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Yaroslavtsev S, Celse JP. Electrochemical cell for synchrotron nuclear resonance techniques. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:1241-1248. [PMID: 39150681 PMCID: PMC11371037 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577524007148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Developing new materials for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries is a high priority in materials science. Such development always includes performance tests and scientific research. Synchrotron radiation techniques provide unique abilities to study batteries. Electrochemical cell design should be optimized for synchrotron studies without losing electrochemical performance. Such design should also be compatible with operando measurement, which is the most appropriate approach to study batteries and provides the most reliable results. The more experimental setups a cell can be adjusted for, the easier and faster the experiments are to carry out and the more reliable the results will be. This requires optimization of window materials and sizes, cell topology, pressure distribution on electrodes etc. to reach a higher efficiency of measurement without losing stability and reproducibility in electrochemical cycling. Here, we present a cell design optimized for nuclear resonance techniques, tested using nuclear forward scattering, synchrotron Mössbauer source and nuclear inelastic scattering.
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2
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Magnussen OM, Drnec J, Qiu C, Martens I, Huang JJ, Chattot R, Singer A. In Situ and Operando X-ray Scattering Methods in Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:629-721. [PMID: 38253355 PMCID: PMC10870989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical and electrocatalytic processes are of key importance for the transition to a sustainable energy supply as well as for a wide variety of other technologically relevant fields. Further development of these processes requires in-depth understanding of the atomic, nano, and micro scale structure of the materials and interfaces in electrochemical devices under reaction conditions. We here provide a comprehensive review of in situ and operando studies by X-ray scattering methods, which are powerful and highly versatile tools to provide such understanding. We discuss the application of X-ray scattering to a wide variety of electrochemical systems, ranging from metal and oxide single crystals to nanoparticles and even full devices. We show how structural data on bulk phases, electrode-electrolyte interfaces, and nanoscale morphology can be obtained and describe recent developments that provide highly local information and insight into the composition and electronic structure. These X-ray scattering studies yield insights into the structure in the double layer potential range as well as into the structural evolution during electrocatalytic processes and phase formation reactions, such as nucleation and growth during electrodeposition and dissolution, the formation of passive films, corrosion processes, and the electrochemical intercalation into battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf M. Magnussen
- Kiel
University, Institute of Experimental and
Applied Physics, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Ruprecht-Haensel
Laboratory, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jakub Drnec
- ESRF,
Experiments Division, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Canrong Qiu
- Kiel
University, Institute of Experimental and
Applied Physics, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jason J. Huang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Raphaël Chattot
- ICGM,
Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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3
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D’Angelo AM, Brand HEA, Mitchell VD, Hamilton JL, Oldfield D, Liu ACY, Gu Q. Total scattering measurements at the Australian Synchrotron Powder Diffraction beamline: capabilities and limitations. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:327-339. [PMID: 36891846 PMCID: PMC10000805 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522011614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the capabilities and limitations of carrying out total scattering experiments on the Powder Diffraction (PD) beamline at the Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO. A maximum instrument momentum transfer of 19 Å-1 can be achieved if the data are collected at 21 keV. The results detail how the pair distribution function (PDF) is affected by Qmax, absorption and counting time duration at the PD beamline, and refined structural parameters exemplify how the PDF is affected by these parameters. There are considerations when performing total scattering experiments at the PD beamline, including (1) samples need to be stable during data collection, (2) highly absorbing samples with a μR > 1 always require dilution and (3) only correlation length differences >0.35 Å may be resolved. A case study comparing the PDF atom-atom correlation lengths with EXAFS-derived radial distances of Ni and Pt nanocrystals is also presented, which shows good agreement between the two techniques. The results here can be used as a guide for researchers considering total scattering experiments at the PD beamline or similarly setup beamlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita M. D’Angelo
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Helen E. A. Brand
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Valerie D. Mitchell
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jessica L. Hamilton
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Daniel Oldfield
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Amelia C. Y. Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Qinfen Gu
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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4
