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Kim S, Shin D, Park J, Jung J, Song H. Grain Boundary-Rich Copper Nanocatalysts Generated from Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles for CO 2 -to-C 2+ Electroconversion. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207187. [PMID: 36683171 PMCID: PMC10037986 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to severe contemporary energy issues, generating C2+ products from electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reactions (eCO2 RRs) gains much interest. It is known that the catalyst morphology and active surface structures are critical for product distributions and current densities. Herein, a synthetic protocol of nanoparticle morphology on copper metal-organic frameworks (n-Cu MOFs) is developed by adjusting growth kinetics with termination ligands. Nanoscale copper oxide aggregates composed of small particulates are yielded via calcining the Cu-MOF nanoparticles at a specific temperature. The resulting nanosized MOF-derived catalyst (n-MDC) exhibits Faradaic efficiencies toward ethylene and C2+ products of 63% and 81% at -1.01 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in neutral electrolytes. The catalyst also shows prolonged stability for up to 10 h. A partial current density toward C2+ products is significantly boosted to -255 mA cm-2 in an alkaline flow cell system. Comprehensive analyses reveal that the nanoparticle morphology of pristine Cu MOFs induces homogeneous decomposition of organic frameworks at a lower calcination temperature. It leads to evolving grain boundaries in a high density and preventing severe agglomeration of copper domains, the primary factors for improving eCO2 RR activity toward C2+ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjoo Kim
- Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwoo Shin
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyeok Park
- Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Jong‐Yeong Jung
- Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Song
- Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
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2
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Isotta E, Mukherjee B, Bette S, Dinnebier R, Scardi P. Static and dynamic components of Debye-Waller coefficients in the novel cubic polymorph of low-temperature disordered Cu 2ZnSnS 4. IUCRJ 2022; 9:272-285. [PMID: 35371505 PMCID: PMC8895019 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252522000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is an attractive material for sustainable photovoltaics and thermoelectrics, and several properties originate from its marked polymorphism. High-energy mechanical alloying is found to lead to a disordered phase that possesses a sphalerite-like cubic structure. This is investigated in detail with the aid of laboratory and synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics. The disordered cubic polymorph is preserved below 663 K. With thermal treatments above 663 K, the tetragonal kesterite phase forms, used here as a reference for structural and microstructural features. Particular attention is paid to the stacking arrangement: a significant fraction of twin faults was found in the disordered cubic samples, which then progressively annealed with domain growth and with the transition to the ordered tetragonal phase. This study also focuses on Debye-Waller coefficients, which were found to be considerably larger for the disordered cubic than the tetragonal sample. Indeed, disorder leads to an ∼1 Å2 upward shift through the temperature range 100-700 K, a feature confirmed by ab initio calculations, which points to a particularly high contribution from disordered Sn cations. This supports the general understanding that structural disorder introduces a temperature-independent static contribution to the atomic mean-square displacement. Debye-Waller coefficients are found to be a good measure of this disorder, known to have a critical effect on transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Isotta
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, 77 via Mesiano, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Binayak Mukherjee
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, 77 via Mesiano, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Sebastian Bette
- Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart Germany
| | - Robert Dinnebier
- Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart Germany
| | - Paolo Scardi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, 77 via Mesiano, Trento 38123, Italy
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Leonardi A. Whole pair distribution function modeling: the bridging of Bragg and Debye scattering theories. IUCRJ 2021; 8:257-269. [PMID: 33708402 PMCID: PMC7924235 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microstructure-based design of materials requires an atomic level understanding of the mechanisms underlying structure-dependent properties. Methods for analyzing either the traditional diffraction profile or the pair distribution function (PDF) differ in how the information is accessed and in the approximations usually applied. Any variation of structural and microstructural features over the whole sample affects the Bragg peaks as well as any diffuse scattering. Accuracy of characterization relies, therefore, on the reliability of the analysis methods. Methods based on Bragg's law investigate the diffraction peaks in the intensity plot as distinct pieces of information. This approach reaches a limitation when dealing with disorder scenarios that do not conform to such a peak-by-peak basis. Methods based on the Debye scattering equation (DSE) are, otherwise, well suited to evaluate the scattering from a disordered phase but the structure information is averaged over short-range distances usually accessed by