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Kawaguchi M, Shimada H, Bessho Y, Nemoto N. Profiling of lipids in Thermus thermophilus HB8 grown under various conditions. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2023; 69:79-90. [PMID: 37394432 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The membrane lipids of Thermus species have unique structures. Only four polar lipid species have so far been identified in Thermus thermophilus HB8; namely, are two phosphoglycolipids and two glycolipids, both of which have three branched fatty acid chains. Other lipid molecules may be present; however, they have not been identified so far. To clarify the whole lipid profile of T. thermophilus HB8, we cultured this organism under four different growth (temperature and/or nutrition) conditions and analyzed the compositions of polar lipids and fatty acids by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GCーMS), respectively. Thirty-one lipid spots were detected on HPTLC plates and profiled in terms of the presence or absence of phosphate, amino, and sugar groups. Then, we allocated ID numbers to all the spots. Comparative analyses of these polar lipids showed that the diversity of lipid molecules increased under high temperature and minimal medium conditions. In particular, aminolipid species increased under high temperature conditions. As for the fatty acid comparison by GC-MS, iso-branched even-numbered carbon atoms, which are unusual in this organism, significantly increased under the minimal medium condition, suggesting that kinds of branched amino acids at the fatty acid terminus varies under different nutrition conditions. In this study, several unidentified lipids were detected, and elucidation of the lipid structures will provide important information on the environmental adaptation of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haruo Shimada
- BioChromato, Inc
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Yoshitaka Bessho
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Harima Institute
- Center for Interdisciplinary AI and Data Science, Ochanomizu University
| | - Naoki Nemoto
- Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology
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Nemoto N, Kawaguchi M, Yura K, Shimada H, Bessho Y. PGLN: A newly identified amino phosphoglycolipid species in Thermus thermophilus HB8. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101377. [PMID: 36345289 PMCID: PMC9636437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermus thermophilus has several minor lipid molecules with structures that have not been described yet. In this study, we identified a new lipid molecule in T. thermophilus HB8 with an amino group at the polar head, by detecting lipid spots with HPTLC and mass spectrometry. The structure of the lipid resembles an amino sugar phospholipid, except for the glucosamine that lacks an acetyl group. We named this amino phosphoglycolipid PGLN, and proposed its synthetic pathway from a precursor, phosphatidyl-glyceric alkylamine. The primary amine structure of PGLN may contribute to high temperature adaptation through electrostatic interactions between the head groups. No amino phospholipid has been identified in T. thermophilus HB8 so far. PGLN is discovered by detecting lipid spots with HPTLC and mass spectrometry. PGLN is a newly identified amino phosphoglycolipid without an acetyl group. PGLN may play an important role in high temperature adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nemoto
- Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba, 275-0016, Japan,Corresponding author.
| | - Masahiko Kawaguchi
- Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba, 275-0016, Japan
| | - Kei Yura
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan,Center for Interdisciplinary AI and Data Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan,Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Haruo Shimada
- BioChromato, Inc, 1-12-19 Honcho, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-0053, Japan,School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Bessho
- Center for Interdisciplinary AI and Data Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan,Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Harima Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan,Corresponding author. Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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Sridharan S, Wang L, Brown AK, Dover LG, Kremer L, Besra GS, Sacchettini JC. X-ray crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis beta-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase II (mtKasB). J Mol Biol 2007; 366:469-80. [PMID: 17174327 PMCID: PMC2590929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycolic acids are long chain alpha-alkyl branched, beta-hydroxy fatty acids that represent a characteristic component of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall. Through their covalent attachment to peptidoglycan via an arabinogalactan polysaccharide, they provide the basis for an essential outer envelope membrane. Mycobacteria possess two fatty acid synthases (FAS); FAS-I carries out de novo synthesis of fatty acids while FAS-II is considered to elongate medium chain length fatty acyl primers to provide long chain (C(56)) precursors of mycolic acids. Here we report the crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis beta-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase (ACP) II mtKasB, a mycobacterial elongation condensing enzyme involved in FAS-II. This enzyme, along with the M. tuberculosis beta-ketoacyl ACP synthase I mtKasA, catalyzes the Claisen-type condensation reaction responsible for fatty acyl elongation in FAS-II and are potential targets for development of novel anti-tubercular drugs. The crystal structure refined to 2.4 A resolution revealed that, like other KAS-II enzymes, mtKasB adopts a thiolase fold but contains unique structural features in the capping region that may be crucial to its preference for longer fatty acyl chains than its counterparts from other bacteria. Modeling of mtKasA using the mtKasB structure as a template predicts the overall structures to be almost identical, but a larger entrance to the active site tunnel is envisaged that might contribute to the greater sensitivity of mtKasA to the inhibitor thiolactomycin (TLM). Modeling of TLM binding in mtKasB shows that the drug fits the active site poorly and results of enzyme inhibition assays using TLM analogues are wholly consistent with our structural observations. Consequently, the structure described here further highlights the potential of TLM as an anti-tubercular lead compound and will aid further exploration of the TLM scaffold towards the design of novel compounds, which inhibit mycobacterial KAS enzymes more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudharsan Sridharan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2128, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2128, USA
| | - Alistair K. Brown
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Lynn G. Dover
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Université Montpellier II, Case 107, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - James C. Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2128, USA
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