1
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Yan W, Zheng Y, Dou C, Zhang G, Arnaout T, Cheng W. The pathogenic mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: implication for new drug development. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:48. [PMID: 36547804 PMCID: PMC9780415 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a tenacious pathogen that has latently infected one third of the world's population. However, conventional TB treatment regimens are no longer sufficient to tackle the growing threat of drug resistance, stimulating the development of innovative anti-tuberculosis agents, with special emphasis on new protein targets. The Mtb genome encodes ~4000 predicted proteins, among which many enzymes participate in various cellular metabolisms. For example, more than 200 proteins are involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, which assists in the construction of the cell envelope, and is closely related to the pathogenesis and resistance of mycobacteria. Here we review several essential enzymes responsible for fatty acid and nucleotide biosynthesis, cellular metabolism of lipids or amino acids, energy utilization, and metal uptake. These include InhA, MmpL3, MmaA4, PcaA, CmaA1, CmaA2, isocitrate lyases (ICLs), pantothenate synthase (PS), Lysine-ε amino transferase (LAT), LeuD, IdeR, KatG, Rv1098c, and PyrG. In addition, we summarize the role of the transcriptional regulator PhoP which may regulate the expression of more than 110 genes, and the essential biosynthesis enzyme glutamine synthetase (GlnA1). All these enzymes are either validated drug targets or promising target candidates, with drugs targeting ICLs and LAT expected to solve the problem of persistent TB infection. To better understand how anti-tuberculosis drugs act on these proteins, their structures and the structure-based drug/inhibitor designs are discussed. Overall, this investigation should provide guidance and support for current and future pharmaceutical development efforts against mycobacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhu Yan
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yanhui Zheng
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Chao Dou
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Guixiang Zhang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Gastric Cancer center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37. Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Toufic Arnaout
- Kappa Crystals Ltd., Dublin, Ireland ,MSD Dunboyne BioNX, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Wei Cheng
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Respiratory Infection and Intervention Laboratory of Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
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2
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Birhanu AG, Gómez-Muñoz M, Kalayou S, Riaz T, Lutter T, Yimer SA, Abebe M, Tønjum T. Proteome Profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cells Exposed to Nitrosative Stress. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3470-3482. [PMID: 35128256 PMCID: PMC8811941 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are secreted by human cells in response to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Although RNS can kill Mtb under some circumstances, Mtb can adapt and survive in the presence of RNS by a process that involves modulation of gene expression. Previous studies focused primarily on stress-related changes in the Mtb transcriptome. This study unveils changes in the Mtb proteome in response to a sub-lethal dose of nitric oxide (NO) over several hours of exposure. Proteins were identified using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 2911 Mtb proteins were identified, of which 581 were differentially abundant (DA) after exposure to NO in at least one of the four time points (30 min, 2 h, 6 h, and 20 h). The proteomic response to NO was marked by two phases, with few DA proteins in the early phase and a multitude of DA proteins in the later phase. The efflux pump Rv1687 stood out as being the only protein more abundant at all the time points and might play a role in the early protection of Mtb against nitrosative stress. These changes appeared to be compensatory in nature, contributing to iron homeostasis, energy metabolism, and other stress responses. This study thereby provides new insights into the response of Mtb to NO at the level of proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemayehu Godana Birhanu
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute
of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Marta Gómez-Muñoz
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Shewit Kalayou
- Department
of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
- International
Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tahira Riaz
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Timo Lutter
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Solomon Abebe Yimer
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
- Coalition
for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), P.O. Box 123, Torshov, 0412 Oslo, Norway
| | - Markos Abebe
- Armauer
Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, P.O. Box 1005 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tone Tønjum
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
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3
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Vega-Dominguez P, Peterson E, Pan M, Di Maio A, Singh S, Umapathy S, Saini DK, Baliga N, Bhatt A. Biofilms of the non-tuberculous Mycobacterium chelonae form an extracellular matrix and display distinct expression patterns. Cell Surf 2020; 6:100043. [PMID: 32803022 PMCID: PMC7421604 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2020.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium chelonae is an environmental, non-tuberculous mycobacterial species, capable of causing infections in humans. Biofilm formation is a key strategy used by M. chelonae in colonising niches in the environment and in the host. We studied a water-air interface (pellicle) biofilm of M. chelonae using a wide array of approaches to outline the molecular structure and composition of the biofilm. Scanning electron micrographs showed that M. chelonae biofilms produced an extracellular matrix. Using a combination of biochemical analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and fluorescence microscopy, we showed the matrix to consist of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and eDNA. Glucose was the predominant sugar present in the biofilm matrix, and its relative abundance decreased in late (established) biofilms. RNA-seq analysis of the biofilms showed upregulation of genes involved in redox metabolism. Additionally, genes involved in mycolic acid, other lipid and glyoxylate metabolism were also upregulated in the early biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Vega-Dominguez