experiments. Moreover, statistical reliability is usually sacrificed to recover some of the computing-efficiency loss compared with traditional line-profile-analysis methods. Here, models based on Bragg's law are used to facilitate the computation of a whole PDF and then model powder-scattering data via the DSE. Models based on Bragg's law allow the efficient solution of the dispersion of a crystal's properties in a powder sample with statistical reliability, and the PDF provides the flexibility of the DSE. The whole PDF is decomposed into the independent directional components, and the number of atom pairs separated by a given distance is statistically estimated using the common-volume functions. This approach overcomes the need for an atomistic model of the material sample and the computation of billions of pair distances. The results of this combined method are in agreement with the explicit solution of the DSE although the computing efficiency is comparable with that of methods based on Bragg's law. Most importantly, the method exploits the strengths and different sensitivities of the Bragg and Debye theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Leonardi
- Institute for Multiscale Simulation, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse, 3, Erlangen, Bavaria 91052, Germany
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A comprehensive examination of the local- and long-range structure of Sb 6O 13 pyrochlore oxide. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16956. [PMID: 33046740 PMCID: PMC7550574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of the Sb6O13 oxide, exhibiting a defect pyrochlore crystal structure with atomic vacancies, has been studied using a complete set of state-of-the-art techniques. The degree of antimony disproportionation in Sb3+ and Sb5+ valence states has been directly determined around 36% and 64%, respectively, using X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). These findings are in excellent agreement with our Rietveld analysis of synchrotron X-ray (SXRD) and neutron powder diffraction (NPD) results. Moreover, the highly distorted Sb3+ coordination due to its lone electron pair has been critically revisited. The bonding distances and coordination of Sb3+ and Sb5+ species closely agree with an extensive dynamic and crystallographic determination using the Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) technique. Most importantly, the specific local disorder of the two distinctive Sb ions has been crosschecked monitoring their unusual Debye–Waller factors.
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Rebuffi L, Mukherjee B, Siboni S, Young AP, Williams BP, Tsung CK, Scardi P. Surface softening in palladium nanoparticles: effects of a capping agent on vibrational properties. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:5876-5887. [PMID: 32104854 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a capping agent (CTAB) on Pd nanoparticles produces a strong static disorder in the surface region. This results in a surface softening, which contributes to an overall increase in the Debye-Waller coefficient measured by X-ray powder diffraction. Molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations show that the adsorption-induced surface disorder is strong enough to overcome the effects of nanoparticle size and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rebuffi
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Binayak Mukherjee
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Stefano Siboni
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Allison P Young
- Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Benjamin P Williams
- Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Chia-Kuang Tsung
- Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Paolo Scardi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
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Bonato L, Virot M, Dumas T, Mesbah A, Dalodière E, Dieste Blanco O, Wiss T, Le Goff X, Odorico M, Prieur D, Rossberg A, Venault L, Dacheux N, Moisy P, Nikitenko SI. Probing the local structure of nanoscale actinide oxides: a comparison between PuO 2 and ThO 2 nanoparticles rules out PuO 2+x hypothesis. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:214-224. [PMID: 36134012 PMCID: PMC9418969 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00662a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Actinide research at the nanoscale is gaining fundamental interest due to environmental and industrial issues. The knowledge of the local structure and speciation of actinide nanoparticles, which possibly exhibit specific physico-chemical properties in comparison to bulk materials, would help in a better and reliable description of their behaviour and reactivity. Herein, the synthesis and relevant characterization of PuO2 and ThO2 nanoparticles displayed as dispersed colloids, nanopowders, or nanostructured oxide powders allow to establish a clear relationship between the size of the nanocrystals constituting these oxides and their corresponding An(iv) local structure investigated by EXAFS spectroscopy. Particularly, the first oxygen shell of the probed An(iv) evidences an analogous behaviour for both Pu and Th oxides. This observation suggests that the often observed and controversial splitting of the Pu-O shell on the Fourier transformed EXAFS signal of the PuO2 samples is attributed to a local structural disorder driven by a nanoparticle surface effect rather than to the presence of PuO2+x species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bonato
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM Marcoule France
| | - Matthieu Virot
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM Marcoule France
| | - Thomas Dumas
- CEA, DEN, DMRC, Univ Montpellier Marcoule France
| | - Adel Mesbah
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM Marcoule France