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Cheng W, Xu Y, Yang C, Su H, Liu Q. Monitoring surface dynamics of electrodes during electrocatalysis using in situ synchrotron FTIR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:340-346. [PMID: 36891847 PMCID: PMC10000798 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the surface dynamics of catalysts under working conditions is important for a deep understanding of the underlying electrochemical mechanisms towards efficient energy conversion and storage. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with high surface sensitivity has been considered as a powerful tool for detecting surface adsorbates, but it faces a great challenge when being adopted in surface dynamics investigations during electrocatalysis due to the complication and influence of aqueous environments. This work reports a well designed FTIR cell with tunable micrometre-scale water film over the surface of working electrodes and dual electrolyte/gas channels for in situ synchrotron FTIR tests. By coupling with a facile single-reflection infrared mode, a general in situ synchrotron radiation FTIR (SR-FTIR) spectroscopic method is developed for tracking the surface dynamics of catalysts during the electrocatalytic process. As an example, in situ formed key *OOH is clearly observed on the surface of commercial benchmark IrO2 catalysts during the electrochemical oxygen evolution process based on the developed in situ SR-FTIR spectroscopic method, which demonstrates its universality and feasibility in surface dynamics studies of electrocatalysts under working conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiren Cheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yanzhi Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Su
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Black AP, Sorrentino A, Fauth F, Yousef I, Simonelli L, Frontera C, Ponrouch A, Tonti D, Palacín MR. Synchrotron radiation based operando characterization of battery materials. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1641-1665. [PMID: 36819848 PMCID: PMC9931056 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04397a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation based techniques are powerful tools for battery research and allow probing a wide range of length scales, with different depth sensitivities and spatial/temporal resolutions. Operando experiments enable characterization during functioning of the cell and are thus a precious tool to elucidate the reaction mechanisms taking place. In this perspective, the current state of the art for the most relevant techniques (scattering, spectroscopy, and imaging) is discussed together with the bottlenecks to address, either specific for application in the battery field or more generic. The former includes the improvement of cell designs, multi-modal characterization and development of protocols for automated or at least semi-automated data analysis to quickly process the huge amount of data resulting from operando experiments. Given the recent evolution in these areas, accelerated progress is expected in the years to come, which should in turn foster battery performance improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Black
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - François Fauth
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - Ibraheem Yousef
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - Laura Simonelli
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - Carlos Frontera
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - Alexandre Ponrouch
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - Dino Tonti
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - M Rosa Palacín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
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6
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Sottmann J, Ruud A, Fjellvåg ØS, Vaughan GBM, Di Michel M, Fjellvåg H, Lebedev OI, Vajeeston P, Wragg DS. 5D total scattering computed tomography reveals the full reaction mechanism of a bismuth vanadate lithium ion battery anode. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:27075-27085. [PMID: 36326039 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03892g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have used operando 5D synchrotron total scattering computed tomography (TSCT) to understand the cycling and possible long term deactivation mechanisms of the lithium-ion battery anode bismuth vanadate. This anode material functions via a combined conversion/alloying mechanism in which nanocrystals of lithium-bismuth alloy are protected by an amorphous matrix of lithium vanadate. This composite is formed in situ during the first lithiation of the anode. The operando TSCT data were analyzed and mapped using both pair distribution function and Rietveld methods. We can follow the lithium-bismuth alloying reaction at all stages, gaining real structural insight including variations in nanoparticle sizes, lattice parameters and bond lengths, even when the material is completely amorphous. We also observe for the first time structural changes related to the cycling of lithium ions in the lithium vanadate matrix, which displays no interactions beyond the first shell of V-O bonds. The first 3D operando mapping of the distribution of different materials in an amorphous anode reveals a decline in coverage caused by either agglomeration or partial dissolution of the active material, hinting at the mechanism of long term deactivation. The observations from the operando experiment are backed up by post mortem transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies and theoretical calculations to provide a complete picture of an exceptionally complex cycling mechanism across a range of length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Sottmann
- Center for Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Amund Ruud
- Center for Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Øystein S Fjellvåg
- Center for Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gavin B M Vaughan
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marco Di Michel
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Helmer Fjellvåg
- Center for Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Oleg I Lebedev
- Laboratoire CRISMAT, ENSICAEN, CNRS UMR 6508, 14050 Caen, France
| | - Ponniah Vajeeston
- Center for Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - David S Wragg
- Center for Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
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7
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Zimmerli NK, Müller CR, Abdala PM. Deciphering the structure of heterogeneous catalysts across scales using pair distribution function analysis. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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8