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Min Pan
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alessandro Di Maio
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Saumya Singh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Siva Umapathy
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Deepak K. Saini
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nitin Baliga
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Apoorva Bhatt
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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4
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Gutti G, Arya K, Singh SK. Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) and Its Potential Targets: An Investigation into Dormant Phase Pathogens. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1627-1642. [PMID: 31241015 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190625165512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One-third of the world's population harbours the latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) with a lifetime risk of reactivation. Although, the treatment of LTBI relies significantly on the first-line therapy, identification of novel drug targets and therapies are the emerging focus for researchers across the globe. The current review provides an insight into the infection, diagnostic methods and epigrammatic explanations of potential molecular targets of dormant phase bacilli. This study also includes current preclinical and clinical aspects of tubercular infections and new approaches in antitubercular drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopichand Gutti
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.) Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Karan Arya
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.) Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.) Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
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5
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Saxena AK, Singh A. Mycobacterial tuberculosis Enzyme Targets and their Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:337-355. [PMID: 30806318 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190219105722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) still continues to be a major killer disease worldwide. Unlike other bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has the ability to become dormant within the host and to develop resistance. Hence efforts are being made to overcome these problems by searching for new antitubercular agents which may be useful in the treatment of multidrug-(MDR) and extensively drugresistant (XDR) M. tuberculosis and shortening the treatment time. The recent introduction of bedaquiline to treat MDR-TB and XDR-TB may improve the status of TB treatment. The target enzymes in anti-TB drug discovery programs play a key role, hence efforts have been made to review the work on molecules including antiTB drugs acting on different enzyme targets including ATP synthase, the target for bedaquiline. Literature searches have been carried out to find the different chemical molecules including drugs and their molecular targets responsible for their antitubercular activities in recent years. This review provides an overview of the chemical structures with their antitubercular activities and enzyme targets like InhA, ATP synthase, Lip Y, transmembrane transport protein large (MmpL3), and decaprenylphospho-β-D-ribofuranose 2-oxidase, (DprE1). The major focus has been on the new target ATP synthase. Such an attempt may be useful in designing new chemical entities (NCEs) for specific and multi-drug targeting against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Saxena
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India
| | - Anamika Singh
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India
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6
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Alluri KK, Reshma RS, Suraparaju R, Gottapu S, Sriram D. Synthesis and evaluation of 4',5'-dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,7'-thieno[2,3-c]pyran] analogues against both active and dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1462-1469. [PMID: 29501415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Need for new drugs to fight against tuberculosis (TB) is increasing day by day. In the present work we have taken a spiro compound (GSK 2200150A) reported by GSK as a lead and we modified the structure of the lead to study the antitubercular activity. For structure activity profiling twenty-one molecules have been synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their antimycobacterial potency against both active and dormant TB. Compound 06, 1-((4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl)-4',5'-dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,7'-thieno[2,3-c]pyran] was found to be the most potent compound (MIC: 8.23 µM) in active TB and was less effective than the lead but more potent than standard first line drug ethambutol. It was also found to be more efficacious than Isoniazid and Rifampicin and equipotent as Moxifloxacin against dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Compound 06 also showed good inhibitory potential against over expressed latent MTB enzyme lysine ε-amino transferase with an IC50 of 1.04 ± 0.32 µM. This compound is a good candidate for drug development owing to potential against both active and dormant stages of MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Alluri
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Rudraraju Srilakshmi Reshma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | | | | | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India.