| | | | - Oliver Dieste Blanco
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) Postfach 2340 76125 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Thierry Wiss
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) Postfach 2340 76125 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Xavier Le Goff
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM Marcoule France
| | | | - Damien Prieur
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology Bautzner Landstraße 400 01328 Dresden Germany
| | - André Rossberg
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology Bautzner Landstraße 400 01328 Dresden Germany
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Flor A, Feliu JM, Tsung CK, Scardi P. Vibrational Properties of Pd Nanocubes. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9040609. [PMID: 31013825 PMCID: PMC6523268 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The atomic disorder and the vibrational properties of Pd nanocubes have been studied through a combined use of X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics simulations. The latter show that the trend of the mean square relative displacement as a function of the radius of the coordination shells is characteristic of the nanoparticle shape and can be described by a combined model: A correlated Debye model for the thermal displacement and a parametric expression for the static disorder. This combined model, supplemented by results of line profile analysis of the diffraction patterns collected at different temperatures (100, 200, and 300 K) can explain the observed increase in the Debye–Waller coefficient, and shed light on the effect of the finite domain size and of the atomic disorder on the vibrational properties of metal nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Flor
- University of Trento, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Juan M Feliu
- Institute of Electrochemistry, University of Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, 03690 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Chia-Kuang Tsung
- Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, 2609 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, 02467 MA, USA.
| | - Paolo Scardi
- University of Trento, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy.
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Scardi P, Ermrich M, Fitch A, Huang EW, Jardin R, Kuzel R, Leineweber A, Mendoza Cuevas A, Misture ST, Rebuffi L, Schimpf C. Size-strain separation in diffraction line profile analysis. J Appl Crystallogr 2018; 51:831-843. [PMID: 29896061 PMCID: PMC5988009 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576718005411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Separation of size and strain effects on diffraction line profiles has been studied in a round robin involving laboratory instruments and synchrotron radiation beamlines operating with different radiation, optics, detectors and experimental configurations. The studied sample, an extensively ball milled iron alloy powder, provides an ideal test case, as domain size broadening and strain broadening are of comparable size. The high energy available at some synchrotron radiation beamlines provides the best conditions for an accurate analysis of the line profiles, as the size-strain separation clearly benefits from a large number of Bragg peaks in the pattern; high counts, reliable intensity values in low-absorption conditions, smooth background and data collection at different temperatures also support the possibility to include diffuse scattering in the analysis, for the most reliable assessment of the line broadening effect. However, results of the round robin show that good quality information on domain size distribution and microstrain can also be obtained using standard laboratory equipment, even when patterns include relatively few Bragg peaks, provided that the data are of good quality in terms of high counts and low and smooth background.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Scardi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - M. Ermrich
- Röntgenlabor Dr Ermrich, Am Kandelborn 7, D-64354 Reinheim, Germany
| | - A. Fitch
- ESRF, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - E-Wen Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - R. Jardin
- Bruker AXS GmbH, Oestliche Rheinbrueckenstrasse 49, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R. Kuzel
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A. Leineweber
- Institute of Materials Science, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, D-09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - A. Mendoza Cuevas
- Archaeometry Laboratory, Havana’s Historian Office, University San Geronimo de La Habana, Habana, Vieja, Cuba
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory, ICTP, I-34151 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - L. Rebuffi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Christian Schimpf
- Institute of Materials Science, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, D-09599 Freiberg, Germany
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Chamard V, Holý V. Introduction to the special issue on high-resolution X-ray diffraction and imaging. J Appl Crystallogr 2017; 50:671-672. [PMID: 28656031 PMCID: PMC5458585 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717007257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The latest virtual special issue of Journal of Applied Crystallography features some highlights of the 13th Biennial Conference on High-Resolution X-ray Diffraction and Imaging (XTOP 2016), held in Brno, Czech Republic, in September 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Chamard
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Václav Holý
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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