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Terban MW, Billinge SJL. Structural Analysis of Molecular Materials Using the Pair Distribution Function. Chem Rev 2022; 122:1208-1272. [PMID: 34788012 PMCID: PMC8759070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This is a review of atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis as applied to the study of molecular materials. The PDF method is a powerful approach to study short- and intermediate-range order in materials on the nanoscale. It may be obtained from total scattering measurements using X-rays, neutrons, or electrons, and it provides structural details when defects, disorder, or structural ambiguities obscure their elucidation directly in reciprocal space. While its uses in the study of inorganic crystals, glasses, and nanomaterials have been recently highlighted, significant progress has also been made in its application to molecular materials such as carbons, pharmaceuticals, polymers, liquids, coordination compounds, composites, and more. Here, an overview of applications toward a wide variety of molecular compounds (organic and inorganic) and systems with molecular components is presented. We then present pedagogical descriptions and tips for further implementation. Successful utilization of the method requires an interdisciplinary consolidation of material preparation, high quality scattering experimentation, data processing, model formulation, and attentive scrutiny of the results. It is hoped that this article will provide a useful reference to practitioners for PDF applications in a wide realm of molecular sciences, and help new practitioners to get started with this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell W. Terban
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simon J. L. Billinge
- Department
of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Condensed
Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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9
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Herlihy A, Geddes HS, Sosso GC, Bull CL, Ridley CJ, Goodwin AL, Senn MS, Funnell NP. Recovering local structure information from high-pressure total scattering experiments. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:1546-1554. [PMID: 34963760 PMCID: PMC8662973 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721009420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
High pressure is a powerful thermodynamic tool for exploring the structure and the phase behaviour of the crystalline state, and is now widely used in conventional crystallographic measurements. High-pressure local structure measurements using neutron diffraction have, thus far, been limited by the presence of a strongly scattering, perdeuterated, pressure-transmitting medium (PTM), the signal from which contaminates the resulting pair distribution functions (PDFs). Here, a method is reported for subtracting the pairwise correlations of the commonly used 4:1 methanol:ethanol PTM from neutron PDFs obtained under hydro-static compression. The method applies a molecular-dynamics-informed empirical correction and a non-negative matrix factorization algorithm to recover the PDF of the pure sample. Proof of principle is demonstrated, producing corrected high-pressure PDFs of simple crystalline materials, Ni and MgO, and benchmarking these against simulated data from the average structure. Finally, the first local structure determination of α-quartz under hydro-static pressure is presented, extracting compression behaviour of the real-space structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herlihy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Harry S. Geddes
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele C. Sosso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Craig L. Bull
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Ridley
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L. Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Senn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P. Funnell
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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Zhu H, Huang Y, Ren J, Zhang B, Ke Y, Jen AK, Zhang Q, Wang X, Liu Q. Bridging Structural Inhomogeneity to Functionality: Pair Distribution Function Methods for Functional Materials Development. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003534. [PMID: 33747741 PMCID: PMC7967088 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between structure and function lies at the heart of materials science and engineering. Especially, modern functional materials usually contain inhomogeneities at an atomic level, endowing them with interesting properties regarding electrons, phonons, and magnetic moments. Over the past few decades, many of the key developments in functional materials have been driven by the rapid advances in short-range crystallographic techniques. Among them, pair distribution function (PDF) technique, capable of utilizing the entire Bragg and diffuse scattering signals, stands out as a powerful tool for detecting local structure away from average. With the advent of synchrotron X-rays, spallation neutrons, and advanced computing power, the PDF can quantitatively encode a local structure and in turn guide atomic-scale engineering in the functional materials. Here, the PDF investigations in a range of functional materials are reviewed, including ferroelectrics/thermoelectrics, colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) magnets, high-temperature superconductors (HTSC), quantum dots (QDs), nano-catalysts, and energy storage materials, where the links between functions and structural inhomogeneities are prominent. For each application, a brief description of the structure-function coupling will be given, followed by selected cases of PDF investigations. Before that, an overview of the theory, methodology, and unique power of the PDF method will be also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhu
- Department of PhysicsCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Yalan Huang
- Department of PhysicsCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Jincan Ren
- Department of PhysicsCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Binghao Zhang
- Department of PhysicsCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Yubin Ke
- China Spallation Neutron SourceInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of ScienceDongguan523000P. R. China
| | - Alex K.‐Y. Jen
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and TechnologyDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Xun‐Li Wang
- Department of PhysicsCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research InstituteCity University of Hong KongShenzhen518057P. R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of PhysicsCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research InstituteCity University of Hong KongShenzhen518057P. R. China
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