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7
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Campaniço A, Moreira R, Lopes F. Drug discovery in tuberculosis. New drug targets and antimycobacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:525-545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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8
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Reshma RS, Jeankumar VU, Kapoor N, Saxena S, Bobesh KA, Vachaspathy AR, Kolattukudy PE, Sriram D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis lysine-ɛ-aminotransferase a potential target in dormancy: Benzothiazole based inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2761-2771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Duan X, Li Y, Du Q, Huang Q, Guo S, Xu M, Lin Y, Liu Z, Xie J. Mycobacterium Lysine ε-aminotransferase is a novel alarmone metabolism related persister gene via dysregulating the intracellular amino acid level. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19695. [PMID: 26806099 PMCID: PMC4726150 DOI: 10.1038/srep19695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial persisters, usually slow-growing, non-replicating cells highly tolerant to antibiotics, play a crucial role contributing to the recalcitrance of chronic infections and treatment failure. Understanding the molecular mechanism of persister cells formation and maintenance would obviously inspire the discovery of new antibiotics. The significant upregulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3290c, a highly conserved mycobacterial lysine ε-aminotransferase (LAT) during hypoxia persistent model, suggested a role of LAT in persistence. To test this, a lat deleted Mycobacterium smegmatis was constructed. The expression of transcriptional regulator leucine-responsive regulatory protein (LrpA) and the amino acids abundance in M. smegmatis lat deletion mutants were lowered. Thus, the persistence capacity of the deletion mutant was impaired upon norfloxacin exposure under nutrient starvation. In summary, our study firstly reported the involvement of mycobacterium LAT in persister formation, and possibly through altering the intracellular amino acid metabolism balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangke Duan
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, key laboratory of Eco-environment three gorges reservoir, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University. Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yunsong Li
- Department of thoracic surgery, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Qinglin Du
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, key laboratory of Eco-environment three gorges reservoir, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University. Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qinqin Huang
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, key laboratory of Eco-environment three gorges reservoir, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University. Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Siyao Guo
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, key laboratory of Eco-environment three gorges reservoir, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University. Chongqing 400715, China.,Hanhong College, Southwest University. Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, key laboratory of Eco-environment three gorges reservoir, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University. Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yanping Lin
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, key laboratory of Eco-environment three gorges reservoir, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University. Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Department of thoracic surgery, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, key laboratory of Eco-environment three gorges reservoir, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University. Chongqing 400715, China
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10
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Devi PB, Sridevi JP, Kakan SS, Saxena S, Jeankumar VU, Soni V, Anantaraju HS, Yogeeswari P, Sriram D. Discovery of novel lysine ɛ-aminotransferase inhibitors: An intriguing potential target for latent tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:786-794. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Tripathi SM, Agarwal A, Ramachandran R. Mutational analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lysine ɛ-aminotransferase and inhibitor co-crystal structures, reveals distinct binding modes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:154-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Salicylanilide diethyl phosphates as potential inhibitors of some mycobacterial enzymes. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:703053. [PMID: 25538961 PMCID: PMC4236894 DOI: 10.1155/2014/703053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimycobacterially active salicylanilide diethyl phosphates were evaluated to identify their potential drug target(s) for the inhibition of several mycobacterial enzymes, including isocitrate lyase, L-alanine dehydrogenase (MtAlaDH), lysine ε-aminotransferase, chorismate mutase, and pantothenate synthetase. The enzymes are related to the nongrowing state of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Salicylanilide diethyl phosphates represent new candidates with significant inhibitory activity especially against L-alanine dehydrogenase. The most active MtAlaDH inhibitor, 5-chloro-2-[(3-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl]phenyl diethyl phosphate, has an IC50 of 4.96 µM and the best docking results. Other mycobacterial enzymes were mostly inhibited by some derivatives but at higher concentrations; isocitrate lyase showed the highest resistance to salicylanilide diethyl phosphates.
