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Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, nanoparticle fabrication, commercial products and waste utilization of Carica papaya L.: A comprehensive review. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Phytochemical screening and hypoglycemic activity of Carica papaya leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Azarkan M, Martinez-Rodriguez S, Buts L, Baeyens-Volant D, Garcia-Pino A. The plasticity of the β-trefoil fold constitutes an evolutionary platform for protease inhibition. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43726-43734. [PMID: 22027836 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.291310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases carry out a number of crucial functions inside and outside the cell. To protect the cells against the potentially lethal activities of these enzymes, specific inhibitors are produced to tightly regulate the protease activity. Independent reports suggest that the Kunitz-soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) family has the potential to inhibit proteases with different specificities. In this study, we use a combination of biophysical methods to define the structural basis of the interaction of papaya protease inhibitor (PPI) with serine proteases. We show that PPI is a multiple-headed inhibitor; a single PPI molecule can bind two trypsin units at the same time. Based on sequence and structural analysis, we hypothesize that the inherent plasticity of the β-trefoil fold is paramount in the functional evolution of this family toward multiple protease inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Azarkan
- Protein Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme (CP 609), 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sergio Martinez-Rodriguez
- Molecular Recognition Unit, Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lieven Buts
- Molecular Recognition Unit, Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Danielle Baeyens-Volant
- Protein Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme (CP 609), 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Abel Garcia-Pino
- Molecular Recognition Unit, Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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