi
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robin F H Cash
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Faranak Farzan
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Chen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tony P George
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel M Blumberger
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Gradzielski M, Allen AJ. Introduction to the special issue on small-angle scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 2016; 49:1858-1860. [PMID: 27980505 PMCID: PMC5139987 DOI: 10.1107/s160057671601904x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This open-access collection of 11 selected articles covers a small but quite diverse and interesting part of the much wider range of scientific topics presented at the 16th International Conference on Small-Angle Scattering (SAS2015) in Berlin. The topics contained here describe the particular directions in which small-angle scattering is developing at the current moment and which will become increasingly important in the future. The virtual special issue is available at http://journals.iucr.org/special_issues/2016/sas2015/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gradzielski
- Stranski Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Strasse des 17 Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew J Allen
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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