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Li K, Zhou G, Liu Y, Wu J, Lin MF, Cheng X, Lutman AA, Seaberg M, Smith H, Kakhandiki PA, Sakdinawat A. Prediction on X-ray output of free electron laser based on artificial neural networks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7183. [PMID: 37935675 PMCID: PMC10630459 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of x-ray free electron lasers' (XFELs) pulse characteristics delivered to a sample is crucial for ensuring high-quality x-rays for scientific experiments. XFELs' self-amplified spontaneous emission process causes spatial and spectral variations in x-ray pulses entering a sample, which leads to measurement uncertainties for experiments relying on multiple XFEL pulses. Accurate in-situ measurements of x-ray wavefront and energy spectrum incident upon a sample poses challenges. Here we address this by developing a virtual diagnostics framework using an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict x-ray photon beam properties from electron beam properties. We recorded XFEL electron parameters while adjusting the accelerator's configurations and measured the resulting x-ray wavefront and energy spectrum shot-to-shot. Training the ANN with this data enables effective prediction of single-shot or average x-ray beam output based on XFEL undulator and electron parameters. This demonstrates the potential of utilizing ANNs for virtual diagnostics linking XFEL electron and photon beam properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Guanqun Zhou
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Yanwei Liu
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Juhao Wu
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Xinxin Cheng
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Alberto A Lutman
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Matthew Seaberg
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Howard Smith
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Pranav A Kakhandiki
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 142 Sciences Dr, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Anne Sakdinawat
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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Reuss T, Nair Lalithambika SS, David C, Döring F, Jooss C, Risch M, Techert S. Advancements in Liquid Jet Technology and X-ray Spectroscopy for Understanding Energy Conversion Materials during Operation. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:203-214. [PMID: 36636991 PMCID: PMC9910040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusWater splitting is intensively studied for sustainable and effective energy storage in green/alternative energy harvesting-storage-release cycles. In this work, we present our recent developments for combining liquid jet microtechnology with different types of soft X-ray spectroscopy at high-flux X-ray sources, in particular developed for studying the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). We are particularly interested in the development of in situ photon-in/photon-out techniques, such as in situ resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) techniques at high-repetition-frequency X-ray sources, pointing toward operando capabilities. The pilot catalytic systems we use are perovskites having the general structure ABO3 with lanthanides or group II elements at the A sites and transition metals at the B sites. Depending on the chemical substitutions of ABO3, their catalytic activity for OER can be tuned by varying the composition.In this work, we present our in situ RIXS studies of the manganese L-edge of perovskites during OER. We have developed various X-ray spectroscopy approaches like transmission zone plate-, reflection zone plate-, and grating-based emission spectroscopy techniques. Combined with tunable incident X-ray energies, we yield complementary information about changing (inverse) X-ray absorption features of the perovskites, allowing us to deduce element- and oxidation-state-specific chemical monitoring of the catalyst. Adding liquid jet technology, we monitor element- and oxidation-state-specific interactions of the catalyst with water adsorbate during OER. By comparing the different technical spectroscopy approaches combined with high-repetition-frequency experiments at synchrotrons and free-electron lasers, we conclude that the combination of liquid jet with low-resolution zone-plate-based X-ray spectroscopy is sufficient for element- and oxidation-state-specific chemical monitoring during OER and easy to handle.For an in-depth study of OER mechanisms, however, including the characterization of catalyst-water adsorbate in terms of their charge transfer properties and especially valence intermediates formed during OER, high-resolution spectroscopy tools based on a combination of liquid jets with gratings bear bigger potential since they allow resolution of otherwise-overlapping X-ray spectroscopy transitions. Common for all of these experimental approaches is the conclusion that without the versatile developments of liquid jets and liquid beam technologies, elaborate experiments such as high-repetition experiments at high-flux X-ray sources (like synchrotrons or free-electron lasers) would hardly be possible. Such experiments allow sample refreshment for every single X-ray shot for repetition frequencies of up to 5 MHz, so that it is possible (a) to study X-ray-radiation-sensitive samples and also (b) to utilize novel types of flux-hungry X-ray spectroscopy tools like photon-in/photon-out X-ray spectroscopy to study the OER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Reuss
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian David
- Paul
Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Florian Döring
- Paul
Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Christian Jooss
- Institute
of Material Physics, Göttingen University, Friedrich Hund Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Risch
- Institute
of Material Physics, Göttingen University, Friedrich Hund Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simone Techert
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany,Institute
for X-ray Physics, Göttingen University, Friedrich Hund Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany,
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Cipiccia S, Brun F, Di Trapani V, Rau C, Batey DJ. Dual energy X-ray beam ptycho-fluorescence imaging. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1916-1920. [PMID: 34738946 PMCID: PMC8570202 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521008675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
X-ray ptychography and X-ray fluorescence are complementary nanoscale imaging techniques, providing structural and elemental information, respectively. Both methods acquire data by scanning a localized beam across the sample. X-ray ptychography processes the transmission signal of a coherent illumination interacting with the sample, to produce images with a resolution finer than the illumination spot and step size. By enlarging both the spot and the step size, the technique can cover extended regions efficiently. X-ray fluorescence records the emitted spectra as the sample is scanned through the localized beam and its spatial resolution is limited by the spot and step size. The requisites for fast ptychography and high-resolution fluorescence appear incompatible. Here, a novel scheme that mitigates the difference in requirements is proposed. The method makes use of two probes of different sizes at the sample, generated by using two different energies for the probes and chromatic focusing optics. The different probe sizes allow to reduce the number of acquisition steps for the joint fluorescence-ptychography scan compared with a standard single beam scan, while imaging the same field of view. The new method is demonstrated experimentally using two undulator harmonics, a Fresnel zone plate and an energy discriminating photon counting detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cipiccia
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Brun
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio 6/1, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Vittorio Di Trapani
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio 6/1, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Christoph Rau
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J. Batey
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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