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Samala G, Kakan SS, Nallangi R, Devi PB, Sridevi JP, Saxena S, Yogeeswari P, Sriram D. Investigating structure-activity relationship and mechanism of action of antitubercular 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-nitrobenzylidene) pyrazolidine-3,5-dione [CD59]. Int J Mycobacteriol 2014; 3:117-26. [PMID: 26786333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to synthesize and evaluate 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-nitrobenzylidene) pyrazolidine-3,5-dione (CD59) analogues to establish structure-activity relationship and mechanism of action. METHODS Thirty analogues of reported antitubercular CD59 were prepared by two-step synthetic protocols and characterized. The compounds were evaluated for in vitro activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells. The molecules were also evaluated for three mycobacterial enzymes to study the mechanism of action. RESULTS Among the compounds, 4-(2-bromobenzylidene)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazolidine-3,5-dione (4k) was found to be the most active compound in vitro with MICs of 4.13μM against log-phase culture of MTB and also non-toxic up to 50μM. CONCLUSIONS Amongst all, the compounds 4g, 3i and 3n were most active against the enzymes MTB Pantothenate synthetase, lysine amino transferase and Alanine dehydrogenase, respectively. Further screening of these molecules was required in the in vitro dormant MTB models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Samala
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 500 078, India
| | - Shruti Singh Kakan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 500 078, India
| | - Radhika Nallangi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 500 078, India
| | - Parthiban Brindha Devi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 500 078, India
| | - Jonnalagadda Padma Sridevi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 500 078, India
| | - Shalini Saxena
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 500 078, India
| | - Perumal Yogeeswari
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 500 078, India
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science - Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 500 078, India.
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14
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Nde CW, Toghrol F, Jang HJ, Bentley WE. Toxicogenomic response of Mycobacterium bovis BCG to peracetic acid and a comparative analysis of the M. bovis BCG response to three oxidative disinfectants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 90:277-304. [PMID: 21152916 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2931-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death worldwide and infects thousands of Americans annually. Mycobacterium bovis causes tuberculosis in humans and several animal species. Peracetic acid is an approved tuberculocide in hospital and domestic environments. This study presents for the first time the transcriptomic changes in M. bovis BCG after treatment with 0.1 mM peracetic acid for 10 and 20 min. This study also presents for the first time a comparison among the transcriptomic responses of M. bovis BCG to three oxidative disinfectants: peracetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide after 10 min of treatment. Results indicate that arginine biosynthesis, virulence, and oxidative stress response genes were upregulated after both peracetic acid treatment times. Three DNA repair genes were downregulated after 10 and 20 min and cell wall component genes were upregulated after 20 min. The devR-devS signal transduction system was upregulated after 10 min, suggesting a role in the protection against peracetic acid treatment. Results also suggest that peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite both induce the expression of the ctpF gene which is upregulated in hypoxic environments. Further, this study reveals that in M. bovis BCG, hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid both induce the expression of katG involved in oxidative stress response and the mbtD and mbtI genes involved in iron regulation/virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal W Nde
- Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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15
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Identification of in vitro inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lysine ε-aminotransferase by pharmacophore mapping and three-dimensional flexible searches. Med Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-007-9048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Abstract
The sigG gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was disrupted by homologous recombination, and the genes regulated by SigG were examined by real-time reverse-transcription PCR and microarray studies. The SigG consensus promoter recognition sequence was identified as GCGNGT-N15-18-CGANCA. A DeltasigG mutant was found to be more resistant to mitomycin C treatment than the wild-type strain, indicating that it may be involved in the SOS response in M. tuberculosis.
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Mani Tripathi S, Ramachandran R. Direct Evidence for a Glutamate Switch Necessary for Substrate Recognition: Crystal Structures of Lysine ε-Aminotransferase (Rv3290c) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. J Mol Biol 2006; 362:877-86. [PMID: 16950391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lysine epsilon-aminotransferase (LAT) is a PLP-dependent enzyme that is highly up-regulated in nutrient-starved tuberculosis models. It catalyzes an overall reaction involving the transfer of the epsilon-amino group of L-lysine to alpha-ketoglutarate to yield L-glutamate and alpha-aminoadipate-delta-semialdehyde. We have cloned and characterized the enzyme from Mycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv. We report here the crystal structures of the enzyme, the first from any source, in the unliganded form, external aldimine with L-lysine, with bound PMP and with its C5 substrate alpha-ketoglutarate. In addition to interaction details in the active site, the structures reveal a Glu243 "switch" through which the enzyme changes substrate specificities. The unique substrate L-lysine is recognized specifically when Glu243 maintains a salt-bridge with Arg422. On the other hand, the binding of the common C5 substrates L-glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate is enabled when Glu243 switches away and unshields Arg422. The structures reported here, sequence conservation and earlier mutational studies suggest that the "glutamate switch" is an elegant solution devised by a subgroup of fold type I aminotransferases for recognition of structurally diverse substrates in the same binding site and provides for reaction specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvind Mani Tripathi
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
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